Allan Curtis Jones v. State of Arkansas

Cite as 2019 Ark. App. 345
Digitally signed by Elizabeth
Perry
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
Date: 2022.07.21 13:32:16
-05'00' DIVISION IV
Adobe Acrobat version: No. CR-18-610
2022.001.20169
Opinion Delivered: August 28, 2019
ALLAN CURTIS JONES
APPEAL FROM THE MISSISSIPPI
APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
CHICKASAWBA DISTRICT
V. [NO. 47BCR-16-357]

HONORABLE CINDY THYER,
STATE OF ARKANSAS JUDGE

APPELLEE AFFIRMED

MEREDITH B. SWITZER, Judge

Allan Curtis Jones was charged with the offense of murder in the first degree in the

shooting death of Mike Wallace. A Mississippi County Circuit Court jury convicted Jones

of murder in the second degree and sentenced him to eighteen years in prison. The jury

also enhanced Jones’s sentence by six years, to be served consecutively to his sentence for

murder in the second degree, for using a firearm in the commission of the offense. On

appeal, Jones argues the circuit court erred (1) in refusing his request for mistrial based on

comments made by the prosecutors in closing arguments; (2) in denying his motion to deem

Arkansas’s firearm-enhancement statute unconstitutional as violative of the double-jeopardy

clauses of both the United States and Arkansas Constitutions; and (3) in refusing to give the

jury his proposed nonmodel jury instruction. We affirm.
I. Facts

Jones does not appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for

murder in the second degree; therefore, only a brief overview of the facts is necessary. Jones,

a resident of Arbyrd, Missouri, worked for Lonnie Gibson and managed Gibson’s farms,

which were located in southeast Missouri and northeast Arkansas. Wallace farmed land

adjacent to one of Gibson’s farms north of Leachville, Arkansas, just a few miles from the

Missouri border. On the afternoon of October 27, 2016, Wallace obtained Jones’s cell-

phone number from a friend and then called Jones, telling Jones he had heard Jones had

been “talking shit” about him. When Jones denied saying anything about Wallace, Wallace

told Jones to meet him at “Lonnie Dale’s 40,” (Gibson’s farm north of Leachville) or Wallace

would find Jones and “get him.” Jones called Gibson, who told Jones that Wallace likely

carried a gun and advised him not to meet Wallace. Jones elected to meet Wallace, and he

called his cousin, Anthony Vowels, to ride with him “to keep the peace.” Wallace

continued to text Jones, asking him if he was coming. When Jones pulled up to the

appointed location and got out of his truck, Wallace ran toward Jones with arms “flailing.”

When Wallace reached Jones, he grabbed Jones’s collar. Jones backed down the side of his

truck and then pulled his .32-caliber handgun from his pocket and shot Wallace until the

gun was empty, a total of seven shots. Wallace died at the scene from his injuries. No gun

was found on Wallace’s person or in his truck.

II. Refusal to Grant Mistrial for Comments Made During Closing Arguments

Jones first argues the circuit court erred in denying his motion for mistrial based on

improper comments made by the prosecutors during closing arguments. A mistrial is an

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extreme and drastic remedy reserved only for when there has been an error so prejudicial

that justice cannot be served by continuing with the trial or when the fundamental fairness

of the trial has been manifestly affected. Sampson v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 160, 544 S.W.3d

580. The decision to grant a mistrial is within the sound discretion of the circuit court and

will not be reversed absent a showing of abuse or manifest prejudice to the appellant. Id.

Jones contends that his objections to five instances of improper comments during

closing arguments warranted a mistrial. These five instances were when the prosecutors (1)

stated Jones could not claim justification in shooting Wallace when it was “combat by

agreement”; (2) reminded the jury that during jury selection, some jurors agreed one could

not claim self-defense by seriously injuring another person if that person did not have a

weapon with which to seriously injure you; (3) told the jury that it did not “look good”

that Jones came from Missouri to Arkansas to meet Wallace when he had no reason to be

there; (4) cautioned the jury to be aware of “lawyering” in response to a line of questioning

when defense counsel asked a witness whether he gave Wallace Jones’s cell-phone number;

and (5) illustrated extreme emotional distress that would constitute manslaughter by using

the example of a man killing another man upon coming home from work and finding his

wife in bed with that man.

