Branam v. Haraeus Electro-Nite, LLC

Cite as 2023 Ark. App. 391
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION IV
No. CV-20-549

KELLY L. BRANAM AND CYNTHIA Opinion Delivered September 20, 2023
HALL
APPELLANTS APPEAL FROM THE CRITTENDEN
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. 18CV-17-647]
V.

HONORABLE RALPH WILSON, JR.,
HERAEUS ELECTRO-NITE, LLC; JUDGE
DAVID MILLER; LANDSTAR RANGER,
INC.; LM GENERAL INSURANCE
COMPANY; SHERITA FRANKLIN;
JUSTIN ROBERT DAVIS; AND
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND
INDUSTRIAL POWER PRODUCTS,
REMANDED IN PART
INC.
APPELLEES

ROBERT J. GLADWIN

This case arises from a series of automobile collisions that occurred on the I-40

Mississippi River bridge west of Memphis on July 10, 2017. The appellants, Cynthia Ann

Hall and Kelly Branam, suffered serious injuries when their Jeep Cherokee collided with Joy

Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer when Hall (the driver of the Jeep) changed lanes to avoid two other

collisions on the bridge. Hall and Branam filed suit against Hinshaw, the motorists involved

in the other collisions (and those motorists’ respective employers), and Hall’s uninsured

motorist insurance carrier. The circuit court granted the defendants’ motions for summary

judgment, ruling that Hall and Branam failed to offer proof that their injuries were
proximately caused by the other motorists’ alleged negligence. Hall and Branam now appeal

the circuit court’s judgment. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

I. Factual Background

A. The Accidents and the Initial Pleadings

The chain of events leading to Hall’s and Branam’s injuries began when appellee

Sherita Franklin’s Ford Mustang stalled in the innermost eastbound lane of the bridge (Lane

1), blocking traffic. Several cars managed to move into the middle lane (Lane 2) and continue

over the bridge, but Franklin’s Mustang was rear-ended by a Dodge Ram pickup truck driven

by appellee Martin Miller, who at the time of the collision, was an employee of appellee

Heraeus Electro-Nite, LLC (Heraeus). Shortly thereafter, a Ford F-250 pickup truck driven

by appellee Justin Davis, an employee of appellee Industrial Power Products, Inc. (IPP), rear-

ended another vehicle—a white Acura—that had stopped in Lane 1 behind the Miller-

Franklin collision.

Appellants Hall and Branam were traveling in a red Jeep Cherokee in Lane 1 behind

Davis. Hall, the driver of the Jeep, attempted to merge into the traffic traveling in Lane 2,

where a Volvo tractor-trailer driven by appellee Joy Hinshaw, an employee of appellee

Landstar Ranger, Inc. (Landstar), was traveling over the bridge. Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer

collided into the rear of Hall’s Jeep at a speed of approximately forty-seven miles an hour,

propelling the Jeep into the wall in Lane 3 of the bridge. Hall and Branam both suffered

serious injuries that left them with no memory of the collision.

2
Hall and Branam filed a complaint alleging that their injuries and other damages were

caused by the negligence of appellees Franklin, Davis, and Hinshaw. The complaint further

alleged that Heraeus, Landstar, and IPP were vicariously liable for their injuries under the

doctrines of respondeat superior and agency, and appellee LM General Insurance Company

(LM General), who provided Hall’s uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, was liable

to pay the amount of the judgment exceeding the defendants’ liability coverage.

Franklin filed an answer generally denying the allegations in the complaint and

affirmatively pleading that Hall and the other defendants were negligent. Miller and

Heraeus; Hinshaw and Landstar; and Davis and ICC also filed joint answers that generally

denied the material allegations in the complaint and affirmatively pleaded contributory

negligence against Hall and negligence and comparative fault against the remaining

defendants. LM General also filed a separate answer denying the material allegations in the

complaint and asserting various affirmative defenses.

B. The Deposition Testimony

Franklin testified via deposition that she was driving her Mustang in Lane 1 on the

eastbound side of the bridge. Lane 1 was the inside lane that was closest to the traffic in the

westbound lanes. According to Franklin, her car “stalled out” in Lane 1 after she had traveled

“halfway through the bridge.” At that time, Franklin “put [her] flashers on” and saw “more

than ten vehicles pass [her] on the right.” Franklin testified that after approximately one

minute, her Mustang was rear-ended by Miller’s Dodge Ram pickup truck. She stated that

when Miller hit her vehicle, it “shifted to the left because he veered off and hit me from the

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back passenger side.” Franklin opined that the “Ram pickup truck did not brake before it

struck [her] vehicle.” She further testified that Miller approached her Mustang to identify

himself as the motorist who collided with her, and she thought she saw his Dodge Ram truck

parked in Lane 2 of the bridge.

Miller testified that he was driving a silver Dodge pickup truck at the time of the

accident. He stated that he was three cars in front of Hall’s Jeep as he proceeded over the

bridge in Lane 1. Franklin’s Mustang, he said, was also in Lane 1 when he hit it with his

truck. Martin testified that he was driving “with the flow of traffic,” which he believed to be

“around 65 [miles an hour].” He further explained that he “did not notice Franklin’s vehicle

until seconds before he rear-ended [it],” and “the only option [he] saw at the time was to

move to the right” where he determined he “had clearance.” He “was too close,” however,

and “clipped [the Mustang].” According to Martin, “the left front of [his] vehicle hit the right

side of Franklin’s vehicle,” which “pushed [the Mustang] into the retaining wall.” After the

impact, Martin remained in the middle lane for a time before he “assumed the traffic was

still coming, so [he] pulled the truck back over to the left lane.” He explained that he did

“not know how far [he] went past the Mustang in the middle lane before [he] made the

decision to move off the roadway, but [he] made the decision immediately after.” As to

whether Franklin activated her hazard lights when the Mustang stalled in Lane 1, Miller

testified that he “[did] not remember seeing any blinkers on and [did] not remember any

blinkers at all.”

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Davis testified that he was driving a company Ford F-250 pickup truck in Lane 1

traveling eastbound when he approached the bridge. Davis was following a white Acura and

could see Hall’s red Jeep was “was about two car lengths” behind him when he checked his

rear-view mirror “right before getting onto the bridge.”

