William A. White v. United States Department of Justice

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1229
WILLIAM A. WHITE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
U NITED S TATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Illinois.
No. 16-cv-948-JPG — J. Phil Gilbert, Judge.
____________________
S UBMITTED O CTOBER 6, 2021* — DECIDED O CTOBER 22, 2021
____________________
Before R OVNER , BRENNAN , and S CUDDER , Circuit Judges.
PER C URIAM . William White sued several federal agencies
under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, chal-
lenging the pace at which the agencies released responsive
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because
the briefs and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments,
and oral argument would not significantly aid the court. F ED . R. A PP . P.
34(a)(2)(C).

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2 No. 21-1229
records and their alleged failure to reveal other records. The
district court granted summary judgment for the agencies.
We affirm.
I. Background
For years, White was involved in the white-supremacist
movement. Along the way he committed various crimes and
is now in federal prison. At the heart of his hundreds of FOIA
requests lies a conspiracy theory: that the racist movement he
joined is really an elaborate sting operation by the govern-
ment. His requests went to four agencies under the Depart-
ment of Justice: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the
United States Marshals Service; the Bureau of Alcohol, To-
bacco, Firearms and Explosives; and the Federal Bureau of
Prisons. The details of the requests to the ATF and Bureau of
Prisons are not important to our analysis, so we focus on the
requests to the FBI and Marshals Service.
Although the FBI told White it had located about 100,000
pages of potentially responsive records on its investigations
into White and white-supremacist groups, this did not mean
White immediately received 100,000 pieces of paper. Rather,
the FBI told White that its policies authorized the review, re-
daction, and copying of 500 pages per month because finite
resources must be reasonably apportioned among different
requesters. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(D)(i); 28 C.F.R. § 16.5(b).
Meanwhile, the FBI explained, some of White’s search
terms yielded no results. And as to requests for records about
certain people, the FBI furnished Glomar responses—so
named for the Hughes Glomar Explorer, the submarine-recov-
ery ship at the center of Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009, 1010–
11 (D.C. Cir. 1976). A Glomar response announces that, to

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No. 21-1229 3
protect interests recognized by FOIA, the agency will neither
confirm nor deny the existence of responsive records. Bassio-
uni v. CIA, 392 F.3d 244, 246 (7th Cir. 2004). A Glomar response
is proper if, for instance, confirming or denying that records
exist would reveal whether someone is an informant or oth-
erwise intrude unduly on privacy. Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370,
374 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (concluding Glomar responses are appro-
priate to safeguard interests protected by FOIA exemptions);
see 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6), (7)(C) (listing FOIA exemptions based
on threats to privacy).
Here, the FBI told White it would not disclose the exist-
ence of records that might threaten a third party’s privacy by
connecting that person to the FBI—unless White provided ei-
ther a written waiver from the named person, proof that the
person had died, or a showing that the public interest in dis-
closure outweighs the privacy interests of the target person.
White also could have overcome the Glomar responses by
showing that the FBI previously acknowledged an informant
relationship or the existence of related records. See ACLU v.
CIA, 710 F.3d 422, 426–27 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
As for the Marshals Service, two requests are relevant
here. White first sought records that named him. Then, a few
years later, he asked for records on dozens of other people
and organizations. But the Marshals Service told him that rec-
ords about individuals would not be released without those
individuals’ consent; meanwhile, the agency’s records were
indexed by named individual, so records on organizations
were unavailable. On the other hand, records pertaining to
White himself were available—the Marshals Service reported
finding 1,500 pages of them—but no copies were sent to

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4 No. 21-1229
White until October 2020, years after the 2016 filing of this
lawsuit.
The lawsuit claimed that the agencies conducted inade-
quate searches, improperly withheld documents, and failed
to promptly provide copies. On the parties’ cross-motions, the
district court granted summary judgment for the agencies.
First, the court found, based on affidavits by agency per-
sonnel, that the searches were reasonably calculated to locate
responsive records. And White had not displaced FOIA’s pre-
sumption of good faith regarding these searches because his
allegations of bad faith boiled down to speculation and con-
spiracy theories.
Second, the court upheld the FBI’s Glomar responses. To
be sure, some people named by White had themselves as-
serted, in other settings, that they were affiliated with the FBI.
So, White reasoned, their privacy interests were diminished.
But the FBI had not itself confirmed those individuals’ asser-
tions, nor had White given the FBI any of the information it
requested to challenge its Glomar responses. See N.Y. Times v.
CIA, 965 F.3d 109, 121 (2d Cir. 2020) (acknowledgement of af-
filiation must come from the agency itself); cf. 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(c)(2) (exempting from FOIA any third-party request for
information about an informant unless status as an informant
has been “officially confirmed”). As for White’s argument
that the public interest supported disclosure, the court con-
cluded that pursuing White’s conspiracy theories to cast
doubt on his criminal convictions was not a substantial public
interest.
Third, the court rejected White’s argument that the FBI’s
redaction-and-copying rate of 500 pages per month amounted

