Ashley Jacks, Individually and as parent/legal Custodian to Minor Beneficiaries, Paris Ludwig and Bayli Ludwig, of the Havis L. Jacks Revocable Trust v. Sandra Brossett, Individually, as of the Last Will and Testament of Havis L. Jacks, and as Trustee of the Havis L. Jacks Revocable Trust

Cite as 2024 Ark. App. 6
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISIONS II, III, AND IV
No. CV-21-293

ASHLEY JACKS, INDIVIDUALLY AND Opinion Delivered January 10, 2024

AS PARENT/LEGAL CUSTODIAN TO
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
MINOR BENEFICIARIES, PARIS
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, FIFTH
LUDWIG AND BAYLI LUDWIG, OF
DIVISION
THE HAVIS L. JACKS REVOCABLE
[NO. 60DR-17-919]
TRUST
APPELLANT
HONORABLE WENDELL GRIFFEN,
JUDGE
V.

SANDRA BROSSETT, INDIVIDUALLY,
AS EXECUTRIX OF THE LAST WILL
AND TESTAMENT OF HAVIS L.
JACKS, AND AS TRUSTEE OF THE
HAVIS L. JACKS REVOCABLE TRUST
APPELLEE
AFFIRMED

CINDY GRACE THYER, Judge

Ashley Jacks—individually and as parent/legal custodian of Paris Ludwig and Bayli

Ludwig, the minor beneficiaries of the Havis L. Jacks Revocable Trust—brings this appeal

from a Pulaski County Circuit Court order granting summary judgment in favor of Sandra

Brossett, individually; as executrix (Executrix) of the Last Will and Testament of Havis L.

Jacks (Will); and as trustee (Trustee) of the Havis L. Jacks Revocable Trust (Trust). The circuit

court held that Ashley had violated the in terrorem clauses of both the Will and the Trust

and, as a result, had forfeited all her beneficiary interest in both documents. The court,
however, left the subtrust created for the benefit of Ashley’s children (Havis’s grandchildren)

intact. We affirm.

I. Facts and Procedural History

This is a dispute over a will and a trust executed by Havis Jacks in March 2016 and

whether the actions of a certain beneficiary, Ashley Jacks, triggered the in terrorem clauses of

those two documents.

Three months prior to his death, Havis Jacks executed a Will and a Trust. Havis was

survived by his daughter, Ashley Jacks, and her two children, Paris and Bayli Ludwig. The

Will and Trust made specific provisions for Ashley, her children, and Sandra Brossett. The

nature of Havis and Sandra Brossett’s relationship is not known, but it is clear that she and

Havis were close and that Havis trusted her because he made her Executrix of his Will and

Trustee of his Trust. This is in stark contrast to his treatment of Ashley, whom he explicitly

prohibited from serving as a Trustee of either the main Trust or the subtrust and whom he

did not designate as even the successor executrix to his estate after Sandra.1 It is undisputed

that Ashley and Sandra have what Ashley described as a long and “very tumultuous”

1
In her briefing before the trial court, Sandra described Havis and Ashley’s
relationship as very one-sided. She alleged that Ashley saw or spoke with Havis only when
she needed financial assistance. In fact, Ashley told Havis that when he died, she would take
his money and buy herself a new Mercedes. Then, within days of Havis’s death, she
attempted to access the Trust in an attempt to liquidate it at a loss. Sandra indicated that
Havis had anticipated this behavior, which is why he prohibited Ashley from serving as
Trustee. The record reflects that Ashley sold the real property she inherited from Havis
within nine months of receiving it, and she sold the vehicles she received within a year of his
death.

2
relationship.

3
A. The Will

In his Will, Havis appointed Sandra as Executrix of his estate, and Iberia Bank as

successor executor. The Will also bequeathed all of Havis’s interest in his personal

automobiles and his household goods and effects to Sandra and provided that if there were

items Sandra did not want, then the unwanted items were to be distributed to Ashley or her

children. The residue and remainder of his property was directed to be placed in, and

distributed according to, the Havis L. Jacks Revocable Trust. The Will contained the

following in terrorem clause:

Should any person challenge, or cause to be challenged or aids in challenging,
directly or indirectly, any provision contained in this Will, my Revocable Trust
and/or any power of appointment, or otherwise become an adverse party, in any suit,
action or proceeding (whether legal or administrative) in connection with the
administration of this Will, my Revocable Trust, any power of appointment, or
distribution of assets, or otherwise become an adverse party in a suit, action or
proceeding (whether legal or administrative) involving this Will, my Revocable Trust,
any power of appointment, or distribution of assets, such person shall forfeit all
interests, rights and powers such person has under this Will, my Revocable Trust, any
power of appointment, in such assets, and in my estate pursuant to state law, my
Revocable Trust, this Will, any power of appointment, assets subject to any power of
appointment, and such assets and such person shall be deemed to have predeceased
the date of any division, allocation or distribution herein, under my Revocable Trust,
in my estate, assets subject to any power of appointment, and assets, and pursuant to
state law for the benefit of such person. This Paragraph shall not be construed to limit
the appearance of any person as a witness in any proceeding involving this Will, my
Revocable Trust or any power of appointment, nor to limit any person’s appearance
in any capacity in a proceeding for the construction hereof.

B. The Revocable Trust

The Trust instrument provided that all checking accounts owned by either Havis or

the Trust were to be distributed to Sandra. The remaining property in the Trust, including

4
certain real property, was to be distributed to Ashley. The Trust instrument also created a

subtrust in the event any distribution was designated for the benefit of his minor

grandchildren, Paris and Bayli. It is undisputed that this subtrust was funded by two IRA

accounts managed by Edward Jones.

The Trust designated Sandra as Trustee for the main Trust and designated Iberia

Bank as the successor trustee in the event Sandra was unable or unwilling to serve. The

Trust also designated the bank as trustee of the subtrust. Rather than naming a specific

successor trustee for the subtrust, the Trust provided that, if for some reason Iberia Bank

was unable or unwilling to serve as trustee, Sandra in her individual capacity had the power

to appoint, in a signed writing, one or more successor trustees. In no event, however, could

Ashley serve as trustee of either the main Trust or the subtrust.

The Trust also set forth a specific procedure for the removal of a trustee. It provides,

in pertinent part, that any trustee other than those specifically identified by Havis—Sandra

as Trustee of the main Trust and Iberia Bank as trustee of the subtrust—could be removed

by written notice signed by all of the current beneficiaries of the Trust. It also provided that

if any trustee designation failed, the individuals who at such time could remove such trustee

would have the power to appoint and/or nominate the successor or successors by a signed

written notice delivered to the current beneficiaries of the Trust.

Finally, the Trust also contained an in terrorem provision:

Should any descendant of the Grantor or named beneficiary hereunder (either
individually or as part of a class) challenge any provision contained herein in any
court proceeding or otherwise become an adverse party in any judicial proceeding

5
involving this trust, including any challenge to a Trustee’s discretion hereunder, such
adverse party shall forfeit his or her entire interest hereunder and shall cause the
forfeiture of any interest otherwise belonging to a descendant of the adverse party.
Any forfeited interest shall be distributed to the other beneficiaries hereunder as if
the adverse party and all descendants of the adverse party had predeceased the
Grantor. This paragraph shall not be construed to limit the appearance by any person
in a proceeding for the construction of the trust.
C. The Dispute

Havis died on June 22, 2016, a mere three months after he executed the Will and

Trust. At the time of his death, the Trust became irrevocable. As specified by the terms of

the Trust, on July 26, 2016, Sandra executed a trustee’s deed to Ashley Jacks for the real

property owned by Havis. On August 19, 2016, Sandra, in her capacity as Executrix of

Havis’s estate and as Trustee of his Trust, requested that Ashley immediately return all assets

owned by Havis at the time of his death, including but not limited to, all personal

automobiles, the motorcycle, tools, household and personal goods, and his personal effects.

