Karl Tobien v. Nationwide General Insurance Company

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 25a0076p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KARL TOBIEN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
NATIONWIDE GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
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No. 24-5575
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Covington.
No. 2:24-cv-00042—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: April 2, 2025
Before: THAPAR, NALBANDIAN, and RITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Louis C. Schneider, THOMAS LAW OFFICES, PLLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellant. Darrin W. Banks, PORTER, BANKS, BALDWIN & SHAW, PLLC, Paintsville,
Kentucky, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
THAPAR, Circuit Judge. How does a case about a dog bite end up in federal court?
Diversity jurisdiction. But just because a plaintiff is entitled to be in federal court, that doesn’t
mean any federal court will do. Rather, the plaintiff must pick the right federal court. Here, the
district court found that the plaintiff picked the wrong one. We affirm.
>

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I.
One Thursday in May 2023, Karl Tobien laced up his boots and hit the road. His plan for
the day? Selling telecommunications services from door to door in Clermont County, Ohio.
Being a door-to-door salesman isn’t easy, and Tobien must have been prepared to encounter the
usual hazards, like inclement weather or angry homeowners. But he couldn’t have expected
what awaited him at the end of a cul-de-sac in the serene hamlet of Loveland, Ohio. As he
walked up the driveway of one of the houses, Tobien was attacked by a dog.
After the incident, Tobien filed two federal lawsuits. First, he filed a personal-injury
complaint against the homeowners in the Southern District of Ohio, seeking compensation for
the injuries he sustained in their driveway. See Compl., Tobien v. Kern, No. 1:24-CV-00164-
MWM (S.D. Ohio filed Mar. 27, 2024). The parties agreed to dismiss that case.
Second, Tobien filed the lawsuit that’s before us now. This is a suit against Nationwide
General Insurance Company, which insured the home. Tobien had submitted an insurance claim
to Nationwide, seeking compensation from the home-insurance policy. But Nationwide refused
to pay. So Tobien sued, asserting state-law claims for (1) violations of Kentucky’s Unfair
Claims Settlement Practices Act, (2) common-law bad faith, and (3) punitive damages.
Although Tobien filed his first lawsuit in the Southern District of Ohio, he filed this lawsuit in a
different federal court—the Eastern District of Kentucky. Nationwide then moved to dismiss for
improper venue under Rule 12(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The district court concluded that Tobien had filed this lawsuit in the wrong place.
According to the court, most of the relevant action had happened in Ohio. So the federal court in
Eastern Kentucky wasn’t a proper venue for the lawsuit. Then, rather than transfer the lawsuit to
a court where venue would have been proper (like the Southern District of Ohio), the district
court chose to dismiss the lawsuit outright.
Tobien now appeals these two aspects of the decision below: (1) the conclusion that
venue wasn’t proper in the Eastern District of Kentucky and (2) the court’s decision to dismiss
the lawsuit rather than transfer it. We address each contention in turn.

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II.
Tobien argues that the Eastern District of Kentucky was a proper venue for his lawsuit.
Our review is de novo. First of Mich. Corp. v. Bramlet, 141 F.3d 260, 262 (6th Cir. 1998).
A.
First, a brief explanation of venue. Venue is “[t]he proper or a possible place for a
lawsuit to proceed, [usually] because the place has some connection either with the events that
gave rise to the lawsuit or with the plaintiff or defendant.” Venue, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th
ed. 2024).
The modern venue requirement is based on an old idea: “there is a particular court or
courts in which an action should be brought.” 5B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal
Practice & Procedure § 3802 [hereinafter “Wright & Miller”]. This idea has “ancient common
law lineage.” Id. And it’s been integral to the federal court system since the Judiciary Act of
1789. Brunette Mach. Works, Ltd. v. Kockum Indus., Inc., 406 U.S. 706, 708 (1972).
The current general venue rules are codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b).1 That statute lets
plaintiffs sue in three main places: where a defendant resides, where a substantial part of the
events happened, or if neither of those works, wherever personal jurisdiction is available.
28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1)–(b)(3).
Here, the dispute centers on the second option. Tobien contends that the Eastern District
of Kentucky is a judicial district “in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving
rise to [this lawsuit]” occurred. Id. § 1391(b)(2).
B.
In resolving this appeal, our first task is to determine who bears the burden of proof.
Does Tobien, as the plaintiff, bear the burden to show that a substantial part of the events giving
1Congress has sometimes enacted specialized venue statutes governing particular classes of cases. E.g., 28
U.S.C. § 1400(b). The case before us now isn’t encompassed by any special venue statute. So for this action, venue
is only proper in a district that meets at least one criterion set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1391.

