United States of America v. Lamonte H. Brown

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 25a0048p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
LAMONTE H. BROWN,
Defendant-Appellant.
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No. 23-5610
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
No. 5:21-cr-00075-2—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: March 6, 2025
Before: THAPAR, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: John F. Clark, CLARK LAW FIRM PLLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant.
John Patrick Grant, Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Lamonte Brown pled guilty to two separate charges:
conspiring to distribute methamphetamine and being a felon in possession of a firearm. He now
appeals various aspects of his sentence. We affirm.
>

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I.
In the spring of 2021, the Lexington Police Department investigated a large-scale
methamphetamine distribution scheme. A cooperating source told police that Lamonte Brown
was involved in the organization, so they started surveilling him.
On May 11, the police observed an individual climb into Brown’s car and leave with a
bag. The police later stopped that individual (named Tiquan Anderson) and uncovered 467.6
grams of methamphetamine, a digital scale, $2,000 in cash, and suspected fentanyl, cocaine, and
marijuana. Anderson pointed the finger at Brown and Brown’s associate, William Hargis.
Anderson clued the police in on where Brown and Hargis ran their drug operations—an
office building on Alysheba Way. That’s where Brown and Hargis stored, packaged, and cut
drugs to prepare them for sale. How did Anderson know? He had been there just the week
before, had seen drugs stored in the ceiling, and had watched Brown and Hargis package drugs.
After the police conducted further surveillance at the Alysheba office, they sprang into
action, executing a search warrant at the office. That search yielded 25.15 kilograms of
methamphetamine, 879.8 grams of fentanyl, what looked like counterfeit Xanax tablets, firearms,
ammunition, explosive devices, several presses (used for making pills), digital scales and
blenders smeared with drugs, cutting agents, and packaging materials.
About a month later, Lexington police arrested Brown for drug trafficking. Meanwhile,
the police had eyes on Brown’s house. They watched as a woman left the house and put a bag in
Brown’s car. After learning that the bag contained marijuana, the police searched the trunk of
the car and saw the barrel of a gun. Then they searched the car and discovered more loaded
firearms. Brown had prior felony convictions, so his possession of the firearms was prohibited.
See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Federal authorities picked up where the Lexington police left off. They charged Brown
with conspiring to knowingly and intentionally possess with intent to distribute
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. And, in a separate indictment, the
government indicted Brown for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

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§ 922(g). Brown pled guilty in both cases. The two cases were consolidated for sentencing, and
Brown received a 310-month sentence. Brown now appeals several aspects of his sentence.
II.
First, Brown objects to the application of a two-level sentencing enhancement for
possessing a dangerous weapon under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). This enhancement was based on
the guns found in the Alysheba office—which belonged to Brown’s co-conspirator, Hargis.
Brown argues that he couldn’t reasonably foresee that Hargis possessed these guns.
A.
We review the district court’s interpretations of the Guidelines de novo and its factual
findings for clear error. United States v. Schock, 862 F.3d 563, 566–67 (6th Cir. 2017). But for
mixed questions of law and fact—like the application of the Guidelines to the facts—the
standard of review varies. “Mixed questions are not all alike.” U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel.
CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC, 583 U.S. 387, 395–96 (2018). That
holds true here. So we walk through the applicable standard of review step by step.
The enhancement under § 2D1.1(b)(1) has two elements. The government must show, by
a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the defendant actually or constructively possessed the
weapon, and (2) the weapon was possessed during “relevant conduct” to the offense. United
States v. West, 962 F.3d 183, 187 (6th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). When the government
attempts to apply this enhancement based on the conduct of a co-conspirator, it must meet a few
additional hurdles. Namely, the government must establish that the dangerous weapon
possession was within the scope of the jointly undertaken criminal activity; in furtherance of that
criminal activity; and reasonably foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity. U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)(i)–(iii).
The standard of review differs for these respective elements. Element one—actual or
constructive possession—is reviewed for clear error. United States v. McCloud, 935 F.3d 527,
531 (6th Cir. 2019). Element two—whether the dangerous weapon was possessed during
“relevant conduct” to the offense—is reviewed de novo. United States v. Amerson, 886 F.3d
568, 573 (6th Cir. 2018). But when the relevant conduct determination depends on co-