Sometime thereafter, Iberia Bank declined the opportunity to serve as trustee of the

subtrust, finding the entrusted funds were not sufficiently substantial for it to manage.

Sandra subsequently expressed her intent to name herself as successor trustee of the subtrust

in place of Iberia Bank, and Ashley objected. This litigation then ensued.

D. The Litigation

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On February 21, 2017, Ashley, both individually and on behalf of her children, filed

a petition to remove Sandra as Trustee.2 Importantly, she sued Sandra not only as trustee of

the separate subtrust established for her children but also individually; in her capacity as

Executrix of Havis’s Will; and as Trustee of the main Trust. In this petition, Ashley alleged

that Sandra, as Trustee of the main Trust,3 had failed to pay the 2015 real estate taxes, and

Sandra, as Executrix of Havis’s Will, had failed to timely open a probate of the estate. She

further asserted that Bruce Aston (a longtime family friend) had agreed to act as trustee of

the subtrust but that Sandra had refused to appoint him, instead opting to appoint herself.

Notably, in this initial petition, Ashley did not allege any specific facts indicating that Sandra

had actually mismanaged the funds; nor did she ask the court for an order construing the

terms of the Trust or Sandra’s power and authority under it—she asked only for Sandra’s

2
The dissenting judges in the opinion authored by Judge Barrett (“Barrett dissent”)
contend that we should consider only the allegations contained in the third amended
petition because the provisions of the prior petitions were not adopted or incorporated
therein. However, the dissent fails to recognize that, because the violation occurred the
moment Ashley made the allegation in the first instance, whether she continued to pursue
those allegations is irrelevant to our analysis. See Restatement (Third) of Property (Wills &
Donative Transfers) § 8.5 cmt. d (2003) (“The institution of a proceeding to contest a will
or other donative transfer, or to challenge a particular provision, upon any of the grounds
within the scope of the no-contest clause, normally violates the clause. In the absence of
specific language to the contrary, the clause should be construed to be violated regardless of
whether the action is subsequently withdrawn immediately after its institution, prior to a
hearing, at the trial, or at any time thereafter.”)
3
Ashley, but not her children, were beneficiaries of the main Trust.

7
removal.4 And rather than follow the specific procedure outlined in the Trust for removal of

a trustee, Ashley claimed she was authorized to remove Sandra pursuant to subdivisions (b)3

and (b)4 of Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-706(b) (Repl. 2012).5 Not only did she

seek removal of Sandra as Trustee of the subtrust but she also requested removal of Sandra

as Trustee over the main Trust (an action not authorized by the Trust). She also sought the

appointment of Bruce Aston (or another suitable trustee) as successor trustee in Sandra’s

4
The dissenting judges in the opinion authored by Judge Hixson (“Hixson dissent”),
maintain that the in terrorem clauses were not violated because Ashley’s claims necessarily
required the court to construe the provisions of the Trust. While we agree that the in terrorem
clauses here would have permitted Ashley to seek construction of the Trust, that’s not what
occurred here. In actuality, Ashley never asked the court to construe the terms of the Trust
or to define Sandra’s authority thereunder; rather she chose to file a petition in which she
affirmatively pled and plainly stated that Sandra had, in fact, violated the terms of the Trust
and should be removed. If Ashley had intended to question Sandra’s authority to appoint
herself as subtrustee or her duty to provide an accounting, Ashley could have filed a
declaratory-judgment action asking the court to construe the provisions of the Trust and to
enter an order defining Sandra’s authority and obligations thereunder. Such an action would
not have run afoul of the in terrorem provisions. But Ashley did not do so. Instead, she opted
to seek the affirmative relief of removal.
5
Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-706(b):

A court may remove a trustee if:
....

(3) because of unfitness, unwillingness, or persistent failure of the trustee to
administer the trust effectively, the court determines that removal of the trustee best serves
the interests of the beneficiaries; or

(4) there has been a substantial change of circumstances or removal is requested by
all of the qualified beneficiaries, the court finds that removal of the trustee best serves the
interests of all of the beneficiaries and is not inconsistent with a material purpose of the
trust, and a suitable cotrustee or successor trustee is available.

8
place. Most importantly, she then requested the au thority to appoint all future successor

trustees.

In May 2017, Sandra filed a counterclaim alleging that Ashley had become an adverse

party and had questioned Sandra’s intent and discretion as Trustee in violation of the in

terrorem clauses of the Will and the Trust. Sandra claimed that by doing so, Ashley had

forfeited not only her interest under the Will and Trust but also her children’s interest in

the subtrust. Therefore, she asked the court to order Ashley to return any items of personal

property received pursuant to the Will and Trust6 and to relinquish the proceeds from the

sale of any real and personal property received under the Will and Trust.

The case continued on for over a year with Ashley amending her petition multiple

times. In one of the amendments, she dropped her allegations with respect to the untimely

probate of the Will and added a claim of damages for breach of fiduciary duty. After Ashley

filed her second amended petition to remove Sandra as Trustee in November 2018, Sandra

moved for summary judgment. As part of her motion for summary judgment, Sandra argued,

in part, that Ashley had triggered the in terrorem provisions (1) when she filed her first

pleading asking that the court grant her the authority to appoint a successor trustee in direct

conflict with paragraph FIRST subsection (e) of the Trust, which gave Sandra the authority

6
Sandra specifically requested the return of a fire badge that she claimed should have
remained with her pursuant to the Will. Ashley refused to return it, claiming that her father
gave her the fire badge prior to his death. She further argued that it was personal property
with no monetary value and only sentimental significance and, therefore, was not included
in the definition of “household and personal goods and effects” under the Will.

9
to appoint one or more successor trustees for the subtrust; (2) by directly contesting Sandra’s

discretion by asserting she had delegated her investment and management duties to an

Edward Jones financial advisor; and (3) by failing to prudently invest and administer the

Trust and subtrust. Moreover, Sandra claimed that the in terrorem clauses were triggered after

Ashley had filed suit against Sandra and became an adverse party in a judicial proceeding

that challenged more than one provision of the Trust. Although Sandra had asserted in her

counterclaim that Ashley’s actions had triggered a forfeiture of both her and her children’s

interest in Havis’s estate, she notably abandoned that claim in her brief in support of her

motion for summary judgment and requested that the grandchildren’s interest in the

subtrust be protected since they were under the age of majority when brought into this suit

by Ashley. Sandra asserted that her only objective in denying Ashley’s requests was to prevent

Ashley from eviscerating the subtrust and claimed that if Ashley were allowed to appoint a

“shadow trustee,” it would circumvent Havis’s intent to prevent her from doing so.

Almost a year later, Ashley filed another amended petition for removal and for

damages for breach of fiduciary duty. In her third amended petition for removal, Ashley

alleged, as she did in her original petition, that she had the right to remove Sandra pursuant

to subdivisions (b)3 and (b)4 of Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-706(b) and added

an allegation as to violation of subdivision (b)1, which involves removal of a trustee who has

committed a serious breach of trust. The third amended petition also contained an assertion

that she had the right to remove Sandra as Trustee pursuant to paragraph TWELFTH (d)(2)

of the Trust, which provides, in part:

10
While the Grantor is unable to exercise the removal powers granted in
subparagraph (1) above, and subject to the provisions of Paragraph FIRST, any
Trustee (including any appointed or nominated Trustee), other than those
individuals designated in or pursuant to Paragraph FIRST . . . may be removed from
such position of any trust by written notice thereof delivered to all Trustees of such
trust and signed by all of the Current Beneficiaries of such Trust. . . .

In support of these allegations, Ashley claimed that she sent written notice to Sandra

to remove her as Trustee as required by subsection (d)(2) above and that removal was

requested by all of the qualified beneficiaries. She also argued that Sandra had committed a

serious breach of trust by withdrawing $43,000 from the subtrust over a period of eight

months without an accounting or justification. Finally, Ashley argued that Sandra was unfit,

unwilling, and had persistently failed to administer the Trust effectively as evidenced by her

untimely filing of tax returns and distributions of K-1s to the grandchildren for two years in

a row and by refusing to appoint Ashley’s choice for successor trustee. Notably at this point,

Ashley had dropped any allegation as to Sandra’s actions as Executrix or as Trustee of the

main Trust. She asked, however that Sandra be removed as Trustee of the subtrust; that

Community First Trust (or other suitable trustee) be appointed in Sandra’s place as trustee

of the subtrust; and again, that Ashley, rather than Sandra in her individual capacity, be

given the power to appoint any and all future successor trustees.

