Fort Lauderdale Food Not Bombs, et al. v. City of Fort Lauderdale

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-10173
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
FORT LAUDERDALE FOOD NOT BOMBS,
NATHAN PIM,
JILLIAN PIM,
HAYLEE BECKER,
WILLIAM TOOLE,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
CITY OF FORT LAUDERDALE,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 0:15-cv-60185-AMC
____________________
Before NEWSOM , GRANT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiffs-Appellants are the prevailing parties in this civil
rights case, in which they achieved excellent results. They are en-
titled to an award of attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b).
They challenge the reduction of their requested fees, challenging
both the reduction in their requested hourly rates and the reduc-
tion in their requested number of hours reasonably expended. We
address each argument in turn. Because we write only for the par-
ties who are already familiar with the facts and the relevant law,
we relate only so much as is necessary to understand our decision.
The appropriate standard of review is as follows:
We review a district court’s order awarding at-
torney fees for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Gray v.
Lockheed Aeronautical Sys. Co., 125 F.3d 1387, 1389
(11th Cir. 1997). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the
judge fails to apply the proper legal standard or to fol-
low proper procedures in making the determination,
or bases an award upon findings of fact that are clearly
erroneous.” In re Hillsborough Holdings Corp., 127 F.3d
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23-10173 Opinion of the Court 3
1398, 1401 (11th Cir. 1997) (internal citation and quo-
tation omitted).
ACLU of Georgia v. Barnes, 168 F.3d 423, 427 (11th Cir. 1999). The
district court adopted the Report and Recommendation (“the Re-
port”) of the magistrate judge.
I. The Reasonable Hourly Rates
A determination by the district court of reasonable hourly
rate is a finding of fact which is reviewed on appeal under the
clearly erroneous standard, id. at 436, so long as the findings are
made pursuant to proper legal standards. Appellants challenge the
magistrate judge’s findings of fact with respect to reasonable
hourly rates as clearly erroneous, but also suggest, albeit vaguely,
that the court applied erroneous legal standards. A brief descrip-
tion of the Report will reveal that neither challenge has merit.
The magistrate judge set out the correct and relevant law,
including the lodestar method, and the standard for determining a
reasonable hourly rate. See Norman v. Hous. Auth. of Montgomery,
836 F.2d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 1988) (explaining that a reasonable
hourly rate is determined by evaluating “the prevailing market rate
in the relevant legal community for similar services by lawyers of
reasonably comparable skills, experience, and reputation.”). The
magistrate judge acknowledged that it must consider the twelve
factors enumerated in Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express Inc., 488
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974), overruled on other grounds by Blanchard v.
Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 90 (1989),1 and listed them.
The magistrate judge considered, and summarized briefly,
the parties’ arguments and evidence. After noting the rates re-
quested by the Plaintiffs for each attorneys’ work, the court noted
that, in each case, the requested amount substantially exceeds the
hourly rate awarded to (or requested for) each attorney in prior
cases. Anderson and Siegel were awarded a blended rate of $375
from the Middle District of Florida in 2021 (as compared to Ander-
son’s request in this case for a rate of $565 and as compared to
Siegel’s request for a rate of $785); Siegel asserted that most of her
prior fee disputes were settled but that her requests had ranged
from $400 to $500 (as compared to her request for $785 in this case);
Ross was awarded $325 in the Southern District of Florida in 2006
(as compared to his request in this case for $785). The magistrate
judge noted that Shlackman had requested a rate of $500 in his
court in 2021 (as compared to a request in this case of $675).
The magistrate judge made his findings of fact with respect
to the reasonable hourly rate for each of Appellants’ attorneys:
$375 for Anderson and Costello
1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981)(en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth
Circuit handed down prior to the close of business on September 30, 1981.
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23-10173 Opinion of the Court 5
$450 for Shlackman
$500 for Siegel and Ross
In reaching these findings of fact, the magistrate judge expressly
relied upon “the Johnson factors, both Parties’ expert declarations,”
the “applicable law,” and the “rates awarded within this District.”
Report, Doc. 159 at 8. The magistrate judge also relied on his own
knowledge and experience, “having considered the length, extent,
and novelty of the litigation involved in the instant case,” id., and
on the prior awards to these attorney for plaintiffs in other cases.
We cannot conclude that the magistrate judge’s findings
with respect to the reasonable hourly rate are clearly erroneous.
The findings are supported by ample evidence, including the
hourly rates either awarded to, or requested by, the Appellants’ at-
torneys in recent prior cases either in the Southern District of Flor-
ida itself or the analogous Middle District of Florida, the expert
opinion of the City’s expert, and the awards to other attorneys in
comparable cases in the Southern District of Florida.
We reject Appellants’ attempt to portray the magistrate
judge’s ruling as having been based on erroneous legal standards.