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rise to his claim occurred in the Eastern District of Kentucky? Or does Nationwide, as the
defendant, bear the burden to negate that a substantial part of the events occurred there?
Our court has never answered that question.2 As a result, “[t]here is a split of authority
among district courts in the Sixth Circuit regarding who bears the burden of proof when venue is
challenged as improper.” Reilly v. Meffe, 6 F. Supp. 3d 760, 765 (S.D. Ohio. 2014). On the one
hand, some courts have held that “[o]n a motion to dismiss for improper venue, the plaintiff
bears the burden of proving that venue is proper.” Audi AG & Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Izumi,
204 F. Supp. 2d 1014, 1017 (E.D. Mich. 2002). Other courts, by contrast, have held that “the
defendant [has] the burden of proving that the forum chosen by the plaintiff is improper.” Long
John Silver’s, Inc. v. DIWA III, Inc., 650 F. Supp. 2d 612, 631 (E.D. Ky. 2009).
Our sister circuits are also divided, with the majority placing the burden on the plaintiff.
Compare Grantham v. Challenge-Cook Bros., 420 F.2d 1182, 1184 (7th Cir. 1969) (placing the
burden to establish proper venue on the plaintiff), Cordis Corp. v. Cardiac Pacemakers, 599
F.2d 1085, 1086 (1st Cir. 1979) (same), Mitrano v. Hawes, 377 F.3d 402, 405 (4th Cir. 2004)
(same), and Gulf Ins. Co. v. Glasbrenner, 417 F.3d 353, 355 (2d Cir. 2005) (same), with Myers
v. Am. Dental Ass’n, 695 F.2d 716, 724 (3d Cir. 1982) (placing the burden on defendant to prove
that venue is improper), United States v. Orshek, 164 F.2d 741, 742 (8th Cir. 1947) (same), and
In re Peachtree Lane Assocs., Ltd., 150 F.3d 788, 794 (7th Cir. 1998) (same). See also
17 Moore’s Federal Practice § 110.01[5][c] (adopting the minority view).
2To be sure, our court has explained that when a defendant moves to transfer a case from one proper venue
to another under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), the defendant bears the burden to show that a transfer is warranted. Means v.
U.S. Conf. of Cath. Bishops, 836 F.3d 643, 652 n.7 (6th Cir. 2016) (stating that the district court “correctly” placed
the burden on defendants to “show that venue should be transferred” under § 1404(a) (citation omitted)); Moore v.
Rohm & Haas Co., 446 F.3d 643, 647 (6th Cir. 2006) (explaining that the “burden of proof in arguing for transfer”
under § 1404 “is on defendant” (citation omitted)). That makes sense, since a plaintiff enjoys a “venue privilege” to
file his action in whichever proper venue he prefers. Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 571 U.S. 49, 63
(2013). For that reason, “unless the balance is strongly in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff’s choice of forum
should rarely be disturbed.” Reese v. CNH Am., LLC, 574 F.3d 315, 320 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). So the
defendant bears the burden to show that a different forum is more convenient than the one chosen by the plaintiff.
However, that logic only works when the plaintiff’s chosen venue is proper in the first place. A § 1404(a) motion
“operates on the premises that the plaintiff has properly exercised his venue privilege.” Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376
U.S. 612, 634 (1964). In our case, by contrast, the defendant has filed a Rule 12(b)(3) motion that challenges the
plaintiff’s chosen venue as improper. It doesn’t follow that a defendant would bear the burden to show that venue is
improper on a Rule 12(b)(3) motion just because he bears the burden to win a transfer from one proper venue to
another on a § 1404(a) motion.