Also included in the third amended petition was a claim for damages for breach of

fiduciary duty. Ashley claimed that Sandra failed to administer the Trust in good faith and

in accordance with the interests of the beneficiaries; to act impartially in investing, managing,

and distributing the Trust property, giving due regard to the beneficiaries’ respective interest;

11
to keep adequate records of the Trust administration; and to keep Trust beneficiaries

reasonably informed about the administration of the Trust and of the material facts necessary

for them to protect their interests and to promptly respond to anything other than requests

that are unreasonable under the circumstances. More specifically, she claimed that Sandra’s

“continued incompetence and breach of duty of care with the tax issue, as well as her

egregious actions of withdrawing at least $43,000 from the Trust 7 and failing to account to

Ashley on an annual basis,” constituted a breach of her fiduciary duties taken in bad faith

or with reckless indifference. She asserted that her breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims did not

violate the in terrorem clauses because Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-1008 (Repl.

2012) invalidates in terrorem clauses to the extent they relieve a trustee of liability for breach

of trust committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or

the interests of the beneficiaries.8

A hearing was held on the motion for summary judgment on March 9, 2021. After

the hearing, the court granted summary judgment; denied and dismissed Ashley’s petition

7
Ashley averred that the $43,000 was utilized, improperly, for Sandra’s legal fees in
defense of this matter and “possibly for other personal expenses.”
8
Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-1008(a)(1):

(a) A term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach of trust is
unenforceable to the extent that it:

(1) relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust committed in bad faith or
with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the
beneficiaries. . . .

12
for removal; and denied Ashley’s motion to dismiss Sandra’s counterclaim. 9 The court stated

that Havis had anticipated the parties would not get along and that his intentions with regard

to the Will and Trust were clear. The court then found that Ashley had challenged a specific

bequest of personal property left to Sandra under the Will; 10 had challenged Sandra’s

discretion to designate herself as successor trustee; had challenged Sandra’s decision in

declining to designate persons nominated by Ashley to serve as successor trustee; had

challenged the distribution of Trust funds to pay legal fees and costs incurred in defending

the action, which was allowed by the Trust; and had challenged the in terrorem clauses in the

Will and Trust. The court then found that those actions triggered the in terrorem provisions

resulting in a forfeiture of Ashley’s beneficiary interests in the Will and Trust. As a result,

Ashley was ordered to refund and deliver to Sandra, as Trustee, all assets, funds, income,

property, and other items she received from the Will and Trust. However, the court found

that the children’s interest in the subtrust had not been forfeited; thus, their interests in the

Edward Jones accounts remained intact.11 The court made no findings with respect to

9
There was also a motion to dismiss, a motion for judgment on the pleadings, and a
motion to enforce a settlement before the court. The circuit court denied all three, and the
court’s denial of those motions is not argued on appeal.
10
This finding related to the disagreement of the parties over Havis’s fire badge.
11
The Hixson dissent labels this finding a “blatant inconsistency”; however, the
court’s finding simply reflects Sandra’s abandonment of her forfeiture claim with respect to
the children’s interest in the subtrust.

13
Ashley’s claim of damages for breach of fiduciary duty on behalf of her children. 12 The court,

in a separate order, ordered Ashley to pay the attorney’s fees and costs associated with the

matter.13

II. Standard of Review

Our summary-judgment standard is well settled. Summary judgment may be granted

only when there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated. Greenlee v. J.B. Hunt

Transp. Servs., Inc., 2009 Ark. 506, 342 S.W.3d 274. The burden of sustaining a motion for

summary judgment is always the responsibility of the moving party. McGrew v. Farm Bureau

Mut. Ins. Co. of Ark., 371 Ark. 567, 268 S.W.3d 890 (2007). Once the moving party has

established a prima facie entitlement to summary judgment, the opposing party must meet

12
We note that in her notice of appeal, Ashley abandoned any pending but unresolved
claims. She filed the notice of appeal on behalf of herself and as the parent/legal custodian
of her children. Thus, to the extent the court failed to rule on the children’s claim for
damages, those have been abandoned. Moreover, we note that Ashley’s arguments on appeal
challenge only the court’s findings with respect to the forfeiture of her individual claims
pursuant to the in terrorem provisions; she makes no arguments with respect to her children’s
claims for damages for breach of fiduciary duty. Thus, we conclude she has waived those
arguments on that basis as well.

In addition, we note the Hixson dissent’s concern with the perceived unavailability
of a remedy for the children. The dissent fails to recognize that the children can bring a cause
of action for breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims without violating the in terrorem provisions, so
long as there is proof that the trustee has acted in bad faith or with reckless indifference to
the purposes of the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries. Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-1008
(invalidates in terrorem clauses to the extent they relieve a trustee of liability for breach of trust
committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference). As noted above, those claims were
outstanding, yet Ashley elected to abandon them.
13
Presumably, these funds will be used to reimburse the subtrust for legal fees
expended during the defense of this matter.

14
proof with proof and demonstrate the existence of a material issue of fact. Greenlee, supra.

On appellate review, this court determines if summary judgment was appropriate by deciding

whether the evidentiary items presented by the moving party in support of the motion leave

a material fact unanswered. Id. We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party

against whom the motion was filed, resolving all doubts and inferences against the moving

party. Id. Our review focuses not only on the pleadings but also on the affidavits and other

documents filed by the parties. Id. As to issues of law presented, our review is de novo. State

v. Cassell, 2013 Ark. 221, 427 S.W.3d 663.

III. Analysis

Ashley argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in determining, as a matter of

law, that her actions in filing the various petitions for removal violated the in terrorem clauses

of her father’s Will and Trust, resulting in a forfeiture of her beneficiary interests therein.

We disagree.

Our supreme court has recognized the validity of no-contest clauses since at least

1937. E.g., Seymour v. Biehslich, 371 Ark. 359, 266 S.W.3d 722 (2007); Jackson v. Braden, 290

Ark. 117, 717 S.W.2d 206 (1986); Lytle v. Zebold, 235 Ark. 17, 357 S.W.2d 20 (1962);

Ellsworth v. Ark. Nat’l Bank, 194 Ark. 1032, 109 S.W.2d 1258 (1937). We start our review

with the specific language of the in terrorem clauses to determine what actions trigger the no-

contest clause. See Hamm v. Hamm, 2013 Ark. App. 501, 429 S.W.3d 384; Peterson v. Peck,

2013 Ark. App. 666, 430 S.W.3d 797. However, because such clauses work a forfeiture, they

15
are strictly construed. Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Donative Transfers § 8.5

cmt. d (2003); Hamm, supra.

We first note that the in terrorem provisions of Havis’s Will and Trust are fairly broad.

The Will provides, in part, that a person who challenges, directly or indirectly, “any

provision” contained in the Will or Trust; who becomes an “adverse party” in “any suit,

action or proceeding (whether legal or administrative) in connection with the administration

of” the Will or Trust; or who otherwise becomes an “adverse party” in “a suit, action or

proceeding (whether legal or administrative) involving” the Will or Trust “shall forfeit” his

or her rights and interest under both the Will and the Trust. The in terrorem clause of the

Trust states that any “descendant of the Grantor” or any “named beneficiary hereunder

(either individually or as part of a class)” who challenges “any provision contained herein in

any court proceeding” or who becomes “an adverse party in any judicial proceeding

involving” the Trust, “including any challenge to a Trustee’s discretion hereunder . . . shall

forfeit his or her entire interest.” These provisions make clear that any challenge to the

provisions of Havis’s Will or Trust, any challenge to the trustee’s discretion under the

provisions of the Trust, or any action that results in a beneficiary becoming an adverse party

in any judicial proceeding involving the Will or Trust will trigger the implementation of the

no-contest clause of Havis’s Will and Trust and “shall” result in a forfeiture of the

beneficiary’s interest thereunder.