For example, we reject Appellants’ argument that the court ig-
nored the skill of the Appellants’ lawyers. The court expressly rec-
ognized the “excellent results” achieved in this case. Id. at 14. The
magistrate judge expressly ruled that he “must consider” the
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6 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
Johnson factors,2 repeatedly referred to the factors, and expressly
based his ultimate finding on those factors, the applicable law, and
the evidence in the case (including the expert declarations, the ac-
tual awards to Appellants’ attorneys in prior cases, the fee awards
rendered in similar cases in the Southern District of Florida, and his
own knowledge and experience after having considered the length,
extent, and novelty of the case).3
2 Skill is prominent among the Johnson factors (e.g. “The skill requisite to per-
form the legal service properly.”).
3 Contrary to Appellants’ argument, the magistrate judge’s reference to Her-
mosilla v. Coca Cola, 2011 WL 9364952 (S.D. Fla. July 15, 2011), did not consti-
tute application of an erroneous legal standard. Hermosilla quoted from ACLU
v. Barnes, 168 F.3d at 437 (“A prevailing plaintiff is not entitled to have the
losing party pay for an attorney with the most expertise on a given legal issue,
regardless of price, but only for one with reasonable expertise at the market
rate.”). The court deemed Hermosilla instructive and similar in that it too was
faced with a “request for very high hourly rates.” Doc. 159 at 7. We reject the
Appellants’ argument that the court applied an erroneous legal standard by
placing too much emphasis on Hermosilla. Contrary to Appellants’ argument,
the court did not “rely on this one consideration, above all others.” Appel-
lants’ brief at 31. As set out in the text above, the magistrate judge first set out
the applicable law (including the Norman standard for determining the reason-
able hourly rate and the Johnson factors) and the relevant evidence (including
the prior fee awards for Appellants’ attorneys and the fee awards to other at-
torneys in similar cases in the Southern District of Florida), and then the court
expressly stated that it was reaching its findings with respect to the reasonable
hourly rates after “[h]aving reviewed the Johnson factors, both Parties’ expert
declarations, and the applicable law . . . [and] the similar rates awarded within
this District.” Doc. 159 at 8. As noted in the text, the magistrate judge also
expressly relied on recent awards to Appellants’ attorneys in the Southern Dis-
trict of Florida and his knowledge and experience.
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23-10173 Opinion of the Court 7
For the foregoing reasons, we reject Appellants’ challenge to
the findings with respect to the reasonable hourly rates.
II. Hours Expended
The “fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitle-
ment and documenting the appropriate hours and hourly rates.”
Norman, 836 F.2d at 1303. That burden includes “maintain[ing] rec-
ords to show the time spent on the different claims, and the general
subject matter of the time expenditures ought to be set out with
sufficient particularity so that the district court can assess the time
claimed for each activity . . . A well-prepared fee petition also
would include a summary, grouping the time entries by the nature
of the activity or stage of the case.” Id. (citations omitted)
The Supreme Court has stated that “[c]ounsel for the pre-
vailing party should make a good faith effort to exclude from a fee
request hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unneces-
sary.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983). “[A] district
court should deduct time for excessive or unnecessary hours be-
cause attorney’s fees are intended ‘to compensate attorneys for
work reasonably done actually to secure for clients the benefits to
which they are entitled.’” Caplan v. All Am. Auto Collision, Inc., 36
F.4th 1083, 1090–91 (11th Cir. 2022) (quoting Norman, 836 F.2d at
1305). “In the final analysis, exclusions for excessive or unnecessary
work on given tasks must be left to the discretion of the district
court.” Norman, 836 F.2d at 1301.
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
The magistrate judge recommended that the 2505 hours
sought by the Appellants’ attorney be reduced by a percentage of
roughly 40% across the board. “[W]here a fee application is volu-
minous and ‘a district court finds [that] the number of hours
claimed is unreasonably high, the court has two choices: [(1)] it
may conduct an hour-by-hour analysis or [(2)] it may reduce the
requested hours with an across-the-board cut.’” Caplan, 36 F.4th at
1094 (quoting Bivins v. Wrap It Up, Inc., 548 F.3d 1348, 1350 (11th
Cir. 2008)). In this case, as in the district court, Appellants do not
challenge the use of the across-the-board method; they argue only
that the cut should have been lesser. When the district court
chooses an across-the-board cut, it must “concisely but clearly ar-
ticulate [its] reasons for selecting specific percentage reductions”
such that there can be “meaningful review.” Id. (quoting Loranger
v. Stierheim, 10 F.3d 776, 783 (11th Cir. 1994).
Here, the magistrate judge pointed to several examples of
unreasonable, excessive billing. First, he noted that the Appellants
sought 476 hours for work on discovery and related motions not-
withstanding that Appellants did not contest that the discovery
practice was somewhat limited. Second, he pointed to the 223
hours sought for multiple attorneys preparing for and conducting
depositions. Third, he cited the 94 hours sought to create a two-
count complaint and commented that even with a detailed factual
history and a novel issue, this was an excessive amount. Finally, he
found the total 197.57 hours sought for multiple attorneys to pre-
pare for and present oral argument unreasonable. He found that
his percentage reduction would account for the double or even
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23-10173 Opinion of the Court 9
triple billing of similar entries, the attendance of multiple attorneys
at depositions and oral arguments, and the excessive time spent on
specific tasks.