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The majority is correct: when a defendant challenges the venue, the plaintiff bears the
burden of proving venue by a preponderance of the evidence. That makes sense. After all, “it is
the plaintiff’s obligation to institute the action in a permissible forum.” Freeman v. Fallin, 254
F. Supp. 2d 52, 56 (D.D.C. 2003).
What’s more, this same burden-shifting framework applies to motions to dismiss for lack
of personal jurisdiction. Peters Broad. Eng’g, Inc. v. 24 Cap., LLC, 40 F.4th 432, 437 (6th Cir.
2022). That’s significant, because venue and personal jurisdiction are closely related concepts in
their application. “[B]oth are personal privileges of the defendant.” Leroy v. Great W. United
Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 180 (1979). Both are affirmative defenses unrelated to the merits of the
claim. And crucially, both often turn on the same facts.
For example, in many actions, whether there’s personal jurisdiction and proper venue
depends on identical facts about the defendant’s residence. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1), venue
is proper at the judicial district in which all defendants reside. When the defendant is a natural
person, he “reside[s],” for venue purposes, in the judicial district in which he is “domiciled.” 28
U.S.C. § 1391(c)(1). And a person’s domicile is one of the crucial facts in a personal-
jurisdiction analysis. Indeed, in the “paradigm” case, “an individual is subject to general
[personal] jurisdiction in her place of domicile.” Ford Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct.,
592 U.S. 351, 358–59 (2021) (citation omitted).
Similarly, for venue purposes, Congress has tied an entity’s place of residence to personal
jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c)(2) (providing that an entity defendant resides, for venue
purposes, in “any judicial district in which [it] is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with
respect to the civil action in question”).
Finally, where venue isn’t available under § 1391(b)(1) or (b)(2), the fallback rule
provides that venue is proper in “any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the
court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.” Id. § 1391(b)(3). In that situation, the
questions of venue and personal jurisdiction are identical: whether venue is proper depends on
whether the court can exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant. A 12(b)(3) motion
contesting fallback venue under § 1391(b)(3) is thus the substantial equivalent of a motion to

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dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. It wouldn’t make sense for courts to use different
burdens of proof in evaluating these motions.
At least one circuit reached the opposite conclusion. In Myers v. American Dental
Association, the Third Circuit held (over a dissent) that on a motion to dismiss for improper
venue, the defendant “has the burden of proving the affirmative defense asserted by it.”
695 F.2d at 724. The court thought this conclusion “logically follow[ed]” from the premises that
(a) venue is an affirmative defense that a court will not raise on its own motion, and (b) the
plaintiff doesn’t have to allege in his complaint that venue is proper. Id.
While the two premises are correct, it does not “logically follow” that the defendant thus
bears the burden. Why? Because once the defendant contests venue, it is up to the plaintiff to
show that he filed the action in a permissible court, even if he doesn’t need to make that showing
in his complaint. Indeed, those very same premises would mean that the defendant must
disprove personal jurisdiction. But even the Third Circuit has held that the plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing personal jurisdiction. E.g., IMO Indus., Inc. v. Kiekert AG, 155 F.3d 254,
257 (3d Cir. 1998).
But what about Myers’s point that defendants normally bear the burden to prove
affirmative defenses? As the dissent pointed out, the majority confused “affirmative exculpatory
or substantive defenses” with “affirmative dilatory defenses,” like venue. Myers, 695 F.2d at
733 (Garth, J., concurring and dissenting). A “substantive” defense is one that, if established,
would terminate the litigation for the defendant on the merits. See Defense, Black’s Law
Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). By contrast, a “dilatory” defense is one that “temporarily obstructs
or delays a lawsuit but does not address the merits.” Id.
A defendant bears the burden to prove affirmative substantive defenses, including those
listed in Rule 8(c). Myers, 695 F.2d at 732 (Garth, J., concurring and dissenting). But the law
often assigns to the plaintiff the burden of proving a dilatory defense, like venue. That’s because
“the plaintiff has traditionally had the burden of proving that a court has authority to hear his
case.” Id.; see also Freeman, 254 F. Supp. 2d at 56. Again, for an example that even the Third