We agree with the circuit court that, at a minimum, Ashley violated the in terrorem

clauses of the Will and Trust in four respects. We find that Ashley triggered the forfeiture

16
clauses (1) by seeking Sandra’s removal as Trustee of the subtrust without adhering to the

removal provisions of the Trust; (2) by attempting to divest Sandra of authority expressly

granted to her by the Trust; (3) by requesting Sandra’s removal as Trustee of the main Trust

in violation of the Trust provisions; and (4) by demanding that Sandra, as Trustee, provide

an accounting, despite Trust provisions releasing the Trustee of such obligations. Each of

these will be addressed in turn.

First, Ashley triggered the in terrorem clauses by failing to abide by the Trust’s removal

provisions. The Trust in this case allows for the removal of the trustee of the subtrust by

delivery of written notice, signed by all the current beneficiaries. Rather than following the

specific removal provisions, Ashley chose to file a judicial action for Sandra’s removal

instead. Our record establishes that the original petition seeking Sandra’s removal as Trustee

of the subtrust was filed on February 21, 2017; yet written notice signed by all the

beneficiaries was not provided until March 28, 2017. 14 By failing to abide by the terms of

14
The Barrett dissent asserts that a letter dated January 30, 2017, was sent by Ashley’s
counsel to Sandra prior to litigation and that it placed Sandra on notice that Ashley was
seeking her removal. This assertion is problematic for two reasons. First, although the letter
is referenced in the record, the letter itself is not contained in the record. Because the letter
is not in the record, we cannot consider it because we do not consider matters outside the
record on appeal. Hutchinson v. Armstrong, 2022 Ark. 59, 640 S.W.3d 395; Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc. v. Tucker, 353 Ark. 730, 120 S.W.3d 61 (2003). Second, the record indicates that the
letter was sent by Ashley’s counsel. There is no indication that it was signed by all the current
beneficiaries as required by the provisions of the Trust. While Ashley may claim that there
is no such requirement under the Trust Code, Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-
105(b) (Repl. 2012) clearly states that the provisions of a trust prevail over the provisions of
the trust code except under certain circumstances that are not applicable here.

17
the Trust prior to filing judicial action, Ashley became an adverse party in a judicial

proceeding involving the Trust; thereby triggering the in terrorem clauses.

Second, Ashley triggered the in terrorem clauses by asking the court to divest Sandra

of authority expressly granted to her under the Trust (the appointment of all future trustees

of the subtrust) and to have the court confer such authority on someone else instead. The

Trust document grants Sandra, in her individual capacity, the authority to appoint the

successor trustees for the subtrust. There is only one scenario in which someone other than

Sandra is granted the authority to designate the successor trustee for the subtrust—when a

successor is not expressly designated under the provisions of the Trust or if such designation

fails. In that situation, and that situation alone, the Trust allows the current beneficiaries to

appoint the successor trustee for the subtrust. Arguably, Sandra’s failure to step aside after

receiving the proper written notice resulted in a failure of designation, thereby giving the

beneficiaries the authority to appoint the immediate successor trustee for the subtrust. The

Trust did not, however, give them the authority to appoint all future trustees. Yet Ashley

asked the court to do just that. In paragraph 44 of her initial removal petition, Ashley

requested that the court grant her, rather than Sandra, the authority to appoint all future

successor trustees:

44. Finally, so that this issue does not arise in the future, [Ashley] further prays
that she be allowed to appoint a successor Trustee over the separate Trust in the event
[the Successor Trustee] becomes unwilling or unable to serve as Trustee.

While she dropped her request to personally be granted that authority in her

subsequent petitions, Ashley still requested that Sandra be divested of the authority to

18
appoint a successor trustee of the subtrust. For example, paragraph 71 of her third amended

petition stated:

71. Finally, so that this issue does not arise in the future, [Ashley] further
prays that in the future the acting Trustee (Community First Trust, for example) or
the Court be allowed to appoint a successor Trustee over the separate Trust in the
event Community First Trust becomes unwilling or unable to serve as Trustee.

The circuit court found such language to be “particularly pertinent,” and so do we.

Havis entrusted Sandra—not Ashley—with the authority to appoint any future successor

trustee of the subtrust. Nothing in the Trust empowers anyone other than Sandra to do so.

Thus, by seeking to strip Sandra of this power and confer it on either herself or a third party,

Ashley was inviting the court to rewrite the terms of the Trust. Such a request constitutes a

challenge to a Trust provision sufficient to trigger the in terrorem clauses of the Will and

Trust. Again, because there is no factual dispute as to her request, summary judgment was

appropriate.

Third, as with her attempt to remove Sandra as Trustee of the subtrust, Ashley’s

request to remove Sandra as Trustee of the main Trust also triggered the in terrorem clauses.

Ashley claimed, in her initial petition for removal, that Sandra, as Trustee of the main Trust,

failed to pay the 2015 real estate taxes. It is undisputed that, on July 25, 2016—approximately

one month after Havis’s death—Sandra, as Trustee of the main Trust, deeded to Ashley the

real property left to her by Havis. It is further undisputed that the 2015 real property taxes

on that piece of property were not due until October 15, 2016—several months after the

property had been deeded to Ashley—and that the property taxes were thereafter not paid on

19
time. Ashley, in her petition, states that Sandra, as Trustee, was obligated to the pay the taxes

and failed to do so. She asserted that this lone failure demonstrated that Sandra, as Trustee

of the main Trust, was either unqualified or had exhibited an unwillingness or persistent

failure to administer the Trust effectively. Notably missing from the allegations in that initial

petition are any allegations that Ashley had requested that Sandra pay the taxes or that

Sandra had refused to do so prior to suit being filed. There were also no allegations of bad

faith or any other indication that the failure to pay the taxes was more than a mere oversight.

Thus, in filing her complaint, Ashley caused herself to be an adverse party in a judicial

proceeding involving the Trust—the very thing Havis made clear he did not want.

Another violation occurred when Ashley sought court intervention, claiming Sandra

had failed to provide the beneficiaries with an annual accounting. In her first amended and

supplemental petition for removal of Trustee and for breach of fiduciary duty, Ashley alleged

that the Trust required Sandra, as Trustee, to keep all accounts and records and to annually

provide an accounting to the current beneficiaries of the Trust and that she failed to do so.

However, under the provisions of the Trust, such an accounting is required only of a

corporate trustee. In fact, the Trust document specifically states that a noncorporate trustee

is not required to provide an accounting. By filing suit to demand that Sandra perform

actions not required of her under the Trust, Ashley once again violated the in terrorem clauses

of the Will and Trust.

Ashley also attempted to demand an accounting and remove Sandra as Trustee using

the accounting and removal provisions of the Trust Code. Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-706(b)

20
(removal); Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-813(c)(1) (Repl. 2012) (annual accounting). However, the

Trust Code provides that, except under certain circumstances not at issue here, the terms of

the trust prevail over those contained in the Trust Code. Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-105. Thus,

Ashley’s filing of a lawsuit based on those provisions of the Trust Code also amounted to a

challenge to the Trust provisions in violation of the in terrorem clauses.

Citing Jackson v. Braden, 290 Ark. 117, 717 S.W.2d 206 (1986), Ashley claims that

she did not violate the in terrorem clauses because she was not challenging the validity of any

of the Trust’s provisions, nor was she seeking to thwart the testator’s wishes; instead, she

brought suit only to enforce the terms of the Trust. In Jackson, the court held that a no-

contest clause in a will is not invoked when the beneficiaries acknowledge the validity of the

will but question only the actions of the executor in not complying with the Probate Code.