We agree that the amounts billed are unreasonably high.
While there “is nothing inherently unreasonable about a client hav-
ing multiple attorneys,” Norman, 836 F.2d at 1302, redundant hours
must be excluded and such “hours generally occur where more
than one attorney represents a client,” id. at 1301-02.4 Focusing on
the appellate arguments, Anderson—who delivered both argu-
ments—billed 63.9 hours for preparing for the first oral argument
and 61.4 hours for the second. This amount does not include the
very substantial time billed for briefing the same issues at summary
judgment and in both appeals. Three other attorneys claimed sub-
stantial time for preparing for the arguments.5 We agree with the
court below that it was unreasonable for Anderson to bill for a full
week and a half for each appeal, especially in light of the amount
4 Although “[t]here is nothing inherently unreasonable about a client having
multiple attorneys . . . they may all be compensated if they are not unreason-
ably doing the same work and are being compensated for the distinct contri-
bution of each lawyer.” Id. at 1302. Although Appellants argue, in conclusory
fashion, that their several lawyers made distinct contributions, the magistrate
judge was not persuaded, and the record does not indicate that the magistrate
judge abused his discretion.
5 The City and the magistrate judge acknowledge the Appellants’ argument
that, while they sent multiple attorneys to the depositions and oral arguments,
they sought recovery for the time of only two. However, the City points out
that removing the time actually attending such events is miniscule because
multiple attorneys still billed for preparation time.
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
of time spent writing and researching the appellate and summary
judgment briefs.
Turning to hours sought for discovery and related motions,
we note that the City only sought one round of interrogatories and
requests for production from each plaintiff plus eight requests for
production from FLFNB and three to one plaintiff. Each of the in-
terrogatories to the several plaintiffs was largely the same and
sought typical information. Appellee’s expert, who had experience
litigating civil rights cases and provided an extensive report, noted
that the discovery was “relatively straightforward and not involv-
ing significant documents production or overly complex ESI [elec-
tronically stored information].” Similarly, the complaint, which
had two counts, was not sufficiently complex to require 94 hours
(or two and one-third weeks) of work at partner-level billing.
Finally, the time sought for depositions was significantly
more than necessary to conduct the relatively straightforward dep-
ositions in this case. As Appellee’s expert noted:
this case revolved principally on legal issues and the
depositions were limited to the following: one corpo-
rate representative of the City (presented by four wit-
nesses in depositions of 2 hours each), [four] brief (ap-
prox. 1 hour) depositions of Plaintiffs Nathan Pim, Ja-
son [P]im, Haylee Becker and William Toole, a 2.5
hour corporate representative deposition of Fort
Lauderdale Food Not Bombs (FLFNB) and an ex-
tremely brief deposition of third party Barbara
Granger.
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23-10173 Opinion of the Court 11
Doc. 146-1 at 17. Three attorneys attended each of these deposi-
tions, despite their relative lack of complexity.6
The court’s selection of the approximately 40% reduction
from the requested number of hours is amply supported in the rec-
ord. The City’s expert conducted a detailed, task-by-task examina-
tion of the work of Appellants’ attorneys in this case. With respect
to each task, the expert examined the relevant motions, briefs, and
other filings, the context thereof, and the complexity involved.
The expert was a reputable, experienced practitioner in the South-
ern District of Florida with extensive litigation experience, includ-
ing with respect to cases very similar to the instant case. Her task-
by-task analysis of the work of Appellants’ attorneys revealed a pat-
tern of excessive billing. The magistrate judge’s examples of exces-
sive hours sought with respect to four tasks—discovery, deposi-
tions, preparation of the complaint, and appellate oral arguments—
obviously draw upon this expert’s analysis.7 With respect to these
four tasks, and indeed with respect to every other task involved,
the expert opined that it was necessary to subject the number of
hours requested by Appellants to a significantly larger reduction
that the 40% selected by the magistrate judge.8
6 See fn. 5, supra.
7 The magistrate judge obviously also relied on his own knowledge and expe-
rience.
8 We also reject Appellants’ conclusory suggestions that the magistrate judge
failed to consider the excellent results, complexity, novelty, duration, public
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12 Opinion of the Court 23-10173
Because there is no challenge to the use of the across-the-
board method, and because the size of the reductions found by the
court below is amply supported by the record, we cannot conclude
that the court below abused its discretion in reducing the hours
billed and applying the lodestar to reach a total of $598,556.00 in
attorneys’ fees.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court
is
AFFIRMED.
benefit, and the billing judgment exercised by the Appellants’ counsel. The
magistrate judge either expressly or implicitly acknowledged each.
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