Jackie Lebaron Ruffin, Jr. v. State of Alabama (Appeal from Mobile Circuit Court: CC-23-2548.70, CC-23-2549.70, and CC-22-2607.70)

Rel: December 20, 2024

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
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Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2024-2025
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CR-2024-0472
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Jackie Lebaron Ruffin, Jr.

v.

State of Alabama

Appeal from Mobile Circuit Court
(CC-23-2548.70, CC-23-2549.70, and CC-22-2607.70)

WINDOM, Presiding Judge.

Jackie Lebaron Ruffin, Jr., appeals the revocation of his probation

by the Mobile Circuit Court.

On May 7, 2024, Ruffin's probation officer filed a delinquency report

alleging that Ruffin had violated the terms and conditions of his
CR-2024-0472

probation by committing the new offenses of third-degree theft,

attempting to elude, first-degree domestic violence (first-degree

burglary), and third-degree domestic violence (third-degree assault).

On May 28, 2024, the circuit court conducted a probation-revocation

hearing. The circuit court opened the hearing by asking Officer Spear of

the Mobile Police Department about which alleged violation he was

prepared to testify; Off. Spear answered that he was prepared to testify

about the domestic-violence allegation. After defense counsel affirmed to

the circuit court that they desired a hearing on the domestic-violence

allegation, the State asked the circuit court to take judicial notice that

the Mobile District Court had found probable cause in Ruffin's

preliminary hearing on the criminal charge underlying the domestic-

violence allegation. The circuit court questioned defense counsel about

the State's assertion, and defense counsel conceded that the criminal

charge had been bound over to the grand jury. See Rule 5.4(b), Ala. R.

Crim. P.

The circuit court discussed the other allegations with the parties

but elected not to proceed on those because the State had not produced a

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witness in support of the allegations. The circuit court then returned to

the domestic-violence allegation:

Court: "The Court is going to take judicial notice
regarding charge number three on the delinquency
report, violation of state, federal, or local law,
specifically domestic violence first degree,
burglary first. I have an officer here in court who
would be prepared to testify; however, he has
already testified in district court, and the district
court judge bound that case over to the grand jury.
The Court will take judicial notice, like I said, of
that, of reasonable satisfaction as to that charge.

"….

"Okay. Somebody give me a summary about
this [domestic violence] first so I don't have to read
this very long narrative."

State: "Judge, the Defendant was yelling at the door to
get into the victim's home. The victim tried to keep
the door shut. He grabbed – Was it a shotgun?"

Off. Spear: "A BB gun."

State: "He grabbed a BB gun, forced his way inside and
he assault the victim. I have photographs, Judge,
if you would like to –"

Court: "Were they admitted down in district [court]?"

State: "Did they enter these photographs; do you
remember?"

Off. Spear: "I'm not too sure."

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Court: "Any objection to those being admitted, [defense
counsel]?"

Defense: "Judge, I would object. It's hearsay at this point.
I believe – At the preliminary hearing, I don't
believe the victim testified or was in court."

Court: "If they're not, I don't want to go beyond the
parameters of what happened in district [court]."

State: "I understand."

Court: "Okay. But you would contend that there were
injuries?"

State: "There were severe injuries, Judge, yes, that he
inflicted upon her."

Court: "And what was the relationship?"

State: "They were in a romantic relationship on and off,
Judge. The victim sustained pretty bad wounds to
her forehead, nose, and her chin, a laceration on
her right arm. The victim and the defendant have
been together about five years."

Court: "All right. [Defense counsel], what do you want to
say in support of your client today?"

Defense: "Judge, I think, at this point in time, the Court
only has hearsay evidence. The case was bound
over to the grand jury, I do acknowledge that, but
the victim was not there at the preliminary
hearing to testify and is not here today. I would
say all the Court has today is hearsay evidence,
and that is not enough to revoke his probation."

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Court: "All right. I appreciate your argument; however, I
can assume that the district court judge who heard
the case performed his or her obligation to be sure
there was non-hearsay evidence to support
probable cause. You observed the injuries, Officer?
Officer, did you observe the injuries on this young
lady?"

Off. Spear: "Yes, ma'am, I did."

Court: "All right. Very good. All right. The Court is
reasonably satisfied, based on the information, the
statements that I previously made; therefore, I
fully revoke Mr. Ruffin's probation."

(R. 6-9.)

