Timothy W. Elkins, Jr. v. Levi Quinn

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted January 19, 2023*
Decided January 20, 2023
Before
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge
JOHN Z. LEE, Circuit Judge
No. 22-1632
TIMOTHY W. ELKINS, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
LEVI QUINN, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Illinois.
No. 3:19-CV-55-MAB
Mark A. Beatty,
Magistrate Judge.
O R D E R
Timothy Elkins, Jr., a former Illinois prisoner, challenges the district court’s
repeated refusals to recruit counsel for him in his suit under the First and Eighth
Amendments against prison officials. Because the district court did not abuse its
discretion, we affirm.
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. F ED. R. A PP . P. 34(a)(2)(C)
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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No. 22-1632 Page 2
Elkins says that he was subjected to verbal harassment by a prison guard, Levi
Quinn, while being transported from prison to a court appearance. Elkins’s unrebutted
deposition testimony highlighted the following remarks: (1) while preparing to leave
the prison, Quinn told another guard—who had just told Elkins to bend over—that
Elkins would do whatever he was told; (2) on the drive to the courthouse, Quinn asked
Elkins whether his lawyer was attractive; (3) at the courthouse, Quinn commented on
the appearance and promiscuity of two women there; (4) on the drive back to the
prison, Quinn said that a sign reading “Bushy Mound” referred to a vagina, asked
whether Elkins would agree to give sexual favors to five men in exchange for being
released, and asked whether Elkins might try to escape prison by jumping a fence.
A month after the courthouse trip, Elkins was transferred to a new prison,
Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center in East St. Louis, Illinois. A Southwestern
mental-health counselor, who reported that she had treated Elkins’s family at a prior
job, declined to have direct contact with Elkins based on her ethical duties as a licensed
counselor. Because of these “staff familiarity issues,” Southwestern’s warden, Ronald
Vitale, gave approval for Elkins to be transferred to Sheridan Correctional Center in
Sheridan, Illinois. Before the transfer, Elkins filed an internal grievance that complained
of Quinn’s conduct during the transport and invoked the Prison Rape Elimination Act.
(The prison’s internal-affairs department investigated Elkins’s complaint and concluded
there was insufficient evidence that Elkins’s rights had been violated.)
While imprisoned at Sheridan, Elkins sued Quinn and Vitale under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 over these events. He also moved for recruitment of counsel, asserting that he
had tried but failed to hire a lawyer and could not represent himself given his limited
legal knowledge and lack of access to legal materials while incarcerated.
At screening, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the district judge allowed Elkins to proceed
on two claims: (1) an Eighth Amendment claim that Quinn’s comments during the
transport amounted to cruel and unusual punishment; and (2) a First Amendment
retaliation claim against Vitale for transferring him to Sheridan. The judge denied
Elkins’s request for counsel on grounds that he had not shown a reasonable effort to
hire a lawyer and his pleadings demonstrated—at this stage of the proceedings—he
could litigate his case on his own.
During discovery, Elkins again moved for recruited counsel, this time listing
those lawyers who he tried but failed to hire. The judge found his proof insufficient and
told Elkins to submit letters from at least three attorneys declining to take his case.