However, the no-contest clause in Jackson was limited solely to attacks upon the validity of

the will. Our in terrorem provisions are more broadly written; they prohibit a beneficiary from

becoming an adverse party in a suit, action, or proceeding (whether legal or administrative)

in connection with the administration of or involving the Will or Trust.

In Peterson v. Peck, 2013 Ark. App. 666, 430 S.W.3d 797, we distinguished Jackson

and noted that when determining whether the beneficiary’s actions have violated the

provisions of a share-cancellation clause, we must look to the specific language of the share-

cancellation provisions to establish what is prohibited. Because the provisions in the Will

and Trust here are broader than those in Jackson, violations are not limited to attacks on the

validity of the Will or Trust. Thus, the fact that Ashley’s claims were not an attack on the

21
validity of the Will or Trust will not preclude a finding that her actions invoked the forfeiture

provisions of the in terrorem clauses.

To summarize, Havis clearly intended to put Sandra in charge of his estate and to

prevent Ashley from exercising any control over it. It is also clear that he wanted to prevent

his beneficiaries from fighting over his remaining assets or engaging in litigation. This can

be seen from his trustee and executrix designations and from the very broad and expansive

language that he placed in his in terrorem clauses. Ashley’s actions, as described above, are

not in dispute and are taken directly from the pleadings she filed in this lawsuit. We find

that her actions, as a matter of law, violated the in terrorem provisions.

Ashley maintains that summary judgment is not appropriate because there are still

disputed issues of material fact remaining as to whether Sandra acted in bad faith and

regarding her breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims. However, it takes only one violation of the in

terrorem provisions to trigger the forfeiture provisions of the Will and Trust. Because we have

already determined that Ashley’s actions as previously described triggered the in terrorem

clauses resulting in a forfeiture of her interest in Havis’s estate, these issues need not be

decided.

22
Because there are no disputed issues of material fact and a determination can be made

as a matter of law, summary judgment was appropriate in this case.15 In so holding, we

acknowledge that the basis for our decision is slightly different than that cited by the circuit

court; however, if a circuit court’s granting of summary judgment was not in error, we can

affirm the judgment as reaching the right result albeit for a different reason. See Bank of the

Ozarks, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 2020 Ark. App. 231, 599 S.W.3d 718. From our review of the

record, we find that the circuit court appropriately granted summary judgment and found

that Ashley triggered the in terrorem clauses. Thus, forfeiture of her rights under the Will and

Trust were correct.

Affirmed.

ABRAMSON, GLADWIN, WOOD, and MURPHY, JJ., agree.

HARRISON, C.J., and VIRDEN, BARRETT, and HIXSON, JJ., dissent.

STEPHANIE POTTER BARRETT, Judge, dissenting. In its rush to conclude that the

conduct of the appellant triggered the in terrorem clause that forfeited Ashley Jacks’s

inheritance, the court ignored the basic baseline requirement of making fundamental and

essential findings of fact. Here, the court was subsumed with the conduct of the appellant,

15
The Barrett dissent maintains that the terms of the Will and Trust are ambiguous,
and thus, we should reverse and remand to allow for extrinsic evidence to be presented.
However, neither party argued, either below or on appeal, that any such ambiguity existed;
nor was a reversal sought on that basis. To reverse on such grounds would be to depart from
our well-settled rule that this court will not reverse a circuit court’s decision on the basis of
an argument not raised or ruled upon below. See Deaver v. Faucon Props., Inc., 367 Ark. 288,
239 S.W.3d 525 (2006); Cummings v. Boyles, 242 Ark. 923, 415 S.W.2d 571 (1967).

23
when the court should have initially concentrated on the conduct of the trustee. If the first

question the court answers is whether the in terrorem clause is violated, a probate court could

never reach the determination on questions of fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, or even

conversion of the beneficiaries’ assets by a trustee. In this case, the probate court granted

summary judgment in favor of trustee Sandra Brossett and, in doing so, divested Ashley

Jacks, the daughter of decedent Havis Jacks, of her entire inheritance without making the

requisite findings of fact before determining if the in terrorem clause was invoked. Therefore,

I must dissent from the majority.

An in terrorem clause in a will is one that voids a gift to a devisee or legatee if the

devisee or legatee disputes provisions of the will or the gift. See Restatement (Third) of

Property: Wills and Donative Transfers § 8.5 cmt. a (2003); Lytle v. Zebold, 235 Ark. 17, 357

S.W.2d 20 (1962). Our supreme court has recognized the validity of these clauses. Hamm v.

Hamm, 2013 Ark. App. 501, at 4, 429 S.W.3d 384, 387 (citing Seymour v. Biehslich, 371 Ark.

359, 266 S.W.3d 722 (2007)). The majority finds that Ashley violated the in terrorem clauses

of Havis Jacks’s will and trust in four ways: (1) by seeking Sandra’s removal as trustee of the

subtrust without adhering to the removal provisions of the trust; (2) by attempting to divest

Sandra of authority expressly granted to her by the trust; (3) by requesting Sandra’s removal

as trustee of the main trust in violation of the trust provisions; and (4) by demanding that

Sandra, as trustee, provide an accounting, despite trust provisions releasing the trustee of

such obligations.

24
Our supreme court has determined that beneficiaries of a will, who acknowledged the

validity of the will but questioned actions of the executor for not complying with the probate

code, did not violate a “no contest” clause in the will. Jackson v. Braden, 290 Ark. 117, 717

S.W.2d 206 (1986). The record is clear that Ashley was not attempting to defeat or modify

the will or the trust to thwart the grantor’s testamentary intent or improve her personal

position; rather, she was complying with the terms of the trust in seeking removal of a trustee.

Ashley acknowledged the validity of the will and trust, and rather than attacking it, she was

questioning the actions of Sandra—whose removal as trustee was provided for and allowed

by the trust—for not complying with the probate code and for refusing to follow the grantor’s

wishes expressed in paragraph 12(d)(2). Thus, under the holding of Jackson, Ashley was

perfectly within her rights to seek to replace a trustee who had breached her fiduciary duty

to the subtrust as the self-appointed trustee. One must keep in mind, the thrust of Ashley’s

conduct was to protect the assets of the subtrust. Because her children were minors, she was

required to prosecute this action as “next friend” of her minor children, the beneficiaries.1

Therefore, the in terrorem clause could not be invoked to prohibit the beneficiary from

adhering to the express terms of the trust allowing removal of a trustee.

This court has previously required a finding that the trustee acted in good faith before

a beneficiary forfeited his or her interest due to the in terrorem clause. See Peterson v. Peck,

1
While Ashley also filed suit “individually,” it was Sandra’s ultra vires decision to
appoint herself as the trustee of the children’s subtrust that was the genesis of the
disagreement and the litigation.

25
2013 Ark. App. 666, at 9, 430 S.W.3d 797, 802. In Peterson, the circuit court found no

evidence that the trustee acted in bad faith or with reckless indifference with regard to her

trust duties and that, as a result, the share-cancellation provisions remained in effect and

Peterson had forfeited her interest in the trust. In this case, no findings were made on

whether Sandra acted in good faith, in bad faith, or with reckless indifference in her duties

as trustee as in Peterson and as required under Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-1008. Additionally,

no finding was made regarding whether Ashley’s petition for removal was made in bad faith

or with reckless indifference. Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-105(b)(2) (Repl. 2013) states: “The

terms of a trust prevail over any provision of this chapter except . . . subject to §§ 28-76-109,

28-76-111, and 28- 76-112 of the Uniform Directed Trust Act, § 28-76-101 et seq., the duty

of a trustee to act in good faith and in accordance with the purposes of the trust.” (Emphasis added.)

Further, Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-1008(a)(1) provides that “[a] term of a trust relieving a

trustee of liability for breach of trust is unenforceable to the extent that it: (1) relieves the

trustee of liability for breach of trust committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes

of the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries.” (Emphasis added.) It is also important to consider

that the trust language itself provides that “if applicable state law requires otherwise and

overrides the terms of this trust, then a Trustee shall apply and honor such applicable state

law that cannot be waived by the terms of the trust or is not otherwise waived.”