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conspirator liability (like in this case), factual findings about the conspiracy are reviewed for
clear error. United States v. Donadeo, 910 F.3d 886, 893 (6th Cir. 2018); United States v.
Barron, 940 F.3d 903, 912 (6th Cir. 2019).
B.
Brown doesn’t dispute that Hargis possessed the guns, so element one is off the table.
And while Brown claims the mantle of de novo review under element two, the heart of his
argument is that he couldn’t have reasonably foreseen that Hargis had guns.1 That claim faces,
and fails, our clear error review.
At sentencing, the government produced various pieces of evidence to meet its burden.
For one, it called a detective to testify about the results of the search of the Alysheba office. The
government also produced body-camera footage of the detective’s search. The detective relayed
his discovery of the firearms, some of the drugs, and additional drug paraphernalia in the
bathroom and closet. He confirmed that Brown’s fingerprints were found nearby on a press that
turned narcotics into pills. The government also explained that several witnesses said it was
well-known that Hargis carried guns. Finally, the government highlighted the size of the drug
stash. The methamphetamine found was worth half a million dollars (when sold as a unit) and
over a million dollars (when sold by the gram).
The district court found that this evidence sufficed to show that Brown could’ve
reasonably foreseen Hargis’s possession of a firearm. In particular, the district court relied on
the “massive amount of drugs” recovered nearby to infer that firearms were reasonably
foreseeable. R. 211, Pg. ID 1117. Brown knew about these vast quantities of methamphetamine.
After all, Brown admitted to his part in the conspiracy, and even specifically admitted to the
amounts of methamphetamine involved.
1Section 1B1.3(a) also requires co-conspirator conduct to be “within the scope of the jointly undertaken
criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)(i). In his summary of the argument, Brown asserts that the gun
possession wasn’t “within the scope of [his] agreement with” Hargis. Appellant Br. at 20; see id. at 25 n.4, 27
(referencing U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 app. n.3(B)). But he offers no argument in support of this claim. Thus, Brown has
forfeited appellate review of the “scope” issue. Walden v. Gen. Elec. Int’l, Inc., 119 F.4th 1049, 1057 n.3 (6th Cir.
2024). What’s more, Brown didn’t make this argument in either his written objections to the PSR or at the
sentencing hearing. So, even if Brown did properly make an argument on appeal, our review would be for plain
error.

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Brown makes two arguments in response. First, he tries to argue that the presence of a
co-conspirator’s gun wasn’t “reasonably foreseeable” under our caselaw. To be sure, we’ve held
that mere participation in a drug conspiracy doesn’t make a co-conspirator’s firearm possession
reasonably foreseeable. United States v. Cochran, 14 F.3d 1128, 1133 (6th Cir. 1994). But as
the district court recognized, we’ve repeatedly affirmed that such possession is foreseeable
“when there are massive amounts of drugs in a single location.” United States v. Woods, 604
F.3d 286, 291 (6th Cir. 2010) (collecting cases); see Barron, 940 F.3d at 912–13 (affirming
inference for 200,000 dollars’ worth of cocaine); United States v. Catalan, 499 F.3d 604, 607
(6th Cir. 2007) (affirming inference for 20,000 dollars’ worth of cocaine). That’s because when
there are large quantities of drugs involved, a conspirator “would expect others to be carrying
protection.” United States v. Wade, 318 F.3d 698, 702 (6th Cir. 2003). The district court’s
conclusion—based on the half-million to a million dollars’ worth of methamphetamine
discovered—aligned with this caselaw.
Second, Brown argues that the government didn’t put forth evidence that he, as opposed
to other witnesses, knew that Hargis carried weapons. But all the government had to show was
that it was “reasonably foreseeable” to Brown that Hargis had a weapon. Woods, 604 F.3d at
290. And if something was well-known to others, that makes it more likely that Brown would
have foreseen that Hargis possessed the firearms.
* * *
The district court didn’t clearly err by crediting the government’s evidence. Barron,
940 F.3d at 912. And it didn’t clearly err by drawing an inference (that our caselaw has blessed)
based on Brown’s undisputed involvement with a large-scale methamphetamine trafficking
operation.
III.
Brown’s next set of challenges relates to the third addendum to his presentence
investigation report (PSR). Brown brings two objections: one procedural, one substantive.