The circuit court issued a written order on May 29, 2024,

memorializing its decision to revoke Ruffin's probation based on his

committing the new offense of first-degree domestic violence (first-degree

burglary). On June 5, 2024, Ruffin filed a postjudgment motion asserting

that the proceeding conducted on May 28, 2024, did not comport with

minimal due process and did not constitute a probation-revocation

hearing. That motion was denied by the circuit court the following day.

Ruffin reasserts on appeal the claims he raised below – that the

circuit court failed to hold a revocation hearing that comported with the

due-process protections outlined in Rule 27.6, Ala. R. Crim. P., and that

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the circuit court relied solely on hearsay evidence in revoking his

probation. This Court holds that either claim would entitle him to relief.

Initially, this Court notes that a hearing was required. "[A] person

may waive his right to a revocation hearing if he 'has been given

sufficient prior notice of the charges and sufficient notice of the evidence

to be relied upon' and he 'admits, under the requirements of Rule 27.6(c),

[Ala. R. Crim. P.,] that he committed the alleged violation.' Rule 27.5(b),

Ala. R. Crim. P." Wilkerson v. State, 372 So. 3d 573, 579 (Ala. Crim. App.

2022). Ruffin did not admit to any of the alleged violations but, rather,

specifically requested a hearing.

The Alabama Supreme Court set forth in Armstrong v. State, 294

Ala. 100, 102, 312 So. 2d 620, 622 (1975), the minimal due-process

requirements that must be met before probation can be revoked, and

those requirements have been incorporated into Rule 27.6, Ala. R. Crim.

P.

"The minimal due process to be accorded a probationer before
his probation can be revoked includes written notice of the
claimed violations of probation, disclosure to the probationer
of the evidence against him, an opportunity to be heard in
person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence,
the right to confront and to cross-examine adverse witnesses,
a neutral and detached hearing body such as a traditional
parole board, and a written statement by the factfinders as to

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the evidence relied on and the reasons for revoking probation.
Rule 27.5 and 27.6, Ala. R. Crim. P. See Armstrong v. State,
294 Ala. 100, 312 So. 2d 620 (1975); Hernandez v. State, 673
So. 2d 477 (Ala. Cr. App. 1995)."

Hollins v. State, 737 So. 2d 1056, 1057 (Ala. Crim. App. 1998).

Ruffin asserts that the circuit court failed to hold a probation-

revocation hearing, which violated his right to due process. This Court

finds support for Ruffin's position in D.L.B. v. State, 941 So. 2d 324 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2006). This Court described the proceedings in D.L.B. as

follows:

"A brief hearing was held on July 13, 2005. Present before the
court were D.L.B. and his counsel, the prosecuting attorney,
and one of the arresting officers. After hearing argument
from the prosecutor and defense counsel, the circuit court
revoked D.L.B.'s probation. No testimony was taken at the
hearing, after the State conceded that the officer present for
the hearing could not 'actually place the drugs' and that the
other arresting officer – the one who actually found the drugs
– was on vacation. The court noted that it was revoking
D.L.B.'s probation based on the State's representation (R. 6)."

941 So. 2d at 325.

This Court stated that, "[a]lthough the July 13, 2005, hearing

purported to be a probation-revocation hearing, the court announced that

it was revoking D.L.B.'s probation without hearing testimony from any

State's witnesses and without allowing D.L.B. an opportunity to be

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heard." D.L.B., 941 So. 2d at 326. Further, "[b]ecause the circuit court

revoked D.L.B.'s probation based on the representations of the

prosecutor, rather than on evidence presented to the court in the form of

witness testimony or other legal evidence, D.L.B. was denied the right to

a hearing." Id.

The record here presents a similar set of facts – the circuit court

heard from no witnesses and instead learned of the domestic-violence

allegations through the unsworn assertions of the State and Off. Spear.

"This Court has … repeatedly recogniz[ed] that if a probationer does not

admit his violations, there is no waiver, and, if there is no waiver and no

evidence is presented, then whatever 'hearing' occurred is 'no hearing' at

all." Mulkey v. State, [Ms. CR-2022-1234, Aug. 23, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___,

___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2024).

The State asserts that this case is distinguishable from D.L.B.

because the circuit court relied on a finding in the district court of

probable cause in a preliminary hearing in the criminal case underlying

the alleged probation violation. Yet, the problem with this type of

evidence, to the extent it could be called such, is that, like the circuit

court's relying on the arguments of counsel in D.L.B., it denied Ruffin the

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opportunity in the circuit court to confront or to cross-examine the

witnesses adverse to him. See Rule 27.6(d)(1), Ala. R. Crim. P. Thus,

this Court finds the State's attempt to distinguish D.L.B. unavailing.