Regarding the first accident that occurred between Franklin and Miller, Davis

testified that there was a “big [black] truck . . . blocking the view of the damaged Ford

Mustang.” The truck “ended up getting over to avoid hitting the black Mustang” and “kept

going on.” According to Davis, he “did not see any wreck until that big truck got out of the

way.”

Davis further explained that “as soon as that truck got over, [an] Acura that was in

front of [him] had to come to a stop.” At that point, Davis “ended up having to come to a

stop behind [the Acura], bumping [it].” Davis continued that “a split instant” later, “the red

Jeep . . . to avoid hitting me, jumped over to the middle lane and got in front of [Hinshaw’s

truck] that happened to hit her from the back and pushed her into . . . the far-right side wall

[of the bridge].”

Davis further explained that he did not actually see the collision between Hall’s Jeep

and Hinshaw’s truck. Rather, “the accident happened behind [him],” and Hinshaw’s truck

came to a stop in Lane 2 directly east of his vehicle. Davis claimed that his account of the

accident between Hall and Hinshaw was “just judged from common sense as far as that Jeep

being behind me to it running over in front of that big truck that was in that middle lane.”

Davis also explained that while he told the police that Hall’s Jeep “sideswiped” Hinshaw’s

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truck, he did not actually “see any contact” between the two. Indeed, “the only thing [he]

witnessed with [his] eyes was that truck coming up to the side of me and coming to a stop

and that red Jeep sliding down the right barrier on Lane 3.” Davis also “had no idea” of the

whereabouts of the tractor-trailer until [he] saw it coming to a stop immediately next to

[him].”

Joy Hinshaw, the driver of Landstar’s tractor-trailer, testified she had been driving

eastbound toward Memphis on the day of the accident. The weather was good, she said, and

“the road condition was dry.” The Landstar truck was traveling at a speed of fifty-three miles

an hour in Lane 2 of the I-40 bridge. Hinshaw maintained that speed until she saw the

accident vehicles in Lane 1 “about a hundred feet away.” She explained that “there was debris

up ahead and traffic had slowed,” but she “did not know the pickup truck was actually

stopped along with another car.” Accordingly, she “did not think [she] needed to apply [her]

brakes” but began to slow the tractor-trailer by removing her foot from the accelerator and

putting it over the brake. Hinshaw explained that she did not apply her brakes at that point

because she was following her training and “was just going to try and get through the

situation.”

Hinshaw further testified that shortly thereafter, she saw “a red streak,” pass her in

Lane 1. The “red streak” was Hall’s Jeep, and Hinshaw claimed that Hall hit her truck first

as she attempted to change from Lane 1 to Lane 2 and then “slam[med] on the brakes in

front of [Hinshaw’s truck].” Hinshaw claimed that there was “no way” that Hall did not see

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the Landstar truck approaching, and “she was trying to weasel in between me and another

vehicle.”

Hinshaw more specifically testified that the passenger side of Hall’s Jeep impacted her

truck’s left front side as Hall changed lanes and, in doing so, “struck the tire or the entire

bumper” and flattened one of the truck’s tires. Hinshaw further explained that she did not

see Hall’s Jeep hit her truck, but she “felt the impact.” She also said that she applied the

truck’s brakes after that first impact, whereupon Hall, now in Lane 2 in front of the Landstar

truck, also applied her brakes. Hinshaw’s truck then impacted the rear of Hall’s Jeep, but

Hinshaw insisted that the impact “was not straight in the rear.” Rather, Hinshaw claimed

that her truck hit the Jeep “left in the rear.” She opined that Hall’s actions were “negligent

and stupid because you do not try and fit your Jeep in between a tractor-trailer and a pickup

truck and then get in front of the truck and slam on the brakes.”1

Kelly Branam, the passenger in Hall’s Jeep, was also deposed. She testified that she

did not remember “anything that happened during the accident.” Branam said, in fact, that

she did not recall anything since Hall turned the Jeep around at the Mound City Road exit

and got back onto the interstate. Her memory did not resume until emergency personnel

rescued her from the wreckage of the Jeep. Consequently, she “[did] not have any knowledge

one way or the other from [her] direct observations or senses in what lane Ms. Hinshaw was

driving at any time,” “how fast Ms. Hall was driving the vehicle at the time the accident

1
Hinshaw apparently is referring to Davis’s pickup truck.

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happened,” or “how fast anybody else was driving at the time the accident happened.” To

summarize, Branam testified that she did not “remember literally anything between the

Mound City turn-off until the EMTs, the emergency personnel, arrived there. Not the

smallest detail, not anything.”

The same was true for Cynthia Hall, the driver of the Jeep. She remembered turning

the Jeep around at the Mound City Road exit but did not remember “any part of the accident

itself,” and consequently, she did not have any personal knowledge of the facts alleged in the

complaint. Hall testified that her first memory after the accident was at the emergency room,

and she could not say whether she “swerved her vehicle” or “applied [her] brakes,” and she

did not “know one way or the other what lane Ms. Hinshaw was in before, during, or

immediately after [the] accident.”

C. The Motions for Summary Judgment

1. Hinshaw and Landstar

On January 24, 2020, Hinshaw and Landstar filed a joint motion for summary

judgment and brief in support in which they argued that there was no genuine issue of

material fact as to whether Hinshaw was negligent or whether her alleged negligence caused

Hall’s and Branam’s injuries. They pointed out that Hinshaw and Davis both testified that

“Hall swerved into the Hinshaw truck to avoid the Davis truck” and, in doing so, “did not

comply with her statutory duty to ensure that the lane change could be made with safety.”

According to Hinshaw and Landstar, Hinshaw’s and Davis’s testimony established that

8
“Hall’s unsafe lane change is the sole proximate cause of her injuries and any injuries

sustained by Branam.”

Hinshaw and Landstar further argued that Hall and Branam “cannot meet proof with

proof — ever,” because “they have no memory of the subject accident.” Specifically, “[n]either

Hall nor Branam remember the subject accident or how the wreck occurred”; therefore, they

could not establish the speed at which Hall was driving; the Jeep’s distance behind Davis’s

truck as they traveled over the bridge; the lane that the Jeep was in prior to the collision with

Hinshaw; whether Hall used the brakes before the collision; or “how or where Franklin and

Miller were driving; how or where Hinshaw was driving; or in what lane Hinshaw was

driving.” They also “have admitted that they have no information that would lead them to

conclude that Hall did not swerve into Lane 2,” which, according to the motion, “goes to the

heart of [their] case.” (Emphasis added.)