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A.
Procedural. The probation officer filed the third addendum—recommending that Brown
receive one additional criminal history point for the § 922(g) charge—one day before the
scheduled joint sentencing hearing. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(c), 4A1.2(a)(4). At the hearing,
Brown’s lawyer objected to this “unexpected” addition. R. 232, Pg. ID 1248. Brown’s lawyer
expressed his willingness to “object orally” or to file a written memorandum. Id. In response,
the court pushed the hearing back two weeks.
On appeal, Brown argues that this late disclosure violated Rule 32(g), which requires the
probation officer to submit the PSR and addenda “[a]t least 7 days before sentencing.” Fed. R.
Crim. P. 32(g). District courts “must be in ‘literal compliance’” with this rule. United States v.
Roberge, 565 F.3d 1005, 1011 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted).
Brown’s challenge fails for a simple reason: the district court postponed the sentencing
hearing by two weeks. So, Brown had ample time—more than the seven days Rule 32(g)
requires—to consider the third addendum and file a written objection. In fact, Brown’s objection
to the late addendum was why the district court granted a continuance. See Irizarry v. United
States, 553 U.S. 708, 715–16 (2008) (describing a continuance as “[t]he more appropriate
response” to a party’s complaint about a last-minute surprise in the context of a Rule 32(h)
challenge). The third addendum was filed on June 1 and the rescheduled sentencing hearing took
place on June 16. Thus, the court complied with Rule 32. Roberge, 565 F.3d at 1011.
B.
Substantive. Brown also insists that the felon-in-possession charge was relevant conduct
to the drug conspiracy—and thus couldn’t factor into his criminal history. He is correct that
conduct forming part of the drug conspiracy can’t be used as a “prior sentence” for his criminal
history calculation on that same offense. But he’s wrong that the § 922(g) offense was part of
the drug conspiracy.

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No. 23-5610 United States v. Brown Page 7
1.
Starting with the Guidelines: they give a defendant one criminal history point when he
“has been convicted of an offense, but not yet sentenced . . . as if it constituted a prior sentence
under § 4A1.1(c).” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(4); see id. § 4A1.1(c). A “prior sentence,” in turn,
means “any sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt . . . for conduct not part of
the instant offense.” Id. § 4A1.2(a)(1) (emphasis added).
How do we determine whether the conduct is part of the instant offense? We assess
whether the conduct “is severable into two distinct offenses.” United States v. Beddow, 957 F.2d
1330, 1338 (6th Cir. 1992). This is a “fact-specific inquiry” that “involves more than just a
consideration of the elements of the two offenses.” United States v. Messer, 71 F.4th 452, 459
(6th Cir. 2023) (quoting Beddow, 957 F.2d at 1338). We consider factors like “the temporal and
geographical proximity of the two offenses, common victims, and a common criminal plan or
intent.” Beddow, 957 F.2d at 1338; see United States v. Young, 310 F. App’x 784, 798–99 (6th
Cir. 2009) (applying the Beddow factors). Finally, we review the district court’s factual findings
for clear error. Messer, 71 F.4th at 459.
2.
Looking at the two offenses’ elements, proximity, common victims, and common
criminal plan or intent yields a straightforward conclusion. Brown’s felon-in-possession offense
wasn’t a part of the methamphetamine conspiracy.
First, those crimes don’t share any elements in common. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)
with 21 U.S.C. § 846; see United States v. Escobar, 992 F.2d 87, 89 (6th Cir. 1993) (noting that
the commission of one offense didn’t need to be proven as an element of the other offense). And
Brown had co-defendants in the drug conspiracy, but none in the felon-in-possession case. See
Flores v. United States, No. 16-1766, 2017 WL 11350680, at *2 (6th Cir. Feb. 8, 2017) (order)
(affirming a finding that two offenses were distinct when they involved “different sets of co-
conspirators”).
Geographical and temporal proximity don’t change that calculus. The guns were stashed
in a car outside Brown’s house; the drugs were ensconced in the ceiling of the Alysheba office.