This Court holds that Ruffin was denied his right to a probation-

revocation hearing and that he is entitled to a reversal of the circuit

court's order revoking his probation. Even so, we must address his

second claim – that his probation was revoked based solely on hearsay –

because that issue may arise in subsequent proceedings.

"[T]he formality and evidentiary standards of a criminal trial are

not required in parole revocation hearings." Puckett v. State, 680 So. 2d

980, 981-82 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996). " 'It is not necessary in a probation

revocation hearing to provide proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a

preponderance of the evidence. Rather, the lower court need only be

"reasonably satisfied from the evidence that the probationer has violated

the conditions of his probation." ' " Goodgain v. State, 755 So. 2d 591, 592

(Ala. Crim. App. 1999) (quoting Mitchell v. State, 462 So. 2d 740, 742

(Ala. Crim. App. 1984), quoting in turn Armstrong v. State, 294 Ala. at

103, 312 So. 2d at 623). "However, 'hearsay evidence may not form the

sole basis for revoking an individual's probation .... "The use of hearsay

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as the sole means of proving a violation of a condition of probation denies

a probationer the right to confront and to cross-examine the persons

originating information that forms the basis of the revocation." ' " Ex

parte Dunn, 163 So. 3d 1003, 1005 (Ala. 2014) (quoting Goodgain, 755 So.

2d at 592, quoting in turn Clayton v. State, 669 So. 2d 220, 222 (Ala.

Crim. App. 1995)). "[A]lthough the State does not have to prove every

element of the alleged new offense with nonhearsay evidence, the State

must present sufficient nonhearsay evidence connecting the defendant to

the commission of the alleged new offense." Walker v. State, 294 So. 3d

825, 832 (Ala. Crim. App. 2019) (footnote omitted).

Again, the circuit court did not hear from a single witness during

the proceeding, and "[i]t is well settled that the unsworn arguments and

assertions of counsel are not evidence." State v. R.C., 195 So. 3d 317, 322

(Ala. Crim. App. 2015). In its brief on appeal, the State offers two items

that it argues constituted sufficient nonhearsay evidence to connect

Ruffin to the allegation of first-degree domestic violence. First, the State

relies on Off. Spear's statement to the Court that he had personally

observed the victim's injuries. This statement was, however, unsworn,

and, even if Off. Spear had made it under oath, the statement still would

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not have connected Ruffin to the offense. This is so because, "[a]lthough

[Off. Spear] testified that he had seen the victim's injuries, no nonhearsay

evidence was presented indicating that [Ruffin] caused those particular

injuries." Weatherford v. State, 251 So. 3d 70, 74 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017).

Second, the State turns to the district court's finding of probable cause in

a preliminary hearing in the criminal case underlying the alleged

probation violation. This Court rejected a similar argument in Williams

v. State, 648 So. 3d 453 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021):

"Although the circuit court took judicial notice of the
district court's having bound Williams's murder charge over
to the grand jury as evidence that Williams had committed
that offense, we recognize that, unlike a decision to revoke
probation, a court may find probable cause at a preliminary
hearing based solely on hearsay. See Rule 5.3(c), Ala. R. Crim.
P. ('The findings by the court shall be based on substantial
evidence, which may be hearsay, in whole or in part.'). See
also Sturdivant v. State, 24 So. 3d 1173 (Ala. Crim. App. 2009)
('A grand jury may indict on hearsay testimony alone.'). Thus,
without more, evidence of a mere finding of probable cause
does not constitute sufficient nonhearsay evidence to support
the revocation of probation."

348 So. 3d at 455.

To the extent that the State presented any evidence, it was pure

hearsay.

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Accordingly, this Court reverses the circuit court's order revoking

Ruffin's probation and remands the case for the circuit court to hold a

probation-revocation hearing that complies with Rule 27.6, Ala. R. Crim.

P., unless Ruffin validly waives his right to a revocation hearing.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Kellum, McCool, Cole, and Minor, JJ., concur.

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