Finally, Hinshaw and Landstar argued that Hall and Branam could not “point to any

evidence that shows that Hinshaw was negligent, apart from the mere fact that an accident

occurred.” Rather, their proof demonstrates only “that there was an accident resulting in

their injuries,” and they could not “provide proof that the accident result[ed] from the

negligence of Hinshaw, or anybody else.” “This lack of evidence,” they said, “is fatal as a

matter of law.”

Hall and Branam responded that there “[were] material facts in dispute . . . to suggest

that Hinshaw failed to properly respond to roadway conditions and as a direct result, she

negligently rear-ended the rear of [Hall’s] Jeep with the front of her tractor-trailer.” Hall and

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Branam also claimed that they “raised material facts to refute the self-serving testimony of

Hinshaw as to how the subject wreck occurred based on the sworn statement of accident

reconstructionist Terry Reynolds[.]” Further, “even without the expert testimony of Terry

Reynolds, [Hall and Branam] have raised genuine issues of material fact as to whether Joy

Hinshaw, as a professional truck driver, failed to follow her training and violated various

statutes of the state of Arkansas and safety codes of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety

Administration.

Hall and Branam attached Terry Reynolds’s affidavit to their response. Reynolds

averred that he based his testimony on his review of the police report of the accident, the

depositions, and “certain photographs.” He also reviewed data that he downloaded from the

Jeep’s version of a “black box” and “inspected and photographed the 2015 Jeep” and

“inspected the 2009 Volvo tractor-trailer . . . operated by [Hinshaw].” Reynolds declared that

“[f]rom his investigation, the front of the Volvo tractor struck the entire rear of the Jeep in

the center eastbound lane on the bridge.”

Regarding the data that he downloaded from the Jeep, Reynolds explained that the

vehicle had an “Air Bag Module,” or ACM, that was “capable of recording and retaining

both pre and post-crash data.” According to Reynolds, the data that he downloaded

“contained two events, which overlapped by 2.2 seconds,” and two recordings “were triggered

at the time of the collision and through air-bag deployment commands.” Reynolds then

testified as follows:

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Both events were analyzed, and the events were related to the rear-end collision
between the front of the Volvo tractor and the rear of the Jeep on July 10, 2017. The
first collision event showed that the Jeep was traveling at 7 miles per hour (MPH), five
seconds before the rear impact. At the time of impact, the Jeep had accelerated to 11
MPH, while steering gradually to the right during this five (5) second time period.
The first collision event further showed that the Jeep accelerated as a result of the rear
impact from 11 MPH to a maximum of 47 MPH.

During this collision, the Jeep recorded a maximum “Delta V” (change in velocity) of
39 MPH (rear to front) and a maximum 4.3 MPH “Delta V” (right to left). After this
first collision event, and because of the rear impact, the Jeep was propelled forward
and to the right, where it came into contact with the south bridge retaining wall.

Reynolds then explained how—in his view—the data contradicted Hinshaw’s

suggestion that Hall’s Jeep was traveling at an excessive speed (appearing to Hinshaw as a

“red streak”) in Lane 1 just prior to the accident. He testified that “in excess of five seconds

before being struck in the rear, the Jeep was traveling slowly, likely due to the two (2) prior

collisions which had occurred in and were blocking the left traffic lane.” Moreover, “[d]uring

the time recorded, the Jeep accelerated and moved to the right, where it was struck in the

rear by the Volvo tractor.” In fact, “the speed of the Jeep as characterized by Hinshaw is

directly contradicted by the pre-crash data from the Jeep” because “the Jeep was traveling no

faster than 11 MPH just prior to the rear impact.” In addition, “the quick lane change

maneuver, as characterized by Hinshaw, is not consistent with the speed and steer angle

analysis of the Jeep data.” Rather, “[p]rior to the rear impact, the Jeep moved approximately

8.5 feet to its right (from the left to the center lane), while traveling approximately 82 feet in

five (5) seconds,” which Reynolds characterized as a “slow and controlled lane change

maneuver.”

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Reynolds also suggested that Hinshaw had enough time to react to the Jeep’s

movement into Lane 2. According to him, “[i]f the Volvo tractor, operated by Hinshaw, was

traveling at the stated 53 MPH prior to the collision, and the Jeep made its lane change

maneuver in 5+ seconds, the Volvo would have been between 390 to 500 feet from the rear

of the Jeep when the Jeep began its lane change.”

Reynolds further testified that his physical inspection of the Jeep and the Landstar

tractor-trailer contradicted Hinshaw’s account of the collision. Regarding Hinshaw’s claim

that the Jeep collided with the left front of the tractor-trailer before changing lanes, Reynolds

testified as follows:

[T]here was no damage or transfer evidence noted on the Jeep or the left front of the
tractor unit to support Hinshaw’s allegations. Additionally, the lateral forces recorded
in the Jeep’s ACM data does not show a side impact during that interval. Also, the
speed recorded in the Jeep’s ACM during that time does not show a speed fast enough
to pass the Hinshaw tractor at 53 MPH, a speed the operator Hinshaw stated she
maintained from the area near the start of the I-40 bridge until she locked her brakes.

Reynolds also disputed Hinshaw’s claim that Hall “slammed” on the Jeep’s brakes

after the Jeep entered the center lane, causing Hinshaw to be unable to avoid colliding with

the Jeep. According to Reynolds, Hinshaw’s statement was “not supported by the Jeep data,

which shows the Jeep’s service brake was only used in one 1/10 second interval, at 1.5

seconds before impact by the tractor”; furthermore, “the data recorded no speed loss at all

during that interval when the service brake was used.”

Reynolds concluded his report with a summary of his opinions. First, he opined that

the first two collisions in the left east bound lane of the I-40 Mississippi River bridge
created a hazard that caused traffic to slow and back up on the bridge which ongoing

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traffic would have to avoid. Hall was in the left traffic land and understandably slowed
in response to the traffic back up. The Jeep was traveling at 7 MPH and accelerated
to 11 MPH, while making a lane change from the left traffic lane to the center traffic
lane while traveling 82 feet in approximately 5 seconds, which I characterized as a
slow and controlled lane change maneuver. The Jeep appeared to be traveling slowly
in response to the earlier collisions.