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And as charged, the drug conspiracy spanned roughly eight months—from October 2020 to May
2021. The felon-in-possession offense, meanwhile, took place “[o]n or about June 28, 2021.”
R. 1, Pg. ID 1, United States v. Brown, Case 5:22-cr-00057-DCR-MAS (“Brown § 922(g)”).
And, to the extent that Brown’s offenses did overlap in time, that doesn’t change the
conclusion. For example, in Escobar, a defendant faced a sentence for a three-year-long
conspiracy to distribute cocaine. 992 F.2d at 88. There, the district court found that a
defendant’s state conviction for possessing small amounts of cocaine, which took place during
the distribution conspiracy, properly counted as criminal history instead of relevant conduct. Id.
at 89–90. We affirmed. Id. at 88.
Likewise, in Messer, the defendant had multiple convictions: one for kidnapping, one for
conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. 71 F.4th at 458–59. The kidnapping overlapped
geographically and temporally with the defendant’s drug conspiracy. Id. at 459. The kidnapping
even arose out of a “failed drug buy.” Id. The defendant wanted the drug conspiracy to count as
relevant conduct, a view we found “plausible.” Id. But the district court saw things differently.
That court relied on the fact that the kidnapping involved a different drug supplier than the drug
conspiracy generally and that the kidnapping produced different harms. Id. The court’s decision
to count the conspiracy as a prior sentence—not relevant conduct—wasn’t clearly erroneous. Id.
Next, Brown’s felon-in-possession offense and the methamphetamine conspiracy didn’t
share any victims in common. In United States v. Tilford, the police arrested Tilford for drug
distribution. 85 F. App’x 516, 518 (6th Cir. 2004). When doing so, they found several firearms
that Tilford unlawfully possessed. Id. Tilford, like Brown, argued that his firearm offense was
part of his drug offense. But we concluded that the crimes of aiding and abetting a drug offense
and possessing an illegal weapon involved “different criminal conduct that harmed different
societal interests.” Id. at 520 (citation omitted). So too here.
Finally, Brown doesn’t put forth any evidence that the two crimes were part of a common
scheme or plan. See R. 199, Pg. ID 1021 (“There were no facts that connected the
[methamphetamine conspiracy] offense conduct of May 11, 2021, with the [gun] offense conduct
of June 28, 2021.”); United States v. Hicks, 4 F.3d 1358, 1362 (6th Cir. 1993) (“No evidence was