Hence, before we know whether the in terrorem clause is even applicable under these

circumstances, we must know if the terms of the trust prevail over the statutory provisions,

which we cannot know unless we know if the trustee acted in good faith and in accordance

26
with the purposes of the trust. These are questions of fact that make summary judgment

inappropriate.

The trust states that a noncorporate trustee does not have to furnish an accounting,

and the court found that the in terrorem clause was invoked because Ashley asked for an

accounting. However, as set forth in Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-1008(a)(1) above, the court

must first determine if the trustee acted in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the

purposes of the trust and the interests of the beneficiaries. Unfortunately, the circuit court

did not take testimony or make any findings in that regard; instead, it found there were no

material issues of disputed fact, as evidenced by its grant of summary judgment in favor of

Sandra.

Because the requisite findings regarding bad faith were not made in this case, I would

reverse and remand. However, I also disagree with the majority that Ashley’s actions seeking

Sandra’s removal and attempting to divest Sandra of authority to appoint successor trustees

invoked the in terrorem clause had the requisite findings been made.

The trust directed that Ibernia Bank act as trustee of the subtrust created for the

grandchildren. However, Iberia Bank refused to act as trustee. The trust directed that

Sandra appoint the successor trustee for the subtrust. Notably, the trust did not direct that

Sandra be the successor trustee of the subtrust, which it easily could have done. Instead of

appointing a successor trustee, Sandra appointed herself. The trust terms allow for the

trustee of the subtrust to be removed: paragraph Twelfth, subparagraph (d)(2) of the trust

sets forth the removal powers when the grantor is not able to do so and provides that any

27
trustee “may be removed from such position of any trust by written notice thereof delivered

to all Trustees of such trust and signed by all of the Current Beneficiaries of such trust.”

Ashley properly followed the trust procedures to have Sandra removed and replaced, first by

letter dated January 30, 2017, and then again by letter from her attorney dated March 28,

2017. However, Sandra refused to step down or appoint another trustee. Because the trust

specifically stated that the in terrorem paragraph was not to be construed to limit the

appearance by any person in a proceeding for the construction of the trust, then when strictly

construed, Ashley’s interpretation and demand for compliance did not violate the in terrorem

provision since, at most, it was an issue of the trust’s construction, and she followed the

trust’s provisions for removal of a trustee.

Furthermore, because both the trust and the subtrust allow the beneficiaries to

remove the trustee, yet the in terrorem clause prevents the trustee from being challenged by

the beneficiaries, the clauses are contradictory and ambiguous. When the terms of a will or

trust are unambiguous, it is the court’s duty to construe the written instrument according to

the plain meaning of the language employed. Patton v. Fulmer, 2016 Ark. App. 260, 492

S.W.3d 512. Extrinsic evidence may be received on the issue of the testator’s intent, but

only where the terms of the will are ambiguous. In re Est. of Conover, 304 Ark. 268, 801

S.W.2d 299 (1990); Burnett v. First Com. Tr. Co., 327 Ark. 430, 433, 939 S.W.2d 827, 829

(1997). In this case, there was no finding of an ambiguity; therefore, no extrinsic evidence

was taken. Thus, this case should be reversed and remanded to allow for extrinsic evidence

28
to be presented regarding the testator’s intent and whether Sandra should be allowed to

appoint herself as trustee of the subtrust.

The majority, while admitting that the trust provides the beneficiaries of the subtrust

the power to remove the trustee and appoint the successor trustee, argue that Ashley’s

request to have the power in the future to appoint the successor trustee was an attack on the

will and trust that invoked the in terrorem clause. This holding is logically flawed since

paragraph twelfth, subparagraph (d)(2) specifically allows the current beneficiaries to remove

a trustee who was not specifically designated in the trust agreement. 2 Sandra was not

specifically designated to be the trustee of the subtrust. Therefore, she was subject to removal

by the beneficiaries. The subtrust provides that if a trustee is removed and there is not a

successor designated or such designations fail, then the individual(s) who at such time could

remove such trustee shall have the power to appoint and/or nominate a successor by signed

written notice delivered to the current beneficiaries. So, naturally, as the mother and legal

next of kin to the minor beneficiaries, Ashley utilized this provision in the trust, coupled

with Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-706(b), to attempt to remove Sandra as the trustee of the

2
Paragraph twelve, sub-paragraph (d)(2) of the trust sets forth the removal powers
when the grantor is not able to do so and provides that other than those designated in or
pursuant to paragraph first, any trustee “may be removed from such position of any trust by
written notice thereof delivered to all Trustees of such trust and signed by all of the Current
Beneficiaries of such trust.” Subparagraph (e) goes on to provide the process for
appointments and successor trustees, providing that if a trustee resigns, is removed, is unable,
or unwilling to serve, then a co-trustee and/or successor designated in or pursuant to
paragraph first shall succeed to the office and replace such trustee.

29
subtrust and to limit her power to appoint or nominate a successor in accordance with the

terms of the subtrust.

Furthermore, regardless of what the in terrorem clause says, Ark. Code Ann. § 28-73-

1008(a)(1) provides that “[a] term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach of trust

is unenforceable to the extent that it: (1) relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust

committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or the

interests of the beneficiaries.” Sandra cannot be relieved of liability for her acts as trustee

merely because there is an in terrorem clause. If she acts in bad faith, reckless indifference, or

thwarts the testator’s wishes, she is liable. If an in terrorem clause prevents the beneficiaries

from bringing suit against a trustee before the evidence is presented, a trustee would have

unfettered power to abuse his or her position, thwart the wishes of the grantor, and illegally

deplete the entire trust of property, and there would be nothing anyone could do about it.

Those with standing to do so would be disinherited before the trial could commence, with

no consequence to the trustee for breaching fiduciary duty to the beneficiaries. Fiduciary

duty cannot simply be willed away; otherwise, there is no oversight to make sure that the

trustee is acting in the best interests of the beneficiaries.

The supreme court in Jackson, 290 Ark. at 120, 717 S.W.2d at 208, held that the

beneficiaries acknowledged the validity of the will and, rather than attacking it, were

questioning the actions of the executor for not complying with the probate code and

therefore did not invoke the no-contest clause. Similarly, Ashley did not attack the validity

of the will or trust. If fact, she followed the provisions of the will and trust in her attempts

30
to remove the self-appointed trustee; therefore, questioning the actions of the trustee cannot

invoke the in terrorem clause unless it was done in bad faith. The circuit court did not make

a finding that Ashley acted in bad faith, and therefore, summary judgment was

inappropriate.

Finally, the majority focused on the actions of Ashley in the filing of her first

complaint in its reasoning to support the invocation of the in terrorem clause. An amended

complaint, unless it adopts and incorporates the original complaint, supersedes the original

complaint. McMullen v. McHughes Law Firm, 2015 Ark. 15, at 11, 454 S.W.3d 200, 207; City

of Little Rock v. Dayong Yang, 2017 Ark. 18, at 7, 509 S.W.3d 632, 636. Ashley Jacks did not

adopt or incorporate her previous complaints in her third amended complaint and therefore

it is erroneous for the majority to rely on statements made in the first and second complaints.

HARRISON, C.J., and VIRDEN and HIXSON, JJ., join.

KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge, dissenting.

I. Introduction

Here is the problem: who will answer to Paris and Bayli when they turn twenty-five

years old and discover that there is no money in their trust, which was funded with $370,000

in 2016? The majority holds that for the next twenty years or so, Paris and Bayli cannot even

ask the trustee, “What are you doing with our money?” Or, “Please account for our money?”

Why? Because pursuing these questions by the minor children triggers the in terrorem clause

of the trust, and they risk total disinheritance if they do so. If you don’t believe it, ask their

31
mother. So the question is, who can protect the minor grandchildren? Unfortunately, the

logical conclusion of the majority opinion is that “while it is a shame, apparently, no one.”