Second, Reynolds testified that in his opinion,

Joy Hinshaw was negligent and proximately caused this collision by failing to slow in
response to the traffic back up from the two (2) prior collisions. The Jeep did not
make a rapid or sudden lane change immediately in front of the Volvo tractor and
did not slam on its brakes in front of the Volvo as alleged by Hinshaw. Furthermore,
if the Volvo had been traveling at a constant 53 MPH, there would have been more
than 390 feet from the rear of the Jeep when the Jeep began its lane change maneuver.

Third, Reynolds testified that

[i]f the Volvo tractor being operated by Hinshaw was traveling at 53 MPH in the area
of the west end of the I-40 bridge prior to the collision and had reacted to the Jeep
entering the center lane, the subject collision would not have occurred. Hinshaw had
sufficient time and distance using a “normal perception/decision/reaction time” to
have come to a controlled stop prior to striking the Jeep.

In addition, “the distance that the Hinshaw tractor-trailer was behind the Jeep was such that

Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer would not appear as a threat to the Jeep when the lane change was

initiated[.]”2

2. Davis and IPP

2
This assertion appears in a supplemental affidavit that Reynolds prepared to respond
to Hinshaw and Landstar’s assertions (appearing in their reply to Hall and Branam’s response
in opposition to summary judgment) that his initial affidavit must be struck because it did
not adequately demonstrate that he was competent to testify as an accident-reconstruction
expert, failed to include certified copies of the ACM data that Reynolds relied on to form
his opinions, and ultimately supported Hinshaw’s testimony that Hall improperly changed
lanes. The circuit court did not strike Reynolds’s affidavits and, as we explain, infra, appeared
to credit Reynolds’s qualifications and testimony. Consequently, we set forth only the
portion of the supplemental affidavit that we deem most relevant here.

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Davis and IPP filed a joint motion for summary judgment contemporaneously with

Hinshaw and Landstar’s summary-judgment motion. They argued that there was no genuine

issue of material fact as to whether Davis’s alleged negligent conduct proximately caused

Hall’s and Branam’s injuries. In particular, Davis and IPP contended the appellants “[had]

the burden of showing that the negligence of others proximately caused their accident, and

that they were free of negligence.” They argued that “now that the other drivers have been

deposed, it is clear that there is no genuine issue of material fact that anything other than

the acts of Plaintiff Cynthia Hall caused [Hall and Branam’s] accident.” Davis’s collision with

the Acura, in other words, was an independent occurrence.

According to Davis and IPP, Hall “had the same obligations to follow the rules of the

road as the other drivers.” That is, she was required to “keep a proper lookout, keep control

of her vehicle, drive at a reasonable speed, recognize the superior right of a vehicle in front

to use the road, and to change lanes safely.” Having failed to do so, they said, neither Hall

nor Branam could prove that Davis’s alleged negligence—and not Hall’s failure to safely

change lanes—proximately caused the collision with Hinshaw.

More particularly, Davis and IPP pointed to some of the same undisputed facts alleged

in Hinshaw and Landstar’s summary-judgment motion: (1) Hall and Branam were about two

car lengths behind Davis’s truck; (2) Hall and Branam’s accident occurred when Hall tried

to move into the middle lane directly in front of the Landstar truck; (3) the Jeep hit the front

driver’s side of the Landstar truck; and (4) Hall drove the Jeep in front of the Landstar truck

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and slammed on the brakes. In contrast, “all [Hall and Branam] can prove is that they were

in an accident. They don’t know how their vehicle came to change lanes, its speed, distances,

or any other specifics of their actions.”

Hall and Branam filed a response claiming that a genuine issue of material fact

remained as to whether Davis’s collision with the Acura was a concurring proximate cause

in their collision with Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer. They specifically pointed to Davis’s

admission that he rear-ended the Acura, whose driver (unlike Davis) was able to safely stop

behind the Miller-Franklin collision in Lane 1. Davis also admitted that his Ford pickup

truck “was completely stopped in the left-hand lane, thus blocking the lane for motorists,

including Hall . . . who was traveling behind his vehicle.” Further, Hall and Branam argued

that Davis and IPP acknowledged that “the wreck between [the] Jeep and Hinshaw’s Volvo

tractor-trailer occurred a ‘split instant’ after the Davis truck had collided with the Acura,

which clearly shows that the two (2) wrecks were not completely independent occurring

events.” They also pointed to Reynolds’s opinion that Davis’s collision with the Acura, which

subsequently blocked Lane 1, “was a road hazard for oncoming vehicles traveling eastbound

at or near the I-40 bridge.”3 Hall and Branam argued that the foregoing could therefore lead

a trier of fact to “conclude that Davis was negligent in rear-ending the Acura, and thus

3
Hall and Branam attached Terry Reynolds’s affidavit to their response to Davis’s and
IPP’s motion for summary judgment as well as to their response to Hinshaw and Landstar’s
motion.

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blocked the left-hand lane of travel, and was a proximate cause of the wreck between [Hall’s]

Jeep and [Hinshaw’s] tractor-trailer.”

3. LM General

LM General also filed a motion for summary judgment that incorporated the motions

and exhibits that had been filed by Hinshaw and Landstar as well as Davis and IPP.

According to LM General, those pleadings and exhibits demonstrated that there was “no

genuine issue of material fact to support [Hall and Branam’s] claims against either Sherita

Franklin or LM General Insurance Company.” In fact, LM General asserted that no evidence

had been set forth to support the complaint’s allegations that Franklin was negligent, and

none of the deposed witnesses set forth “evidence even implying evidence of negligence or

causation.” The evidence only demonstrated that Franklin’s vehicle stalled in Lane 1.

Therefore, “[i]f there is no evidence of negligence on Sherita Franklin, there can be no

judgment against [LM General].”