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Circuit has accepted, look no further than personal jurisdiction. IMO Indus., Inc., 155 F.3d at
257.
The Eighth Circuit also appears to have come out the same way as the Third Circuit. In
United States v. Orshek, the Eighth Circuit said that because the defendants made an improper-
venue motion, “the burden of proof was upon them [i.e., the defendants] to show that neither of
the defendants was a resident” of the Omaha Division of the Nebraska District. 164 F.2d at 742.
Some district courts in the Eighth Circuit have relied on that pronouncement to conclude that “in
the Eighth Circuit, the defendant bears the burden of establishing improper venue.” Brigdon v.
Slater, 100 F. Supp. 2d 1162, 1164 (W.D. Mo. 2000). Other district courts in that circuit,
however, have assigned the burden to the plaintiff. Id. at 1164 n.2. To the extent the Eighth
Circuit believes that the defendant bears the burden to prove improper venue, we respectfully
disagree.
C.
Thus, when a defendant files a 12(b)(3) motion to dismiss for improper venue, the
plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evidence that venue is proper. But how does a
district court decide that question? It has three options: it can resolve the motion on the papers;
it can resolve the motion with an evidentiary hearing; or it can permit discovery in aid of
deciding the motion. See Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991) (holding
as much in the personal-jurisdiction context). But “[h]owever the court handles the motion, the
plaintiff always bears the burden of establishing” that venue exists. See Serras v. First Tenn.
Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 875 F.2d 1212, 1214 (6th Cir. 1989) (holding as much in the personal-
jurisdiction context).
Here, the district court decided the 12(b)(3) motion on the papers alone. So, to defeat the
12(b)(3) motion (and delay meeting his burden to establish venue until summary judgment or
trial), Tobien needed to show that his pleadings and affidavits, if accepted as true, would
establish that venue was proper. See Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1458. He failed to make that
showing.

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Start with Tobien’s complaint. It states that “[v]enue is proper in this division because
Plaintiff resides in this district, Defendant conducts business in this district, and a substantial part
of the events and omissions giving rise to the claims stated herein occurred in this district.” R. 1,
Pg. ID 2. This statement foreshadows that Tobien planned to lay venue under prong two of the
general venue statute, which provides that venue is proper if “a substantial part of the events or
omissions giving rise to the claim occurred” in the district. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2).3 To
support that contention, the complaint alleges that Tobien is a resident of Boone County,
Kentucky, and that Nationwide does business in Kentucky and has an agent for service of
process in that state.
To be sure, the complaint’s failure to allege venue didn’t automatically doom Tobien.
“Because venue is an affirmative defense, the petitioner is not required to address venue in its
pleadings.” Uni-Top Asia Inv. Ltd. v. Sinopec Int’l Petroleum Expl. & Prod. Co., 600 F. Supp.
3d 73, 78 (D.D.C. 2022); see also Wright & Miller § 3826 (“[T]he plaintiff is not required to
include allegations showing that venue is proper.”). But once a motion to dismiss is filed, the
plaintiff must come forward with evidence demonstrating that venue is proper. That evidence
can include affidavits or other factual material.
Here, Nationwide moved to dismiss the complaint for improper venue under Rule
12(b)(3). In that motion, Nationwide observed that almost no facts supported venue in the
Eastern District of Kentucky. The only facts that could even arguably support venue under
§ 1391(b)(2) were (a) Tobien’s residence in the Eastern District of Kentucky and (b) that
Nationwide conducts business in that district. Nationwide then made a legal argument: those
3Indeed, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2) is the only possible basis for venue on review. Tobien never argued that
venue might have been proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1). Under that provision, venue is proper if Nationwide
“resides” in the Eastern District of Kentucky. The venue statute further provides that an “entity” (like Nationwide)
“shall be deemed to reside,” for venue purposes, “in any judicial district in which [the] defendant is subject to the
court’s personal jurisdiction” with respect to the action. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c)(2). Put it all together, and venue
would have been proper in the Eastern District of Kentucky if Tobien could show that Nationwide was subject to the
court’s personal jurisdiction. Because Tobien never advanced this theory, we have no occasion to address whether it
might have had merit. Further, § 1391(b)(3) was off the table, since (as the parties agree) there’s at least one judicial
district that could have satisfied either of § 1391(b)(1) or (b)(2)—the Southern District of Ohio. And no specialized
venue statute applies here. That leaves § 1391(b)(2) as the only possible basis for venue here.