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No. 21-1229 5
to an improper withholding of documents. White’s request
placed a substantial burden on the FBI, and neither FOIA’s
text nor the public interest required faster production of these
100,000 responsive pages—especially at the expense of slow-
ing responses to other requesters.
After this adverse judgment, White moved for costs, argu-
ing that his suit had substantially prevailed because it
prompted the agencies to respond to his requests. But the
court denied the motion because the Marshals Service alone
was delinquent in responding—and the 1,500 pages held by
that agency were an insubstantial piece of the litigation when
measured against the 100,000 pages of FBI documents. In any
event, the court alternatively exercised its discretion to refuse
an award of costs because the transparent purpose of White’s
FOIA requests and lawsuit was to harass the government, not
to obtain information useful to the public.
White then filed a timely motion to reconsider under
Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Although
he himself had sought summary judgment, he now argued
that the court should not render a final decision until the FBI
had redacted, copied, and sent all 100,000 pages of responsive
records—a process that will take more than a decade. He fur-
ther claimed that the FBI wrongly omitted records on one of
the groups he identified—the Aryan Strike Force—since an
FBI agent testified in 2018 about an investigation into the
group’s members. The court, however, denied the motion on
the grounds that it need not retain jurisdiction to monitor the
FBI’s production schedule and that the time for White to make
these arguments was in the summary-judgment papers, not a
post-judgment motion.

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6 No. 21-1229
White next moved to hold the Marshals Service in con-
tempt for telling the court in 2018 that it would soon start
sending him records, whereas by 2020 White still had re-
ceived nothing. The Marshals Service responded that the
promise was made in good faith but inadvertently broken be-
cause of staff turnover and clerical errors. (The agency sent
White his documents shortly after he filed his contempt mo-
tion.) The court, in turn, admonished the Marshals Service for
these missteps, but determined that no judicial order had
been violated and no contempt sanction was warranted.
Finally, White moved for relief from judgment under
Rule 60(b). He posited several new conspiracies and de-
manded documents related to them. While that motion was
pending, he filed a notice of appeal listing the entry of sum-
mary judgment and the orders issued before the appeal dead-
line. The district court later denied White’s Rule 60(b) motion.
II. Discussion
At the outset, we agree with the agencies’ contention that
we lack authority to review the denial of Rule 60(b) relief
here. Because White filed his notice of appeal before the court
disposed of his Rule 60(b) motion, he needed to either amend
his existing notice of appeal or file a new notice of appeal to
include the later decision. See F ED. R. A PP . P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii); Am-
mons v. Gerlinger, 547 F.3d 724, 726 (7th Cir. 2008). He did nei-
ther, so that order is not before us.
Instead, the first issue is whether the district court improp-
erly entered judgment and relinquished jurisdiction before
the FBI sent White all documents responsive to his FOIA re-
quests. Judicial authority to devise a FOIA remedy depends
on a finding “that an agency has (1) ‘improperly’;

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No. 21-1229 7
(2) ‘withheld’; (3) ‘agency records.’” Kissinger v. Reporters
Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 150 (1980). Here,
the FBI’s 500-page-per-month schedule did not amount to an
improper withholding of records, and the district court was
given no evidence that the agency is not meeting that sched-
ule.
To be sure, White’s FOIA records must be released
“promptly.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). But FOIA does not define
“promptly,” and indeed it invites agencies to establish poli-
cies for equitably processing larger requests.
Id. § 552(a)(6)(D)(i). And the FBI has held that large requests
should be subject to a 500-page-per-month production rate.
See 28 C.F.R. § 16.5(b). That kind of incremental-release sched-
ule promotes efficiency and fairness by ensuring that the big-
gest requests do not crowd out smaller ones unless extraordi-
nary circumstances warrant expedited production. Nat’l Sec.
Counselors v. DOJ, 848 F.3d 467, 471–72 (D.C. Cir. 2017). We
will not interfere with the agency’s policy. Cf. White v. FBI,
851 F. App’x 624, 626 (7th Cir. 2021) (affirming denial of
White’s preliminary-injunction request seeking faster pro-
duction in another case because “the district court reasonably
concluded that the FBI was not improperly withholding doc-
uments by following its statutorily permissible policy”).
Rather than engage with this policy, White argues that the
district court’s real reason for refusing to order faster produc-
tion is its moral disapproval of his stated public interest: pro-
claiming that the white-supremacist movement is an elabo-
rate sting operation. Although White denies that he seeks “ex-
pedited”—as opposed to routine, “prompt”—production, his
thrust is that he is entitled to faster production because he is
pursuing a topic of widespread interest as contemplated by 5