LM General’s motion for summary judgment caused Hall and Branam to file a series

of motions for partial summary judgment against Hinshaw and Landstar, Davis and IPP, and

Miller and Heraeus. In those motions, Hall and Branam asserted that the defendants each

filed answers that raised an affirmative defense that [Hall’s and Branam’s] injuries were

proximately caused, in whole or in part, by Franklin’s negligence. Each defendant also

requested apportionment of the relative degree of fault of all parties and nonparties,

including Franklin. Hall and Branam contended that if LM General’s motion for summary

judgment was granted—and the circuit court determined as a matter of law that Franklin was

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not negligent—then they were correspondingly entitled to partial summary judgment on

these defenses (at least as they related to Franklin). The appellees collectively responded that

the motions for partial summary judgment should be denied because Franklin and LM

General were “separate defendants” and therefore “whether or not LM General is dismissed

as [an uninsured motorist carrier] has no bearing on Franklin’s status as a party against whom

[Hall and Branam] have asserted negligence, and by extension, has no bearing on [the]

defendants’ affirmative defense also asserting her negligence.”

Hall and Branam also filed a response to LM General’s motion for summary

judgment in which they argued that LM General’s motion should be denied because, among

other things, LM General did not offer proof that “any of the other defendants could not

possibly be uninsured or underinsured from a potential judgment” or “that none of the

defendants’ liability carriers are currently defending under any coverage or reservation of

rights defenses.” Consequently, LM General’s motion for summary judgment “under

contractual theories of law” was “not ripe . . . until all matters are fully adjudicated as to all

potential uninsured or underinsured defendants[.]”

4. Miller and Heraeus

Miller and Heraeus filed their motion for summary judgment on April 13, 2020. They

asserted that Hall and Branam could not prove that Miller’s collision with Franklin’s

Mustang was a proximate cause of the Jeep’s collision with Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer. After

reminding the court that Miller pulled his truck in front of Franklin’s Mustang in Lane 1

after their collision, Miller and Heraeus argued that Hall and Branam could not show any

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causal connection between the Miller-Franklin wreck and Davis’s collision with the Acura

and, therefore, necessarily could not show a causal relationship to the Hall-Hinshaw

collision. Specifically, Miller and Heraeus argued that

[w]hen the semi-truck moved from the far left lane into the center lane sometime after
Franklin and Miller’s vehicles had both come to rest in the far left lane, Johnnie
Garrett, even though faced with the apparent immediate appearance of Franklin’s
stopped vehicle in front of her, was traveling at a safe enough speed and distance that
she was able to come to a stop without striking the Franklin vehicle. Davis was forced
to apply his brakes and stopped, but only after bumping the rear of Garrett’s vehicle.
There is no evidence from which a jury could conclude that this minor collision was
caused by Miller hitting the rear of Franklin’s car, other than by speculation or
conjecture. Franklin’s car remained in the first lane, and when the semi-truck changed
lanes, Garrett was forced to stop to avoid hitting Franklin’s vehicle, just as she would
have if there had been no previous collision.

They further argued that Hall’s own negligence was the proximate cause of hers and

Branam’s injuries, asserting that Hall, “for reasons unknown, which cannot be known, chose

not to do what Garrett had safely done and Davis had done with only a minor collision.”

That is, “she did not stop her vehicle,” and “she did not allow the Landstar vehicle to pass

before changing lanes.” Miller and Heraeus argued, rather, that it was undisputed that Hall

“changed lanes, moving to the center lane where the collision with Hinshaw’s Landstar

tractor-trailer occurred.” Indeed, there was “no evidence and no one [could] testify that

Miller striking the Franklin vehicle at some point prior to [Hall changing lanes], leaving the

Franklin vehicle in essentially the same place where it was, was anything other than

completely incidental to what happened thereafter.” “Accordingly,” Miller and Heraeus

argued that Hall and Branam “simply [could] not argue with any credibility that the dispute

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regarding [the] proximate cause of this accident is anything other than a dispute between

[Hall and Branam] and Hinshaw and Landstar.”

In response, Hall and Branam reminded the circuit court that “[p]roximate causation

is usually an issue for the jury to decide, and when there is evidence to establish a causal

connection between the negligence of the defendant and the damage, it is proper for the

case to go to the jury.” They pointed out that Miller’s pickup truck came to rest in Lane 2,

or the middle lane, before Miller parked it in front of Franklin’s Mustang in Lane 1, and

therefore, “a trier of fact could easily conclude that Miller’s negligence is not relieved, because

the impact between Miller’s truck and Franklin’s Mustang caused a road hazard for

oncoming motorists in blocking two (2) lanes of travel.” Therefore, Hall and Branam argued

that that their collision with Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer was “a natural and probable

consequence of the original negligent actions of Miller[,]” and Miller’s negligence “should

be compared by the trier of fact with the other defendants.” As they had in their responses

to the summary-judgment motions filed by Davis and IPP and Hinshaw and Landstar, Hall

and Branam attached Terry Reynolds’s affidavit in which he opined that the first two

collisions in the eastbound lane created a hazard that caused Hall to slow her vehicle and

initiate the lane change to Lane 2.

D. The Circuit Court’s Ruling

In an order entered on May 29, 2020, the circuit court granted the appellees’ motions

for summary judgment, agreeing that there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding

whether the appellees’ alleged negligence proximately caused Hall’s and Branam’s injuries.

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The court ruled that the collisions involving Miller, Heraeus, Davis, IPP, and Franklin “were

not the proximate cause of the collision between Hall and Hinshaw or [Hall’s and Branam’s]

injuries” because “[t]he undisputed facts show that the causal chain was broken, and that any

negligence on the part of Miller, Davis, and/or Franklin was not the cause of the collision

between Hall and Hinshaw.” Further, the court found that,

even considering the Reynolds Affidavits, the undisputed facts show that Hall’s
actions—including moving from the left land into the middle lane between 7 and 11
mph instead of staying in the left lane—were the sole proximate cause of the collision
between Hall and Hinshaw and the sole cause of [Hall’s and Branam’s] injuries and
that Hinshaw and Landstar were not proximate causes of the collision between Hall
and Hinshaw of [Hall’s and Branam’s] injuries.

Accordingly, the circuit court entered summary judgment in favor of the appellees and

dismissed the case “with prejudice in its entirety.” The circuit court also “denied as moot”

Hall and Branam’s motions for partial summary judgment regarding Franklin’s negligence

and comparative fault. Hall and Branam now appeal the circuit court’s order. We affirm in

part and reverse and remand in part.4

II. Standard of Review

“The burden of sustaining a motion for summary judgment is always the

responsibility of the moving party.” Wade v. Bartley, 2020 Ark. App. 136, at 8, 596 S.W.3d

4
As Hall and Branam note in their brief, Franklin did not file a motion for summary
judgment or appear at the oral argument on those that had been filed. We do not view that
as posing any issue with finality, however, because the circuit court’s order granting summary
judgment to the remaining parties finally concludes Hall and Branam’s claims against
Franklin—particularly where the circuit court dismisses the complaint “in its entirety, with
prejudice.”