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facts, by themselves, could not show that “a substantial part of the events or omissions giving
rise to [Tobien’s] claim” occurred in the Eastern District of Kentucky. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2).
This case boils down to the adequacy of Tobien’s response. In Tobien’s opposition, he
made a new assertion: that a “substantial portion” of the insurance company’s “communications
with Plaintiff and investigation of Plaintiff’s claim” took place in Eastern Kentucky. R. 6 at Pg.
3.
But Tobien didn’t have any factual allegations to support that vague assertion. Nor did
he support it by attaching affidavits or other evidence to his opposition.
The only possible allegations that Tobien could use to support venue were these: (1) he
himself resides in Kentucky and (2) he sent and received correspondence with the insurance
company from his home in Kentucky. Even accepting those allegations as true—as we must, for
purposes of determining whether Tobien has made a prima facie showing that venue is proper—
those facts do not qualify as a “substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to” this
lawsuit. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2).
Tobien’s correspondence with the insurance company from his home in Kentucky, and
the general fact that he lives in Kentucky, aren’t “events or omissions giving rise to” his
complaint that Nationwide violated the law by denying his claim in bad faith. The location from
which Tobien sent letters to the insurance company has nothing to do with either (a) the dog
attack that led Tobien to submit an insurance claim or (b) the company’s actions in denying the
claim in (allegedly) bad faith.
To the extent Tobien argues that he was situated in Kentucky when he suffered the
negative consequences of the insurance company’s actions, that fails to establish venue.
“[W]ithout more,” an allegation that the plaintiff “suffer[ed] . . . economic harm within a district
is not sufficient for purposes of establishing venue in that district” under § 1391(b)(2). Alltech,
Inc. v. Carter, No. 5:08-CV-00325, 2010 WL 988987, at *3 (E.D. Ky. Mar. 15, 2010); accord
Konote v. Beattie, No. 1:24-CV-706, 2024 WL 5109391, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 13, 2024)
(rejecting plaintiff’s claim of venue in Ohio even though plaintiff “currently resides in
Cincinnati, Ohio” and “continues to suffer from ‘the effects of Defendants’ misconduct . . . while

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residing in this district’” (citation omitted)). “Otherwise, venue would almost always be proper at
the place of a plaintiff’s headquarters or residence, an option that Congress removed” from the
venue statute in 1990. Alltech, Inc., 2010 WL 988987, at *3.
What’s more, under Tobien’s theory, a plaintiff could make venue proper in any of the 50
states simply by traveling there and sending letters to the insurance company from that state.
Congress did not intend to allow plaintiffs to manipulate the venue rules in that way, especially
since the venue rules exist primarily “to protect the defendant against the risk that a plaintiff will
select an unfair or inconvenient place of trial.” Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 571
U.S. 49, 63 n.7 (2013) (quoting Leroy, 443 U.S. at 183–84).
On appeal, Tobien tries a new tack. Now, he relies on speculation about where
Nationwide’s insurance adjusters were located when they denied his claim. But he concedes he
doesn’t actually know where the adjusters were located. And, more importantly, Tobien didn’t
put before the district court any facts or allegations about the location of the adjusters.
To be fair, Tobien did request discovery below as an alternative to dismissal. But he did
so in a one-paragraph request at the end of his response to Nationwide’s motion. “Motions for
venue discovery are subject to the same legal standards that apply to motions for jurisdictional
discovery.” Uni-Top Asia Inv. Ltd., 600 F. Supp. 3d at 78. And Tobien’s lone paragraph didn’t
provide a “detailed showing of what discovery [he] wishes to conduct or what results [he] thinks
such discovery would produce.” Id. (citation omitted). For example, Tobien didn’t specify that
he wanted discovery about the location of the adjusters. The district court denied that request, a
decision that Tobien doesn’t challenge on appeal.
* * *
In sum, the district court did not err in concluding that the Eastern District of Kentucky
was an improper venue for Tobien’s lawsuit.

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III.
Tobien brings a second challenge to the district court’s decision, which we review under
an abuse-of-discretion standard. See First of Mich. Corp., 141 F.3d at 262. He contends that,
even if the Eastern District of Kentucky is not a proper venue, the district court abused its
discretion by dismissing his case rather than transferring it to a district where venue would have
been proper—like the Southern District of Ohio.
A.
When a plaintiff files a case in an improper venue, the district court may, “if it be in the
interest of justice,” transfer the case to a district where the plaintiff could have brought the
action. 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).
The district court held that transferring Tobien’s case to a proper venue would not “be in
the interest of justice.” Id. The court gave one reason for that conclusion: after taking a “peek
at the merits” of Tobien’s underlying legal claims, the court concluded that Tobien’s lawsuit
would fail on the merits if it were transferred to the Southern District of Ohio. R. 8, Pg. ID 53
(citation omitted).4
Tobien believes the district court was wrong in deciding that his lawsuit would not
succeed in the Southern District of Ohio. We disagree. Upon receiving Tobien’s lawsuit, the
Southern District of Ohio would apply Ohio’s state choice-of-law rules. Those choice-of-law
rules would direct the court to apply Ohio’s substantive law. And under Ohio’s substantive law,
Tobien’s lawsuit has no merit.
B.
An Ohio federal court would apply Ohio’s choice-of-law rules to determine which state’s
substantive law governs Tobien’s claims. Martin v. Stokes, 623 F.2d 469, 472 (6th Cir. 1980).
4On appeal, Tobien doesn’t contest the district court’s conclusion that it had authority to make a
preliminary judgment about the lawsuit’s merits in deciding whether a transfer would serve the interests of justice.
See Phillips v. Seiter, 173 F.3d 609, 610–11 (7th Cir. 1999) (Posner, C.J.). Nor does Tobien argue that the district
court shouldn’t have dismissed his lawsuit with prejudice. Because Tobien doesn’t challenge these decisions of the
district court, we express no view on these matters.