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No. 23-5610 United States v. Brown Page 9
ever offered that defendant used the gun . . . in relation to his drug trafficking activities.”).
Speculation is not a proper substitute for such evidence. In sum, the district court’s decision to
treat the felon-in-possession offense as a distinct prior sentence as opposed to relevant conduct
wasn’t wrong—let alone clearly erroneous. Messer, 71 F.4th at 459.2
3.
Brown makes two arguments in response: (1) the arrests for both offenses took place on
the same day and (2) the government called the two offenses related. Thus, he says, the felon-in-
possession offense must be relevant conduct to the methamphetamine conspiracy.
As for (1), it’s true that the police only found Brown’s firearms because they arrested him
for the drug conspiracy. But that doesn’t render the two offenses “relevant conduct.” Otherwise,
any time the police discovered evidence of a new crime when arresting someone, it would be
“relevant conduct”—even if the offenses had nothing to do with each other. That is why neither
the Guidelines nor our precedent impose a “same day arrest” rule. See Tilford, 85 F. App’x at
518 (illicit firearm possession discovered when arresting the defendant for drug charges wasn’t
relevant conduct); Hicks, 4 F.3d at 1362 (cocaine possession discovered when arresting
defendant for assault wasn’t relevant conduct to federal weapons charge).
And as for (2), it’s also true that the government described the felon-in-possession and
methamphetamine conspiracy cases as “related.” Brown § 922(g), R. 3, Pg, ID 8 (“Notice by
United States Regarding Related Prosecutions”). But this notice made no mention of “relevant
conduct” or any Guidelines provisions at all. Fairly read, then, the notice doesn’t concede that
one offense is “relevant conduct” to the other for sentencing purposes. In fact, the Guidelines
themselves previously differentiated between “related cases” and “relevant conduct.” Compare
2The parties frame the inquiry differently. For his part, Brown argues that the guns were part of the “same
course of conduct” as the methamphetamine conspiracy. Appellant Br. at 36 (citation omitted); see U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.3(a)(2); id. § 4A1.2(a)(1) cmt. n.1. An offense is part of the “same course of conduct” depending on “the
degree of similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time interval between the
offenses.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2) cmt. n.5(B); United States v. Hill, 79 F.3d 1477, 1481 (6th Cir. 1996). These
factors overlap with our analysis above. “Similarity” is the flipside of asking whether the conduct constitutes “two
distinct offenses.” Beddow, 957 F.2d at 1338. And the “regularity” and “time interval” factors come out the same
way as temporal proximity did.

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U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2) (2001) with id. § 1B1.3; United States v. Garcia-Rodriguez, 718 F.
App’x 322, 324 n.2 (6th Cir. 2017).
Brown’s unlawful possession of firearms wasn’t relevant conduct to his involvement in
the methamphetamine conspiracy. It wasn’t “part of the instant offense.” U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.2(a)(1). Thus, the district court didn’t err by counting the § 922(g) charge as part of
Brown’s criminal history.3
* * *
It might seem odd to conclude that Hargis’s possession of guns qualifies as relevant
conduct, but that Brown’s own gun possession doesn’t. After all, if large quantities of drugs
support an inference that it was reasonably foreseeable that a co-conspirator carried guns, why
shouldn’t they support an inference that Brown’s own firearms were part and parcel of the drug
operation—as opposed to being “conduct not part of the instant offense”?
The key is proximity. Our Section 2D1.1(b)(1) analysis above doesn’t rest on a
“generalized presumption that drug transactions involve guns.” Wade, 318 F.3d at 702. It
hinges on a connection between large amounts of drugs and guns found nearby, as the district
court recognized. See Woods, 604 F.3d at 291 (describing properly applied enhancement in
cases where “narcotics worth at least $60,000 [were] located near the firearm”); R. 211, Pg. ID
1117 (quoting that portion of Woods); United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 505 (6th Cir. 2010)
(defendant could’ve reasonably foreseen that co-conspirator “possessed weapons in the residence
where he kept a significant drug supply”); cf. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) cmt. n.11(A) (“The
enhancement should be applied if the weapon was present.”) (emphasis added).
Hargis’s firearms were found in the Alysheba office, near drugs and a pill press with
Brown’s fingerprints on them. By contrast, Brown’s guns weren’t found at the drug operation
headquarters. They were found elsewhere, in a car outside Brown’s house, over a month after
the drug conspiracy ended. And again, “[t]here were no facts that connected the
3It doesn’t matter that the § 922(g) offense occurred after the methamphetamine conspiracy. It’s “the
chronology of sentencing rather than the commission of the crimes [that’s] controlling.” Beddow, 957 F.2d at 1337
(citation omitted). So, since the district court sentenced Brown for the § 922(g) charge before the methamphetamine
conspiracy, it was proper to count the gun charge as a prior sentence.