20
555, 560. “Further, all proof submitted must be viewed favorably to the party resisting the

motion, and any doubts and inferences must be resolved against the moving party.” Id.

“When a movant makes a prima facie showing of entitlement, the respondent must meet

proof with proof by showing a genuine issue as to a material fact.” Id. “Summary judgment

is not proper, however, where evidence, although in no material dispute as to actuality,

reveals aspects from which inconsistent hypotheses might reasonably be drawn and

reasonable minds might differ.” Id. Indeed, “[t]he object of summary-judgment proceedings

is not to try the issues, but to determine if there are any issues to be tried[.]” Id. “[I]f there is

any doubt whatsoever, the motion should be denied.” Id.

III. Issues on Appeal

Hall and Branam first argue that the circuit court erred when it ruled that Hinshaw’s

conduct—whether or not it was negligent—was not the proximate cause of the collision

between the Jeep and the Landstar tractor-trailer.5 They contend that the circuit court

improperly assumed the role of fact-finder, causing it to disregard several disputed facts

between Hinshaw’s account of the collision and Reynolds’s expert testimony.

Second, Hall and Branam argue that the circuit court erred when it granted summary

judgment to LM General; Miller and Heraeus; and Davis and IPP. They assert that the circuit

5
As indicated above, Hinshaw and Landstar’s motion for summary judgment claimed
that Hall and Branam could not prove that Hinshaw was negligent or that any negligence
was the proximate cause of their injuries. The circuit court ruled that Hall and Branam could
not demonstrate proximate cause, apparently assuming arguendo that Hinshaw was
negligent.

21
court incorrectly concluded that Hall’s action of changing lanes broke the causal connection

between the earlier collisions that occurred between Miller and Franklin and Davis and the

white Acura. As they did below, Hall and Branam point out that the determination of

proximate cause is typically a matter for the jury, and a case is sufficient to be submitted to a

jury whenever “there is evidence to establish a causal connection between the negligence of

the defendant and the damage.” There is evidence of a causal connection between the first

two collisions (those involving Franklin and Miller and Davis and the white Acura) and

Hall’s reaction because they blocked traffic, thereby causing her normal and foreseeable

response of changing lanes to avoid the stopped cars.

More specifically, Hall and Branam contend that there is conflicting testimony

regarding whether Franklin activated her hazard signals once her car stalled on the bridge;

therefore, there is a remaining factual dispute over whether she was negligent in failing to

activate her hazard signals and whether her alleged negligence contributed to her collision

with Miller and (further in the alleged chain reaction) to Hall’s and Branam’s injuries. As to

Miller and Heraeus, the appellants insist that a genuine issue of material fact remains as to

whether Miller’s truck stayed in Lane 2 long enough to further block traffic and was further

reason for Hall’s “normal response” to change lanes. In a similar way, Davis’s negligence in

hitting the white Acura further congested the traffic in Lane 1—the lane in which Hall was

traveling behind Davis—and also contributed to her decision to change lanes.

Miller and Heraeus and Davis and IPP respond by insisting that Hall’s decision to

change lanes—and not their alleged negligence—was the proximate cause of Hall’s and

22
Branam’s injuries. Davis and IPP further suggest that Reynolds’s affidavit was not competent

evidence that was capable of creating a genuine issue of material fact because it was not

submitted in compliance with Rule 56 of the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure.

Hinshaw and Landstar also argue that the circuit court correctly ruled that there was

no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of proximate cause. They point out that Hall

and Branam concede in their brief that Hinshaw and Landstar made a prima facie showing

of entitlement to summary judgment, and Hall and Branam failed to sustain their burden of

meeting proof with proof to demonstrate that their case warranted going to trial. More

specifically, Hinshaw and Landstar contend that their proof demonstrated that it was Hall’s

negligent decision to change lanes and not any negligence on Hinshaw’s part that caused the

appellants’ injuries. Reynolds’s testimony to the contrary was not sufficient to create a

genuine issue of material fact, they say, because it was based on speculation and conjecture

and was not submitted in compliance with Rule 56.

For its part, LM General also relies on Hall and Branam’s concession that the

appellees collectively made a prima facie showing of entitlement to summary judgment and

that Reynolds’s testimony was too speculative to sustain the appellants’ burden of meeting

proof with proof. LM General also argues that only speculation and conjecture support Hall

and Branam’s argument that Hall’s decision to change lanes was a “normal response” to the

collisions that occurred in Lane 1. According to LM General, Hall and Branam have

“absolutely no proof as to ‘why’ Hall made the decision to leave the safety of the left lane

23
and enter the danger of the middle lane.” Finally, LM General insists that Franklin’s use (or

nonuse) of hazard signals does not create any dispute of material fact.

IV. Discussion

A. Miller, Heraeus, and LM General

First, the evidence does not indicate a causal connection between Miller’s or

Franklin’s alleged negligence and Hall’s and Branam’s injuries. Nothing in the proof below

demonstrates that Franklin’s alleged failure to activate her hazard signals or Miller’s collision

with Franklin contributed to Davis’s collision with the white Acura or, by extension, to Hall’s

collision with Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer. Therefore, we affirm the circuit court’s

determination that the evidence did not warrant submitting the cases against Miller and

Heraeus and LM General to a jury.

“To establish a prima facie case of negligence, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the

defendant breached a standard of care, that damages were sustained, and that the

defendant’s actions were the proximate cause of those damages.” Barnett v. Cleghorn, 2017

Ark. App. 641, at 6, 536 S.W.3d 147, 150. “Proximate cause” is defined as “that which in a

natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the

injury, and without which the result would not have occurred.” Id. “Proximate causation is

usually an issue for the jury to decide, and when there is evidence to establish a causal

connection between the negligence of the defendant and the damage, it is proper for the

case to go to the jury.” Id. Proximate causation becomes a question of law only if reasonable

minds could not differ.” Id.