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No. 22-1632 Page 3
As discovery progressed, Elkins filed three more motions for recruitment of
counsel, each a month apart. He repeated prior arguments and submitted a letter from
the American Civil Liberties Union declining to take his case. In a single order, a
magistrate judge—now presiding with the parties’ consent—denied all three motions
because Elkins had not submitted rejection letters from three attorneys.
Shortly afterwards, Elkins moved a sixth time for counsel, asserting that he had
sent letters to lawyers but without response. The magistrate judge denied the motion
because Elkins again had not submitted three rejection letters.
A few days later, Elkins filed a seventh motion and, after a month passed
without a ruling, an eighth. In both motions, he reiterated that he lacked sufficient legal
knowledge and access to legal materials to represent himself, and he attached three
rejection letters from attorneys. In an order addressing both motions, the magistrate
judge found Elkins’s attempt to hire a lawyer reasonable but declined to recruit counsel
because Elkins was competent to litigate his own case. According to the magistrate
judge, the harassment and retaliation claims were relatively simple; Elkins’s pleadings,
motions, and discovery requests showed his familiarity with the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure; and his filings reflected a strong ability to reason, write, and conduct legal
research.
About two months later, near the close of discovery, Elkins filed a ninth motion,
mentioning for the first time that his anxiety and depression—for which he took
medication—interfered with his daily activities and decisions. When no ruling was
forthcoming, Elkins filed his tenth motion, emphasizing his lack of legal knowledge and
access to legal materials. The magistrate judge denied both motions, again stating that
Elkins’s filings showed he could manage his own case. The judge did not address
Elkins’s contention about his mental illnesses.
The defendants subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment, which the
magistrate judge granted. On the Eighth Amendment claim, the magistrate judge ruled
a reasonable jury could not find that Quinn’s harassment was sufficiently extreme to be
cruel and unusual punishment: Quinn had not incited other inmates to harm Elkins,
exploited Elkins’s vulnerabilities, or caused Elkins severe psychological harm. As for
the First Amendment claim, the magistrate judge concluded that a reasonable jury
could not find that Elkins’s transfer, on its own, was an adverse action that could
constitute retaliation, even if motivated by Elkins’s complaint.

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No. 22-1632 Page 4
On appeal, Elkins generally challenges the magistrate judge’s summary-
judgment ruling but does not engage with his reasoning. Although we are mindful of
Elkins’s pro se status, he still must comply with Rule 28(a)(8) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, and “an appellate brief that does not even try to engage the
reasons the appellant lost has no prospect of success.” Klein v. O'Brien, 884 F.3d 754, 757
(7th Cir. 2018). But we will touch on one cogent argument we can discern—that the
magistrate judge abused his discretion in denying Elkins’s requests for counsel by not
mentioning his mental illness. Elkins relies on Thomas v. Wardell, 951 F.3d 854, 861
(7th Cir. 2020), where we concluded that an indigent prisoner was prejudiced by the
district court’s decision not to recruit counsel without considering whether the prisoner,
who had a history of mental illness, was competent to litigate his case.
But the magistrate judge needed to address only those points in Elkins’s motions
bearing directly on his competency to litigate the case, not every point those motions
raised, see McCaa v. Hamilton, 893 F.3d 1027, 1032 (7th Cir. 2018), and Elkins did not
explain how his mental illness affected his ability to litigate. He stated in passing that
his depression and anxiety interfered with his activities and decision-making, but he
made no effort to explain how those ailments meant he could not represent himself
despite his capable litigation thus far and his admission that he was taking medication.
As for Elkins’s reliance on Thomas, we think his case is distinguishable. In
Thomas, the district court erred by not weighing the complexity of the plaintiff’s claims
against his competency to litigate those claims. See Thomas, 951 F.3d at 861–62 (citing
Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 655 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc)). In deciding whether to recruit
counsel for a pro se litigant, the district court must ask whether the case’s factual and
legal difficulty “exceeds the particular plaintiff's capacity as a layperson to coherently
present it,” Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 655, and the magistrate judge here reasonably concluded
that Elkins was competent to litigate his own case. The judge noted that Elkins’s
claims—for harassment and retaliation—did not involve notably difficult issues, such as
medical evidence or a complex state-of-mind showing like deliberate indifference.
See Pennewell v. Parish, 923 F.3d 486, 491 (7th Cir. 2019). And the magistrate judge, in
more than one ruling, noted Elkins’s competence in litigating his case—singling out,
among other things, his well-written motion for a preliminary injunction, his ability to
serve interrogatories on the defendants, and his submission of filings that demonstrated
above-average reasoning, research, and writing skills.
We have considered Elkins’s remaining arguments, but none has merit.
AFFIRMED

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