Only one of the five instances that Jones claims merited a mistrial is preserved for

appellate review—when the prosecutor told the jury that it did not “look good” that Jones

came from Missouri to Arkansas to meet Wallace when he had no reason to be there. Jones

objected to the other four instances, three of which the circuit court sustained and for which

the circuit court gave cautionary instructions. Jones, however, never concurrently requested

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a mistrial in those four instances. He received all the relief he requested in response to three

of those objections; one of Jones’s objections was overruled, yet he still did not request a

mistrial.

The only instance in which he requested a mistrial was during the third objection.

A motion for mistrial that is based on improper closing argument must be made when the

objectionable statement is made; motions and objections are required to be made at the time

the objectionable matter is brought to the jury’s attention, or they are otherwise waived.

Killian v. State, 96 Ark. App. 92, 100, 238 S.W.3d 629, 634 (2006). An appellant cannot

complain of error in not granting a mistrial when a mistrial was not requested from the

circuit court. Nickelson v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 363, 417 S.W.3d 214.

Regarding the third objection—the only one preserved for our review—not only

did the circuit court deny Jones’s motion for mistrial, it also denied his request for a

cautionary instruction, asking Jones’s counsel what he wanted to say that would not draw

more attention to the statement. Whether an admonition was requested and given, or

requested and refused, are relevant factors, although not necessarily definitive in reaching a

conclusion as to whether a mistrial should have been granted. Walker v. State, 2019 Ark.

App. 130, 571 S.W.3d 70. The circuit court is given broad discretion in controlling counsel

in closing arguments, and the appellate courts will not interfere with that discretion absent

a manifest abuse of that discretion. Delatorre v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 498, 471 S.W.3d 223.

Closing remarks requiring reversal are rare and require an appeal to the jurors’ passions; the

circuit court is in the best position to evaluate the potential for prejudice based on the

prosecutor’s remarks. Id.

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“Where an attorney’s comment during closing arguments is directly reflecting or

inferable from testimony at trial, there is no error.” Hendrix v. State, 2011 Ark. 122, at 10

(quoting Woodruff v. State, 313 Ark. 585, 592, 856 S.W.2d 299, 303–04 (1993)). At trial,

Jones testified he received a call from Wallace to meet him at Gibson’s farm north of

Leachville, Arkansas. Gibson counseled Jones not to go meet Wallace; nevertheless, Jones

picked up his cousin, Vowels, and drove to Arkansas to meet Wallace. Jones did not give

any other explanation as to why he was in Arkansas that afternoon. The prosecutor’s

comment was inferable from, if not a direct reflection of, Jones’s testimony that the only

reason he drove to Arkansas on the afternoon of October 27, 2016, was to meet Wallace at

Wallace’s request. Furthermore, while the circuit court denied Jones’s request for a

cautionary instruction, it had already instructed the jury that closing arguments were not

evidence. See Tryon v. State, 371 Ark. 25, 263 S.W.3d 475 (2007). The circuit court did

not abuse its discretion in denying Jones’s request for a mistrial.

III. Firearm-Enhancement Statute – Violation of Double Jeopardy

Jones next alleges the circuit court erred in denying his motion to dismiss that was

based on a double-jeopardy violation. Jones argues he was impermissibly placed in jeopardy

twice when his sentence for murder in the second degree was enhanced by six years pursuant

to Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-90-120 (Repl. 2016)1 for employing a firearm in

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Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-90-120(a) provides:

Any person convicted of any offense that is classified by the laws of this state
as a felony who employed any firearm of any character as a means of committing or
escaping from the felony, in the discretion of the sentencing court, may be subjected
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the commission of Wallace’s murder. Jones contends he was sentenced to two prison terms

for a single offense involving a death caused by a firearm. However, Jones’s conviction for

murder in the second degree did not require proof that he used a firearm to commit the

offense. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-103 (Repl. 2013).

When reviewing a denial of a motion to dismiss for violation of the Double Jeopardy

Clause, typically a question of law, a de novo review should be conducted. Muhammad v.

