United States v. Mendez

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

JESUS MANUEL MENDEZ,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 20-2142
(D.C. No. 2:20-MJ-01439-SMV-1)
(D. N.M.)
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
*

_________________________________
Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Jesus Manuel Mendez appeals from the district court’s revocation of his
pretrial release under 18 U.S.C. § 3148(b) for witness tampering. Mendez asks us to
disregard his witness tampering because the government placed him in a halfway
house with the witness and nobody read to him in Spanish his conditions of release
that barred contact with potential witnesses. But he went into the witness’s room to

*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

December 10, 2020

Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
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discuss his case and does not argue that he cannot read English. Exercising
jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3145(c) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I. Background
The government charged Mendez with transporting illegal aliens in violation
of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii). Authorities placed Mendez in a cell for three days
with one of the illegal aliens Mendez allegedly transported, F.S.P.-P. The
government presented evidence that during this time, “Mendez [told F.S.P.-P.] over
and over, ‘You know what, don’t press charges on me. You press charges on me,
they’re going to detain you here for—for a few months. But if you don’t, they’ll
release you right away, and I can make arrangements with my people so we can—we
can smuggle back into the U.S.’” Aplt. App. at 27.
The district court later granted Mendez release to a halfway house pending
trial. Mendez’s conditions of release included the following: “Defendant must not
violate federal, state, or local law while on release,” and must “[a]void all contact,
directly or indirectly, with any person who is or may be a victim or witness in the
investigation or prosecution, including co-defendants.” Aplee. Supp. App. Vol. I
at 6. Mendez signed a form written in English indicating that he had read these
conditions of release.
The government placed Mendez and F.S.P.-P. in the same halfway house. At a
hearing on the government’s revocation motion, the government presented evidence
that Mendez arranged for another resident of the halfway house, Brian Anderson, to
approach F.S.P.-P. while F.S.P.-P. was in his room. When F.S.P.-P. refused
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Anderson’s request for F.S.P.-P. to follow him to the kitchen, Anderson said
something along the lines of “‘You know what, you’ll follow me, you know, the good
way or the bad way.’” Aplt. App. at 26. And the government presented evidence
that Mendez went into F.S.P.-P.’s room at the halfway house about five minutes later
and said something along the lines of “‘You know what, don’t press charges on me. I
have family. I’m on probation. Don’t press charges.’” Id.
Mendez testified through an interpreter that his conditions of release were “not
read to [him] in Spanish” and that he “was told that [he] needed to sign [a form
indicating he had read the conditions of release] in order to be released on bail.” Id.
at 49. He “was so excited to be released again that [he] signed very, very quickly,
hastily.” Id. He did not testify that he cannot read English or explicitly testify that
he did not read the conditions of release.
The district court found “[b]y clear and convincing evidence . . . Mendez
violated his conditions of release by having both direct and indirect contact with
F.S.P.-P., a material witness in his case; and [Mendez] is unlikely to abide by any
condition or combination of conditions of release.” Id. at 12.
II. Discussion
This court “appl[ies] de novo review to mixed questions of law and fact
concerning the detention or release decision, but . . . accept[s] the district court’s
findings of historical fact which support that decision unless they are clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Cisneros, 328 F.3d 610, 613 (10th Cir. 2003).
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Following a hearing, the district court “shall enter an order of revocation and
detention” if the court makes the required findings. 18 U.S.C. § 3148(b). First, the
court must find either (1) “probable cause to believe that the person has committed a
Federal, State, or local crime while on release,” or (2) “clear and convincing evidence
that the person has violated any other condition of release.” Id. § 3148(b)(1)(A)–(B).
In addition, the court must find either (1) “there is no condition or combination of
conditions of release that will assure that the person will not flee or pose a danger to
the safety of any other person or the community,” or (2) “the person is unlikely to
abide by any condition or combination of conditions of release.”
Id. § 3148(b)(2)(A)–(B).
Mendez does not challenge the district court’s finding that he “is unlikely to
abide by any condition or combination of conditions of release.” Aplt. App. at 12.
Nor does he dispute the district court’s finding that he violated the conditions of his
release via his direct and indirect contact with F.S.P.-P. But he makes two arguments
as to why this violation should have been excused.
First, Mendez argues that because the marshals placed him in the same
halfway house with F.S.P.-P., he could not avoid incidental contact with F.S.P.-P.
This argument lacks heft because the contact in question was not incidental but was
instead intentional. Mendez went into F.S.P.-P.’s room in an effort to persuade
F.S.P.-P. to refrain from testifying.
Second, Mendez argues that the government’s failure to explain his conditions
of release to him in Spanish amounted to a due process violation. But they were
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given to him in writing (in English) and Mendez does not argue that he cannot read
English, let alone cite any evidence establishing this fact. Indeed, Mendez testified
that he did not appreciate the content of the form he signed acknowledging his
conditions of release because he signed it “hastily” out of his excitement to be
released. He did not testify that he could not have understood it if he had taken the
time to read it. And the fact that Mendez testified in Spanish through an interpreter
does not compel the conclusion that he cannot read or speak English. After all,
Mendez testified at both the revocation hearing before the magistrate judge and the
appellate hearing before the district court and never testified that he had been unable
to understand English. Cf. United States v. Hasan, 609 F.3d 1121, 1129 (10th Cir.
2010) (remanding for further consideration of whether the defendant was entitled to
an interpreter even though the defendant “used English in some circumstances—
perhaps even most circumstances”). The evidence does not support Mendez’s
alleged due process violation.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the district court’s revocation of Mendez’s release. We also grant
the government’s unopposed motion to seal Volume II of its supplemental appendix,
which contains Mendez’s pretrial services report.
Entered for the Court
Per Curiam
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