Who are these people? Well, we don’t really know the relationships. The majority

describes the relationship between Sandra Brossett, trustee, and Havis Jacks, settlor, as

follows: “The nature of Havis and Sandra Brossett’s relationship is not known, but it is clear

that she and Havis were close and that Havis trusted her[.] . . .” Well, it is good that Havis

had a trusted companion before he died. However, we don’t know whether Sandra was

Havis’s new wife, fiancée, significant other, or just a new woman in his life whom he trusted.

We do know the other side. Ashley Jacks is Havis’s daughter, and Paris and Bayli are Havis’s

granddaughters. What do we know about the relationship between the new trusted woman

in Havis’s life and his daughter? The relationship was apparently so volatile that the majority

described it as “very tumultuous,” and the circuit court even made the following specific

finding in its order: “That the Settlor/Testator, Havis L. Jacks, anticipated that the parties

would not get along[.]” That “very tumultuous” relationship between the new woman in

Havis Jacks’s life and Havis Jacks’s daughter set the stage for a not atypical testamentary

event.

As best as we can determine from the record, Havis owned several banking accounts

(his cash), some real property, and a retirement account held by Edward Jones. The value of

this estate is not reflected in the record other than the $370,000 Edward Jones retirement

account. As pointed out by the majority, only three months before his death, Havis executed

a Last Will and Testament (the Will) and a trust. This Will begins with the following caveat:

32
“revoking all Wills and Codicils at any time heretofore made by me.” The record does not reflect

the contents or distribution of any previous will or codicil executed by Havis or whether the

new three-month-old testamentary plan was part of the dynamic in the tumultuous

relationship between Sandra and his daughter. However, it appears that no issue was raised

below regarding testamentary capacity or undue influence. Regardless, Havis’s three-month-

old testamentary intent was clear: Havis gave his cash to Sandra, his real property to Ashley,

and the retirement accounts to his granddaughters. Again, as pointed out by both the circuit

court and the majority, Havis obviously was aware of the tumultuous relationship between

Sandra and his daughter and anticipated that any intermingling of the two women in his

testamentary plan would prove unworkable and disastrous. To that end, Havis went to great

lengths to separate, or wall off, his testamentary estate assets from the two women in his life.

For example, in the Trust, Havis appointed Sandra as the trustee of the main trust and went

so far as to specifically exclude his daughter, Ashley, from serving as successor trustee. Other

than executing trustee deeds to Ashley for her real property inheritance, Havis’s testamentary

plan would not require any other cooperation or even communication between Sandra and

Ashley. Another example of Havis’s plan to keep the two women separate and apart and

eliminate the need for cooperation and communication between them was that Havis did

not name Sandra as the trustee for the grandchildren’s subtrust. Rather, Havis took the

atypical step in naming Iberia Bank as a commercial trustee for a fee, which consisted of only

two Edward Jones managed accounts. Havis’s well-defined, partitioned testamentary plan

should have worked. Sandra would be in control of her inherited assets (the cash); Ashley

33
would be in control of her inherited assets (the real property); and Iberia Bank would be in

control of the grandchildren’s assets (the Edward Jones accounts.) There should not have

been any reason for a conflict or even communication between Sandra, the new trusted

woman in Havis’ life, and Ashley, Havis’s daughter. Those two worlds should not have to

collide.

It is often uttered, “Man plans, and God laughs.” A case in point. Here, Iberia Bank

threw a monkey wrench into Havis’s best-laid testamentary plans. Apparently, Iberia Bank

decided that $370,000 was not enough money for it to serve as trustee, and Iberia Bank

declined the appointment. Who, then, was to serve as the trustee for the grandchildren’s

$370,000 subtrust? To answer that question, one must construe various provisions in the

trust. Regarding successor trustees, the main trust provides that if Sandra is unable or

unwilling to serve as trustee, then Iberia Bank or its successor would serve as successor

trustee. However, regarding the grandchildren’s subtrust, in the event Iberia Bank was

unwilling or unable to serve as trustee, then the main trust gave the current trustee, then

Sandra, “the power to appoint, in a signed writing, one or more successor Trustee(s)” of the

subtrust. This is consistent with Havis’s testamentary intent of keeping Sandra and Ashley

separate and apart and their worlds without danger of colliding. Sandra, as trustee of the

main trust, should appoint a new trustee for the children’s subtrust. As a practical matter,

who else could do it but the trustee of the main trust? While it could go without saying, the

trust did not expressly give Sandra the right to serve as trustee; rather, it only gave Sandra the

power to appoint the trustee—an unfortunate ambiguity as it turns out. As one can sadly

34
anticipate, instead of appointing another third party as the trustee of the subtrust consistent

with Havis’s intent, Sandra appointed herself as the trustee of the grandchildren’s

inheritance. This self-appointment shattered the well-planned, fortified separating walls of

Havis’s estate plan. Now, Sandra controlled the inheritance given to Ashley’s children,

which naturally results in communication and cooperation between Sandra and Ashley—the

very tumultuous relationship that Havis fervently attempted to avoid. The worlds were now

bound to collide. But the problem became worse. Not only does Sandra now control the

distributions of the grandchildren’s subtrust, but if Ashley dares to question, complain, or

even request an accounting on behalf of her children, the in terrorem clause in the main trust

is triggered, and Sandra can force Ashley to lose her inheritance. One might question, “Well,

that can’t really happen, can it?” The answer is yes, and it did. And the majority opines that

is proper. I do not.

II. Discussion

Judge Barrett’s dissent includes an excellent dissertation discussing the standards of

review and the law regarding trusts and in terrorem provisions. I will not repeat Judge Barrett’s

analysis except to say that that in terrorem provisions are strictly construed because they work

as a forfeiture. See Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Donative Transfers § 8.5 cmt.

d (2003); Hamm v. Hamm, 2013 Ark. App. 501, 429 S.W.3d 384. The majority correctly

quotes the in terrorem provisions in both the Will and the trust; therefore, they do not need

to be repeated herein. There is no question that when Iberia Bank declined the appointment

as trustee of the grandchildren’s subtrust and Sandra appointed herself as the trustee, the

35
appointment made Ashley unhappy, and she attempted to persuade Sandra to name a

different trustee. Communication ensued and Sandra refused. This led to the present

litigation in which Ashley attempted to remove Sandra as the trustee and have a successor

trustee appointed.

Regardless of the subsequent arguments and events, the underlying objective in the

litigation was that Ashley Jacks, the daughter of Havis Jacks, was attempting to protect her

daughters’ interests in their subtrust from Sandra. Perhaps, this was warranted because by

the time the litigation was completed, Sandra had spent over $43,000 of the grandchildren’s

money. (While the trust language provided that the trustee could invade the corpus of the

trusts for necessary expenditures, one might ask, “Why didn’t Sandra invade her own trust

assets (her cash) instead of the grandchildren’s assets (the Edward Jones retirement

accounts)?”.) Regardless, as a result of their history, Ashley simply did not trust Sandra. It

is imperative to remember that Havis went to great lengths in his testamentary plan to

separate and wall off Sandra from Ashley due to their tumultuous relationship. Sandra

intentionally breached this fortified wall by appointing herself as the trustee of the subtrust.

To avoid this breach and anticipated repercussions, Ashley asked Sandra to appoint someone

else as trustee. Practically anyone else. Sandra refused. Ashley then filed this petition—

individually and as their mother and as their “next friend”—to protect her children. Ashley

made three pertinent arguments. First, she argued that although the trust language gave

Sandra the power to appoint a successor trustee of the subtrust, it did not give Sandra the

power to appoint herself as the trustee. This would require the circuit court to construe

36
paragraph first of the trust and determine whether Sandra had the authority to appoint

herself as the trustee of the subtrust. Second, Ashley argued that Sandra should account for

any funds she spent out of the children’s subtrust. This would require the circuit court to

construe paragraph twelfth of the trust and determine whether the minor children had the

right to ask the trustee for an accounting or review. And third, she argued that regardless of

whether Sandra had the power to appoint herself as trustee of the subtrust, the minor

children could remove the trustee. This again would require the court to construe paragraph

twelfth of the trust.