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As set forth above, the deposition testimony established that Franklin’s Mustang

stalled in Lane 1 on the bridge, and after approximately ten cars successfully moved to Lane

2 to bypass the stalled vehicle, Miller—who failed to see the Mustang in time for a successful

lane change—rear-ended Franklin’s vehicle on the right passenger side. Miller stopped his

pickup truck for a period of time after the collision, and then, according to Miller, he moved

to Lane 1 and parked the truck in front of Franklin’s Mustang.

While there is indeed conflicting testimony regarding whether Franklin activated her

hazard signals and the length of time that Miller’s pickup truck remained in Lane 2 after the

collision, neither conflict is material to the issue of whether there is a causal link between

Miller and Franklin’s collision and Davis’s collision with the white Acura (and, in turn, the

later collision between Hall and Hinshaw). It is undisputed that it was a large tractor-trailer

traveling in Lane 1 in front of the white Acura and Davis—and not Franklin’s alleged failure

to activate her hazard lights—that obscured their view of the obstruction in Lane 1. There is

also no dispute that the tractor-trailer that was in Lane 1 successfully moved to Lane 2 and

proceeded over the bridge, and when it did so, only Franklin’s stalled Mustang came into

view. Indeed, as set forth above, Davis testified that there was “a big [black] truck blocking

the view of the damaged Ford Mustang,” and the truck “ended up getting over to avoid hitting

the black Mustang, and “kept going on.” (Emphasis added.)

The tractor-trailer’s successful lane change also indicates that no matter how long

Miller’s pickup truck was in Lane 2 after it collided with the Mustang, Miller had already

moved it back into Lane 1 (in front of the Mustang) by the time the driver of the white Acura

25
and Davis realized that Lane 1 was obstructed. The driver of the white Acura, moreover, was

able to safely stop once Franklin’s stalled Mustang came into view, further attenuating any

connection between the Miller-Franklin collision and Davis’s collision with the white Acura.

Therefore, because we find no evidence of a causal connection between the Miller-Franklin

collision and Davis’s collision with the white Acura (and the later collision between Hall and

Hinshaw), we affirm the circuit court’s order to the extent that it granted summary judgment

to Miller-Heraeus and LM General.

B. Terry Reynolds’s Affidavit

Davis and IPP and Hinshaw and Landstar (collectively, “the appellees” in this part of

the discussion) both suggest that Terry Reynolds’s affidavits were not competent evidence

because Hall and Branam failed to submit them in compliance with Rule 56 of the Arkansas

Rules of Civil Procedure. As this issue bears on whether Reynolds’s testimony creates a

genuine issue of material fact regarding the liability of those parties—which we address in the

sections that follow—we will discuss their argument as a preliminary matter here.

The procedural history of the appellees’ challenges to Mr. Reynolds’s affidavits is as

follows. Hall and Branam filed their response to Hinshaw and Landstar’s motion for

summary judgment on March 16, 2020. As we indicate above, Reynolds’s initial affidavit was

attached to the response.

Hinshaw and Landstar filed a reply in which they argued, among other things, that

Reynolds’s affidavit “must be stricken” under Ark. R. Civ. P. 56(e), which provides that

“supporting affidavits shall . . . show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to

26
the matters stated therein,” and “sworn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof

referred to in the affidavit shall be attached thereto or served therewith.” Hinshaw and

Landstar urged the court not to consider Reynolds’s initial affidavit because it failed to

demonstrate that he was competent to testify, and the ACM data, which he used to form his

opinions, was not attached to Hall and Branam’s summary-judgment response or “served

therewith.” They likewise argued that Reynolds’s testimony should be excluded because his

opinions were “not the product of reliable methodology.”

Hall and Branam filed a sur-reply in which they argued that Reynolds’s curriculum

vitae and the ACM data were filed with the court and served on Landstar and Hinshaw (as

well as the other appellees) contemporaneously with their summary-judgment response.

While not attached to the summary-judgment response itself, those items were attached as

exhibits to Hall and Branam’s amended answers to interrogatories and requests for

production, which they filed with the circuit court and served on the appellees on March 16,

2020. Even so, and out of “an abundance of caution,” Hall and Branam attached a

supplemental affidavit from Reynolds in which he set forth his qualifications to testify as an

expert in accident reconstruction and certified the copies of the ACM data that he

downloaded. Reynolds’s curriculum vitae, as well as the ACM data, was attached as exhibits

to the supplemental affidavit.

The appellees now have two lines of attack based on Rule 56. First, invoking Rule

56(e), they assert that the circuit court should not have considered Reynolds’s initial affidavit

because his qualifications and the ACM data were not attached or served with Hall and

27
Branam’s summary-judgment response. They also claim that the supplemental affidavit and

exhibits attached to the sur-reply did not cure these deficiencies because they were not

submitted in a timely manner according to Ark. R. Civ. P. 56(c), which provides in part that

“no party shall submit supplemental supporting materials after the time for serving a reply,

unless the court orders otherwise.”

We disagree. The appellees do not dispute that Hall and Branam served them with

Reynolds’s curriculum vitae and the ACM data on March 16, 2020, when they also filed

their response to Landstar and Hinshaw’s summary-judgment motion and Reynolds’s initial

affidavit. While those items were not attached to the response itself, we find that their

contemporaneous service on all parties and filing with the circuit court nonetheless qualified

as “served therewith” for purposes of Rule 56(e).

We also hold that Reynolds’s supplemental affidavit, to which his curriculum vitae

and the ACM data were also attached, was not untimely under Rule 56(c). While the circuit

court did not enter an order expressly permitting Hall and Branam’s sur-reply, it is clear that

the circuit court considered those items in its final order. In our view, the circuit court’s

consideration of the supplemental items is tantamount to “order[ing] otherwise” for

purposes of Ark. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

C. Davis and IPP

Hall and Branam next argue that the circuit court erred when it ruled as a matter of

law that Davis’s collision with the white Acura did not proximately cause their collision with

Hinshaw. They insist that Hall’s decision to change lanes was a normal response to the

28
obstructed traffic in Lane 1 that was due, at least in part, to Davis’s collision with the white

Acura. Davis and IPP, on the other hand, argue that Hall and Branam’s own expert

established that Hall had slowed the Jeep to a speed that allowed her to safely stop behind

Davis, and therefore, Davis’s collision with the Acura did not proximately cause the collision

with Hinshaw. Because we agree that Hall and Branam failed to show that Davis’s collision

with the white Acura caused Hall to change lanes, the circuit court’s order is affirmed to the

extent it granted summary judgment to Davis and IPP.