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8 No. 21-1229
U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(E)(i) and 28 C.F.R. § 16.5(e)(1)(iv). But
White’s pursuit is not of widespread interest; his principal
aim is to cast doubt on his own criminal convictions by sug-
gesting that he was entrapped or framed. See Antonelli v. FBI,
721 F.2d 615, 619 (7th Cir. 1983) (exploring whether An-
tonelli’s conviction was obtained in violation of Constitution
did not constitute a “public” interest under FOIA).
White next argues that the agencies did not conduct rea-
sonable searches. But each agency submitted an affidavit de-
tailing the FOIA process and the searches here, and these af-
fidavits entitle the agencies to a presumption of good faith.
See Rubman v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 800 F.3d 381,
387 (7th Cir. 2015). At summary judgment, White could pre-
vail only by providing countervailing evidence of unreasona-
bly overlooked materials. Id.
To do that, he needs more than speculation that additional
documents must exist. Matter of Wade, 969 F.2d 241, 249 n.11
(7th Cir. 1992). To be sure, White contends that testimony by
an FBI agent regarding an investigation into members of the
Aryan Strike Force indicated the FBI must have had records
on the group. See generally United States v. Lough, No. 4:17-CR-
00139, 2019 WL 1040748, at *2 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 5, 2019). But that
testimony detailed an investigation that occurred after the FBI
responded to White’s FOIA request. White also says two doc-
uments prove the ATF investigated him and thus should pos-
sess substantial records. But neither document even alludes
to an ATF investigation of him: one, an FBI report, merely
notes that ATF sent agents to a rally that White organized; the
other, a Marshals Service report, detailed an FBI—not ATF—
investigation of White. White further asserts that the Mar-
shals Service, contrary to its statements, had the ability to

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No. 21-1229 9
search its records for the names of organizations, not just in-
dividuals. Again, however, the document he cites as evidence
(a declaration in opposition to White’s contempt motion, ex-
plaining that district offices are tasked with searching for rec-
ords of individuals incarcerated in their districts) says no such
thing.
White also argues that the FBI improperly used Glomar re-
sponses for four people who had previously asserted a link to
the FBI. But the supposed links were never asserted by the FBI
and do not constitute official disclosures. See N.Y. Times,
965 F.3d at 121; cf. 5 U.S.C. § 552(c)(2) (exempting records of
informants unless their status has been “officially con-
firmed”). Informally confirming some connection to the FBI
may have diminished these individuals’ privacy interests,
see Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. DOJ,
746 F.3d 1082, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 2014), but it does not extinguish
them for all purposes. Further, White provides no clear public
interest to overcome even the diminished privacy interests
here. See Antonelli, 721 F.2d at 619.
White next takes issue with the district court’s decision not
to award costs against the agencies. To obtain costs in a FOIA
case, the plaintiff must “substantially prevail.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(4)(E). But even then, the district court has discretion
to deny costs after considering, among other factors, the liti-
gation’s benefit to the public. Stein v. DOJ & FBI, 662 F.2d
1245, 1262 (7th Cir. 1981). Here, even if we might debate
whether White substantially prevailed against the Marshals
Service, the district court properly exercised its discretion to
deny White’s request because his purpose for seeking the rec-
ords—chasing his conspiracy theory that the government

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10 No. 21-1229
created the white-supremacy movement to entrap people like
him—has provided no public benefit.
Finally, White argues that both the Marshals Service and
FBI should be sanctioned. He says that the Marshals Service
lied when it told the court in 2018 that it had resumed pro-
cessing White’s request and would finish soon, though no rec-
ords were furnished until 2020. But the Marshals Service ex-
plained that it meant to abide by the self-imposed July 2018
deadline, and staff turnover and errors caused it to push that
deadline back. The district court was not required to treat this
as willful misconduct. White also says the FBI lied about not
having records on the Aryan Strike Force and about not hav-
ing investigated him. Yet, as previously noted, there is no in-
dication that the FBI had files on the Aryan Strike Force at the
time it responded to White’s FOIA requests. Further, the FBI
never denied that it investigated him; rather, it denied, as fan-
ciful, White’s assertions that the government fabricated the
modern white-supremacy movement and used it to frame
him.
* * *
We conclude by commending the district court on its han-
dling of this case. The judge carefully parsed White’s numer-
ous and wide-ranging arguments and explained the result in
a series of thorough and thoughtful orders.
We have considered White’s other arguments, and none
has merit.
A FFIRMED

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