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No. 23-5610 United States v. Brown Page 11
[methamphetamine conspiracy] offense conduct of May 11, 2021, with the [gun] offense conduct
of June 28, 2021.” R. 199, Pg. ID 1021.
IV.
Finally, Brown argues that the district court inadequately explained its decision to run his
drug and gun sentences consecutively. Brown didn’t raise this objection below, so we review for
plain error. United States v. King, 914 F.3d 1021, 1024 (6th Cir. 2019). The district court didn’t
err.
District courts have the discretion to run most sentences concurrently or consecutively.
18 U.S.C. § 3584(a). When doing so, they must consider the § 3553(a) factors. Id. § 3584(b).
But district courts already look to the § 3553(a) factors to determine a sentence’s length. We
don’t make them repeat the § 3553(a) analysis when deciding to impose a consecutive sentence.
United States v. Morris, 71 F.4th 475, 483 (6th Cir. 2023). That would be “repetitious and
unwarranted.” King, 914 F.3d at 1026 (citation omitted). Instead, a district court must “make[]
generally clear [its] rationale” for imposing a consecutive sentence. Morris, 71 F.4th at 483
(citation omitted). And the court is free to “intertwine[]” its “discussion of the length of [the
defendant’s] sentence” with its “determination that the terms of imprisonment should run
consecutively.” King, 914 F.3d at 1026 (citation omitted); see United States v. Duncan, No. 22-
5370, 2023 WL 5447338, at *4 (6th Cir. Aug. 24, 2023).
With that framework in mind, consider what the district court did at Brown’s sentencing
hearing. First, the court ran through the § 3553(a) factors with respect to the felon-in-possession
case. Brown received a 48-month sentence for that offense, two months from the bottom of his
Guidelines range. And when imposing this sentence, the court explained that it would run
consecutively to any penalty imposed for the drug conspiracy case. “Otherwise,” the 48-month
sentence would “not provide sufficient punishment” for Brown’s “separate criminal conduct.”
R. 211, Pg. ID 1094; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a); U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d).
Then the court ran through the § 3553(a) factors for the drug conspiracy case,
emphasizing that this “very serious” case was “one of the largest cases in terms of crystal
methamphetamine that’s come before this Court.” R. 211, Pg. ID 1145, 1142. The court

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No. 23-5610 United States v. Brown Page 12
imposed a 262-month sentence for that offense, which again fell at the bottom of Brown’s
Guidelines range. The court didn’t re-justify why it ran the gun and drug sentences
consecutively. But it reaffirmed its consecutive decision several times.4
The district court satisfied its burden of explanation here. It considered the § 3553(a)
factors for both offenses. And the court provided a rationale for why it chose to impose the
sentences consecutively: to provide “sufficient punishment” for two “separate” criminal
offenses. Id. at Pg. ID 1094; see United States v. Gaskin, 587 F. App’x 290, 298 (6th Cir. 2014)
(conclusion that “consecutive sentences were necessary to impose a sentence that adequately
addressed the offense” was “a reasonable conclusion, adequately explained”). Plus, it made its
consecutive-versus-concurrent decision alongside its § 3553(a) analysis. Our precedent requires
no more.
Brown, for his part, insists that the district court only explained its decision to run the
felon-in-possession charge consecutive to the drug conspiracy charge. So, says Brown, the
district court never explained why it ran the drug conspiracy charge consecutive to the felon-in-
possession charge. Brown’s argument rests on a flawed premise: that there were two distinct
decisions to run the sentences consecutively. There weren’t. Running X consecutive to Y is the
same as running Y consecutive to X. And district courts don’t need to repeatedly run through the
same factors to justify the same sentencing decision.
The district court didn’t err, let alone plainly so.
* * *
We affirm.
4When imposing a bottom-of-the-Guidelines sentence on the drug charge, the district court hastened to add,
“[h]owever, I will run this sentence consecutive to the sentence that was imposed for the separate criminal conduct
in Lexington case 22-cr-57.” R. 211, Pg. ID 1146. This context suggests that the district court’s sentencing
decisions—both as to the sentences’ length and as to their consecutive nature—were intertwined.

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