In Barnett, the court set forth the law governing intervening causes as follows:

[P]roximate cause is the efficient and responsible cause, but it need not be the last or
nearest one. The mere fact that other causes intervene between the original act of
negligence and the injury for which recovery is sought is not sufficient to relieve the
original actor of liability if the injury is the natural and probable consequence of the
original negligent act or omission and is such as might reasonably have been foreseen
as probable. The original act or omission is not eliminated as a proximate cause unless
the latter is of itself sufficient to stand as a cause of injury. The intervening cause must
be such that the injury would not have been suffered except for the act, conduct, or
effect of the intervening agent totally independent of the acts or omission constituting
the primary negligence.

2017 Ark. App. 641, at 6, 536 S.W.3d at 150–51 (quoting Pollard v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 75

Ark. App. 75, 79, 54 S.W.3d 559, 562–63 (2001)). Moreover, “[a]n intervening act that is a

normal response to the stimulus of a situation is not a superseding cause of harm to another

which the actor’s conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about.” Id. at 7, 536 S.W.3d at

151.

To reiterate, Davis testified that Hall’s Jeep was about two car lengths behind him as

he proceeded over the bridge. The large truck that obscured Franklin’s stalled Mustang

29
moved into Lane 2, and the white Acura stopped abruptly to avoid hitting Franklin’s vehicle.

Davis rear-ended the white Acura, whereupon he heard the collision between the Jeep and

Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer occur behind him. Mr. Davis then saw Hinshaw’s tractor-trailer

come to a stop in Lane 2 and saw the Jeep collide with the barrier in Lane 3 of the bridge.

Neither Hall nor Branam had any memory of the accidents that occurred in Lane 1

or the circumstances of their collision with Hinshaw. They could not testify, in other words,

that Hall changed lanes to avoid a collision with Davis after he rear-ended the white Acura.

The evidence they offered, in fact, indicated that they could have safely come to a stop behind

Davis. Hall and Branam’s expert, Terry Reynolds, testified that data from the Jeep’s black

box indicated that in the five seconds that preceded the Jeep’s collision with Hinshaw’s

tractor-trailer, Hall had slowed to approximately seven miles an hour, and then accelerated

to eleven miles an hour as she “steered gradually” to the right toward Lane 2. Accordingly,

because we agree that Branam and Hall failed to offer evidence establishing a causal link

between Davis’s collision with the Acura and their collision with Hinshaw, we affirm the

circuit court’s judgment in favor of Davis and IPP.

D. Hinshaw and Landstar

Hall and Branam further contend that the circuit court erred when it granted

Hinshaw and Landstar’s motion for summary judgment. They argue that the circuit court

erred when it ruled that Hinshaw’s conduct was not the proximate cause of the collision

between the Jeep and the Landstar tractor-trailer. They contend that the circuit court

improperly assumed the role of fact-finder, causing it to disregard several disputed facts

30
between Hinshaw’s account of the collision and Reynolds’s expert testimony. We agree;

therefore, we reverse the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment to Hinshaw.

Hinshaw testified that she was driving the Landstar truck at a speed of fifty-three miles

an hour in Lane 2 of the I-40 bridge. Hinshaw maintained that speed until she saw the

accident vehicles in Lane 1 “about a hundred feet away.” She explained that “there was debris

up ahead and traffic had slowed,” but she did not apply her brakes because she was following

her training and “was just going to try and get through the situation.”

Hinshaw further testified that shortly thereafter, Hall’s Jeep appeared as “a red streak”

as it passed the Landstar tractor-trailer in Lane 1. Hinshaw claimed that Hall hit her truck

first as she attempted to change from Lane 1 to Lane 2 and then “slam[med] on the brakes

in front of [Hinshaw’s truck].”

Hinshaw more specifically testified that the passenger side of Hall’s Jeep impacted the

tractor-trailer’s left front side as Hall changed lanes, and in doing so, “struck the tire or the

entire bumper” and flattened one of the truck’s tires. She also said that she applied the

truck’s brakes after that first impact, whereupon Hall, now in Lane 2 in front of the Landstar

truck, also applied her brakes. Hinshaw’s truck then impacted the rear of Hall’s Jeep, but

Hinshaw insisted that the impact “was not straight in the rear.” Rather, Hinshaw claimed

that her truck hit the Jeep “left in the rear.”

Reynolds’s testimony, which was based on his physical inspection of Hall’s Jeep and

the Volvo tractor-trailer, as well as his analysis of the ACM data, sharply conflicts with

Hinshaw’s version of the collision. Reynolds testified that there was no damage or transfer

31
evidence on the Jeep or the left front of the tractor-trailer that supported Hinshaw’s

allegation that Hall’s Jeep sideswiped Hinshaw’s truck as she changed lanes. The ACM data

also did not indicate that there had been any side impact to Hall’s Jeep or that it had been

traveling at a speed fast enough to appear as “a red streak,” as Hinshaw claimed. In addition,

the braking data recorded by the ACM contradicted Hinshaw’s testimony that Hall

“slammed” on her brakes once she was in Lane 2 in front of Hinshaw. In our view, these

disputed facts warrant remanding the case to the circuit court for a trial.

V. Conclusion

We affirm the summary judgments granted to Sherita Franklin, LM General, David

Miller, Heraeus, Justin Davis, and IPP. We reverse and remand the summary judgment

granted in favor of Hinshaw and Landstar.

Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.

GRUBER and MURPHY, JJ., agree.

Nahon, Saharovich & Trotz, PLC, by: Kevin N. Graham; and Glenn K. Vines, Jr., pro hac

vice, for appellants.

Snellgrove, Langley, Culpepper, Williams & Mullally, by: Todd Williams, for separate

appellees Heraeus Electro-Nite, LLC, and Martin David Miller.

Martin, Tate, Morrow & Marston, P.C., by: John L. Wardlaw, for separate appellees

Landstar Ranger, Inc., and Joy Hinshaw.

Womack Phelps Puryear Mayfield & McNeil, P.A., by: Chuck Gschwend, for separate

appellee LM General Insurance Co.

32
Smith, Williams & Meeks, LLP, by: A. Gene Williams, for separate appellees Industrial

Power Products and Justin Davis.

33