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Those rules, in turn, “treat[] bad faith claims as claims arising in tort.” In re Com. Money Ctr.,
Inc., Equip. Lease Litig., 603 F. Supp. 2d 1095, 1107 (N.D. Ohio 2009). To determine which
state’s law applies in a tort action, Ohio’s choice-of-law rules require application of the
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws. Morgan v. Biro Mfg. Co., 474 N.E.2d 286, 288–89
(Ohio 1984). The Second Restatement selects the law of the state with the “most significant
relationship to the occurrence and the parties.” Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws
§ 145(1).
Ohio has the most significant relationship to this litigation. Ohio is where Tobien
suffered the physical injuries from the dog attack that gave rise to the insurance claim. And Ohio
is where Nationwide, an Ohio-based company, issued the underlying insurance policy to the
homeowners. Tobien’s Kentucky residence doesn’t outweigh these other factors. See
Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Black, 656 N.E.2d 1352, 1356 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) (placing little
weight on the domicile of a party when the parties had different domiciles).
Resisting this conclusion, Tobien relies almost exclusively on Adams v. Medical
Protective Co., No. 1:20-CV-170, 2022 WL 20840916 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 29, 2022). But that case
cuts against Tobien.
In Adams, the plaintiffs brought a claim for violations of Kentucky’s Unfair Claims
Settlement Practices Act and a third-party bad-faith claim against an insurance company, just as
Tobien does here. Id. at *2. And just as Tobien does, the plaintiffs in Adams argued for the
application of Kentucky law, since some plaintiffs lived in Kentucky and the insurance claim
was adjudicated in Kentucky. Id. at *9. But the Adams court did the exact opposite of what
Tobien asks us to do here: it held that Ohio law governed the dispute. Id.
Indeed, Tobien’s case shares three of the same features that led the Adams court to apply
Ohio law. First, in both cases, the injuries that led the plaintiffs to seek compensation from the
insurance companies occurred in Ohio, since that’s where the dog attacked Tobien. Id. Second,
just as in Adams, Tobien has previously sued the alleged tortfeasors—here, the owners of the
home where Tobien was attacked—in an Ohio federal court. Id.; see also Compl., Tobien v.
Kern, No. 1:24-CV-00164-MWM (S.D. Ohio filed Mar. 27, 2024). And just as in Adams,

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the homeowners’ insurance contract on which Tobien bases his bad-faith claim was entered into
in Ohio. Adams, 2022 WL 20840916, at *9; see R. 8, Pg. ID 51. Accordingly, even the case on
which Tobien places the heaviest reliance shows that Ohio substantive law would govern this
case in the event of a transfer to the Southern District of Ohio.
Finally, Tobien’s claims would fail as a matter of Ohio substantive law. First, his bad-
faith claim would fail because Tobien, as a third-party claimant not covered by the home
insurance policy, “has no cause of action for bad faith against the tortfeasor’s insurance
company” under Ohio law—at least where that third-party claimant hasn’t already obtained a
judgment against the tortfeasor, which Tobien hasn’t done. Grimberg v. Blackbird Baking Co.,
208 N.E.3d 111, 120 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023) (citation omitted). Second, Tobien’s claim for breach
of Kentucky’s Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Act would fail because, as already explained,
Kentucky law would not apply to Tobien’s case. And third, with no underlying rights violation,
Tobien’s freestanding claim for punitive damages would fail as well.
In sum, Tobien’s claims would be subject to dismissal upon transfer to the Southern
District of Ohio. Accordingly, the district court did not err in concluding otherwise. Since that’s
the only basis on which Tobien challenges the district court’s dismissal, the district court did not
abuse its discretion when it refused to transfer Tobien’s lawsuit.
* * *
We affirm.

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