State, 67 Ark. App. 262, 998 S.W.2d 763 (1999). As the State correctly contends both

article 2, section 8 of the Arkansas Constitution and Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-1-

110 (Repl. 2013) are construed to afford the same protection as the Double Jeopardy Clause

found in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Hughes v. State, 347 Ark.

696, 66 S.W.3d 645 (2002). The United States Supreme Court has held that double-

jeopardy protections are not applicable to sentencing proceedings in noncapital cases

“because the determinations at issue do not place a defendant in jeopardy for an ‘offense.’”

Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721, 728 (1998) (citations omitted).

This issue has already been decided by our appellate courts. In Williams v. State, 364

Ark. 203, 217 S.W.3d 817 (2005), our supreme court held that Arkansas Code Annotated

section 16-90-120 (a) and (b) is only a sentence enhancement. In Davis v. State, 93 Ark.

App. 443, 447, 220 S.W.3d 248, 250 (2005), this court held that “when section 16-90-120

is used to enhance a defendant’s sentence, the double-jeopardy clause is not offended.” See

also Campbell v. State, 2017 Ark. App. 340, 525 S.W.3d 465; Scott v. State, 2011 Ark. App.

to an additional period of confinement in the Department of Correction for a period
not to exceed fifteen (15) years.
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296. Although Jones urges this court to overturn this line of cases, he provides no persuasive

authority for doing so. Accordingly, we do not, and we affirm on this point.

IV. Refusal to Give Nonmodel Jury Instruction

Jones’s third argument on appeal is that the circuit court erred in refusing to give the

jury his proposed nonmodel jury instruction concerning his Second Amendment rights. His

proposed jury instruction stated:

The defendant is not on trial for possessing a firearm. You should draw no negative
inference from the fact that Allan Curtis Jones exercised his right to bear a firearm as
guaranteed by the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of
America.

Jones argues the legality and right to carry a weapon for any reason or no reason was an

issue the State placed before the jury in an attempt to persuade the jury that carrying a

weapon, in and of itself, was outside the realm of all possible reasonableness. We affirm on

this point.

This court will not reverse a decision to give or reject a jury instruction unless the

circuit court abused its discretion. Rowland v. State, 2017 Ark. App. 415, 528 S.W.3d 283.

Generally, a party is entitled to a jury instruction when it is a correct statement of the law

and when there is some basis in the evidence to support giving the instruction. Graham v.

State, 2012 Ark. App. 90, 389 S.W.3d 33. Nonmodel jury instructions should be given

only when the circuit court finds that the model instructions do not accurately state the law

or do not contain a necessary instruction. Griffin v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 63, 454 S.W.3d

262. Just because a proffered jury instruction may be a correct statement of the law does

not mean that a circuit court must give the proffered instruction to the jury. Pokatilov v.

State, 2017 Ark. 264, 526 S.W.3d 849; Sipe v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 261, 404 S.W.3d 164.
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Our law is well settled that there is no error in the refusal to give an instruction when there

is no evidence to support the giving of that instruction. Webb v. State, 326 Ark. 878, 935

S.W.2d 250 (1996).

Jones argues there was evidence in the record that made possessing a firearm relevant.

Specifically, he contends the prosecutors did all they could to convince the jury that he was

“a gun-toting, out-of-stater, looking to shoot someone because he carried a handgun

everywhere he went,” and therefore, there was evidence to support the giving of his

proffered instruction.

Jones is correct that there is no model jury instruction on the right to possess a

firearm. But, as the State points out, whether Jones could legally possess a firearm was not

an issue for the jury to decide. The issue the jury was asked to decide, after it determined

Jones was guilty of murder in the second degree, was whether Jones employed a firearm in

causing the death of Wallace. As to this issue, there is a model instruction on point and the

jury was so instructed. There was no basis in the evidence for giving the jury instruction

proffered by Jones, and the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to do so.

Affirmed.

GRUBER, C.J., and WHITEAKER, J., agree.

Law Office of Wendell L. Hoskins II, by: Wendell L. Hoskins II; and Law Office of James

W. Harris, by: James W. Harris and Zachary W. Morrison, for appellant.

Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Jacob H. Jones, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

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