Why is it important for Ashley Jacks to ask the court to construe paragraphs first and

twelfth among other interrelated sections of the trust? It is important because the in terrorem

clauses in both Havis’s Will and trust have a built-in exception to the application and

enforcement of the in terrorem clause. Havis anticipated that the need might arise where a

court or other appropriate forum may be required to construe the language of the trust or

the Will. Hence, the in terrorem clause in Havis’s will contains the following language:

. . . This [in terrorem] Paragraph shall not be construed to limit the appearance of any
person as a witness in any proceeding involving this Will, my Revocable Trust or any
power of appointment, nor to limit any person’s appearance in any capacity in a
proceeding for the construction hereof.

Similarly, the in terrorem clause in Havis’s trust contains the following language:

. . . This [in terrorem] paragraph shall not be construed to limit the appearance by any
person in a proceeding for the construction of the trust.

Let us review the essence of Ashley’s complaints. First, she complains that Sandra

did not have the authority under the main trust to appoint herself as the trustee of the

37
subtrust. This necessarily requires the circuit court to review paragraph first of the trust,

which provides the following in pertinent part:

(e) Notwithstanding the above, with regard to any separate trust created for the
benefits of a grandchild pursuant to Paragraph FOURTH(c), IBERIA BANK, . . .
shall serve as the sole Trustee of any such trust; provided, at any time IBERIA BANK
. . . is unable or unwilling to serve in such capacity, then SANDRA DENISE
BROSSETT shall have the power to appoint, in a signed writing, one or more
successor Trustee(s).

Ashley’s argument is simple: paragraph first of the trust did not grant Sandra the power to

serve as successor trustee; rather, it gave Sandra the power only to appoint a trustee. Paragraph

first is silent on whether Sandra can appoint herself to serve as a successor trustee of the

subtrust. Hence, the court was required to construe paragraph first to make this

determination. By the very terms of the in terrorem provision, a proceeding for the

construction of the trust is exempted from the in terrorem clause, as it should be.

The same is true for Ashley’s second point, in which Ashley asks Sandra to account

for any funds she spent out of the children’s subtrust. The circuit court must review and

construe paragraph twelfth, which provides the following in pertinent part:

(g) Accounting . . . A Trustee shall not be required to provide any accounting or
reporting nor shall a Trustee be under the duty to keep a beneficiary informed except
as specifically provided in this Agreement. . . . Notwithstanding any provision in this
subparagraph to the contrary, if applicable state law requires otherwise and overrides
the terms of this trust, then a Trustee shall apply and honor such applicable state law
that cannot be waived by the terms of a trust or is not otherwise waived.

Whether a beneficiary may ask for an accounting requires the circuit court to construe

paragraph twelfth of the trust and applicable state law. Is the term “accounting” as used in

paragraph twelfth an “annual accounting” as is typically contemplated in estate plans and

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the trustee is required to provide? Or does a beneficiary literally have no right to ask the

trustee, “Where is my money and what have you done with it?” If that is true, then does that

“no accounting” language violate Arkansas law? Judge Barrett’s dissent explains the

application of Arkansas trust law; however, does such a blanket prohibition of these minor

children violate Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-73-1008(a)(1) (Repl. 2012)? Section

28-73-1008(a)(1) provides that “[a] term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach of

trust is unenforceable to the extent that it: (1) relieves the trustee of liability for breach of

trust committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or the

interests of the beneficiaries[.]” That begs the question, how can little Paris and Bayli know

if Sandra is acting in bad faith or with reckless indifference if they can’t even ask the question,

“What are you doing with my money?” Regardless of the answer, the analysis requires the

circuit court to construe the language in paragraph twelfth vis-à-vis the state law in Arkansas

Code Annotated section 28-73-1008(a)(1). Such an analysis by the circuit court is a

proceeding for the construction of the trust and is, therefore, exempted from the in terrorem

clause, as it should be.

Ashley’s third point is, regardless of whether Sandra had the power to appoint herself

as trustee of the subtrust, her minor children had the right to remove the trustee under

paragraph twelfth of the trust agreement. This would naturally require the court to construe

paragraph twelfth of the trust. The majority holds that Ashley did not follow the correct

procedure to remove the trustee; therefore, the in terrorem clause was triggered, and Ashley

must forfeit her inheritance. The majority’s holding on this point is self-evident. The court

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must construe the trust language in paragraph twelfth to determine whether Ashley followed

the procedure. Such a construction analysis by its very definition exempts the application of

the in terrorem clause. Paragraph twelfth subsection (d) provides in pertinent part: “. . . any

Trustee . . . may be removed from such position of any trust by written notice thereof

delivered to all Trustees and signed by all of the Current Beneficiaries of such trust[.] . . .”

There are other procedural safeguards. However, the bottom line for the purpose of this

dissent is that the circuit court must construe paragraph twelfth subsection (d) and other

provisions to determine whether Ashley followed the procedure. Such a review and

construction of the removal language is a proceeding for the construction of the trust and is,

therefore, exempted from the in terrorem clause, as it should be.

In addition, Judge Barrett explains in her dissent that the trust agreement is

ambiguous and that the circuit court’s task is to determine and then enforce Havis’s

testamentary intent. In addition to Judge Barrett’s explanation, one should ask my original

question: Who protects the minor grandchildren from the trustee’s pilfering of the trust

funds? According to the majority, the mere asking for an accounting is forbidden and

invokes the in terrorem clause. The attempt to remove the trustee if not done according to

Hoyle is forbidden and invokes the in terrorem clause. In fact, one should ask whether the

minor beneficiaries can even attempt to remove a trustee via the correct procedure without

invoking the in terrorem clause. The in terrorem clause in the trust provides in pertinent part:

“Should any descendant of the Grantor or named beneficiary hereunder (either individually or

as part of a class) challenge any provision contained herein in any court proceeding or otherwise

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become an adverse party in any judicial proceeding involving this trust, including any

challenge to a Trustee’s discretion hereunder, such adverse party shall forfeit his or her entire

interest hereunder. . . .” (Emphasis added.) So, on the one hand, the trust allows the minor

children to remove a trustee, but on the other hand, that conduct or action certainly would

be a “challenge to a provision” of the trust, which would cause the minor children to forfeit

their inheritance. Is that a right at all? Or just a quivering illusion? Yet still another reason

to void the application of the in terrorem clause in this situation.

In conclusion, we have the ultimate testamentary irony. Havis Jacks went to great

lengths to create a testamentary plan to separate and wall off his new trusted woman friend

from his daughter. Havis did his best to keep those two worlds from colliding. Because of

Iberia Bank’s declination to serve as trustee of the grandchildren’s subtrust, Sandra

appointed herself as successor trustee, which led to her having the power to force Ashley to

forfeit her inheritance from her father. Go figure.

I would be remiss if I did not point out the blatant inconsistency in the circuit court’s

decision and the majority opinion. Ashley filed this lawsuit both individually and as next

friend of Paris and Bayli. The circuit court found that the exact same conduct of Ashley,

individually, triggered the in terrorem clause that caused Ashley to forfeit her inheritance.

However, the very same conduct of Ashley, as next friend of Paris and Bayli, did not trigger

the in terrorem clause against the grandchildren. Clearly, Ashley was required to file the claim

as “next friend” of her minor children. Why then, however distasteful, were the minor

children not forced to forfeit their inheritance? Sounds selective?

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I would reverse the circuit court’s order and hold that the in terrorem clause is not

applicable in these circumstances. Also, I join Judge Barrett’s dissent.

HARRISON, C.J., and VIRDEN and BARRETT, JJ., join.

James, House, Swann & Downing, P.A., by: Kayla M. Applegate, for appellant.

Taylor & Taylor Law Firm, P.A., by: Tory H. Lewis, Andrew M. Taylor, and Tasha C.

Taylor, for appellee.

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