Bettye Jackson , as Independent Administrator of the Estate of Eugene Washington,… v. SHERIFF OF WINNEBAGO COUNTY , ILLINOIS , in his official capac- ity

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-2958
BETTYE JACKSON , as Independent Administrator of the Estate
of Eugene Washington, Deceased,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
S HERIFF OF WINNEBAGO C OUNTY , I LLINOIS , in his official capac-
ity, and JEFF VALENTINE, individually and as agent,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Western Division.
No. 20-cv-50414 — Iain D. Johnston, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J UNE 2, 2023 — DECIDED J ULY 20, 2023
____________________
Before F LAUM , BRENNAN , and S T. EVE, Circuit Judges.
F LAUM , Circuit Judge. Eugene Washington died while in
custody as a pretrial detainee. As the administrator of his es-
tate, Bettye Jackson brings a claim for delayed medical treat-
ment against the officer responsible for monitoring Washing-
ton’s housing unit at the time of his death. The district court

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2 No. 22-2958
granted summary judgment for the officer, holding that Jack-
son had not established causation. We reverse and remand.
I. Background
On October 28, 2019, Washington was a pretrial detainee
at the Winnebago County Jail. At around 4:36 AM , Washing-
ton’s cellmate, Lamar Simmons, awoke to the sound of Wash-
ington gasping for breath, arching his back with the effort, as
he lay on his bunk. Simmons tried to shake Washington
awake, but he did not respond.
At 4:37 AM , Simmons pressed the intercom button in the
cell. The intercom allows inmates to contact the officer moni-
toring the control desk for the housing unit so they can report
emergencies that occur at night, when officer presence around
the cells is significantly reduced. Pressing the button triggers
an audible ping and a flashing light at the control desk. Offic-
ers are trained to answer these calls as soon as possible. Com-
munication over the intercom, though, can be difficult to un-
derstand. In those scenarios, multiple officers testified that
they stay on the line and ask the inmate to speak more clearly
until they can make out the nature of the report. Officers
should of course respond promptly if there is a legitimate
emergency, but inmates sometimes misuse the intercom for
non-urgent purposes instead.
When Simmons pushed the intercom button, Jeff Valen-
tine was the officer at the control desk. He did not answer the
call for over one minute. When Valentine did answer, Sim-
mons says he reported in a clear voice, “My cellie can’t
breathe.” Valentine claims he had trouble understanding Sim-
mons; he says he thought Simmons was referring to a plumb-

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No. 22-2958 3
ing issue. According to Valentine, he asked Simmons to re-
peat himself, but according to Simmons, Valentine told him
the intercom is reserved for emergencies. Simmons says he
responded, “Who hitting [sic] the button at this time at night
and it ain’t a medical emergency? My cellie can’t breathe.”
Valentine claims he once more heard Simmons complain
about the plumbing. He says it was at this point that he ad-
monished Simmons the intercom is only for emergencies.
Simmons, on the other hand, does not remember Valentine
saying anything further during the call. Either way, Valentine
then ended the call. It had lasted around thirty seconds.
Simmons kept trying to wake Washington to no avail. He
pressed the intercom button again just before 4:47 AM, but
Valentine did not answer for about ninety seconds. By the
time Valentine did answer, two other officers had joined him
at the control desk. Simmons repeated that Washington could
not breathe and requested help. This time, Valentine says he
understood Simmons was reporting a medical emergency, as
did one of the other officers at the desk.
The two other officers ran to Washington’s cell, arriving at
approximately 4:50 AM . Simmons says that, in the interim,
Washington’s gasps had slowed. As he tells it, Washington
took his last breath shortly before the officers reached the cell.
Upon observing Washington’s state—including that he did
not have a detectable pulse—the officers issued a jail-wide
alert for medical assistance. One officer began CPR. When
more officers arrived, they moved Washington from his bed
to the floor and continued CPR. A nurse with a defibrillator
arrived at the cell around 4:52 AM . An officer attached the de-
fibrillator to Washington’s chest, and it recommended giving

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4 No. 22-2958
an electrical shock. The nurse complied. Washington, how-
ever, remained unresponsive, so the personnel continued ad-
ministering CPR and intermittent shocks.
At roughly 5:00 AM , emergency medical technicians
(EMTs) arrived at the cell. They directed the officers to keep
performing chest compressions while they prepared their
equipment. Then, the EMTs attached a CPR machine to Wash-
ington’s chest and wheeled him out of the cell. An officer who
rode in the ambulance with Washington testified that the
EMTs continued administering CPR en route to the hospital.
Despite these efforts, Washington was pronounced dead
soon after reaching the hospital. Dr. Mark Peters performed
an autopsy the next day. He concluded that sleep apnea
caused Washington to go into cardiac arrhythmia, which in
turn caused Washington’s death.
Jackson, as the administrator of Washington’s estate,
brought this action under 18 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Val-
entine’s delay in obtaining treatment harmed Washington.1
The district court granted Valentine’s motion for summary
judgment on the grounds that Jackson had not presented suf-
ficient evidence to show causation. Jackson now appeals.
II. Discussion
Our review at summary judgment is de novo. Stockton v.
Milwaukee County, 44 F.4th 605, 614 (7th Cir. 2022). Jackson is
1 The Sheriff of Winnebago County is named as a co-defendant, but
Jackson has dropped her § 1983 claim against him. Her other claims are
not at issue in this appeal.

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No. 22-2958 5
the nonmoving party, so she receives “the benefit of conflict-
ing evidence and reasonable inferences.” Id. That said, she
must “produce evidence sufficient to establish [the] ele-
ment[s] essential to” her claim. Id. “[I]f the evidence is such
that a reasonable jury could return a verdict” in her favor,
summary judgment is inappropriate. Zaya v. Sood, 836 F.3d
800, 804 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).
Valentine argues that Jackson has failed to carry her bur-
den on two fronts: causation and the reasonableness of Valen-
tine’s conduct. We address each in turn.
Causation
Jackson’s delayed-medical-care claim is based on the
roughly thirteen minutes that elapsed between Simmons’s
first call to Valentine and the arrival of jail personnel at the
cell. She must show the delay itself “caused some degree of
harm.” Williams v. Liefer, 491 F.3d 710, 714–15 (7th Cir. 2007).
To that end, Jackson argues that the delay “diminished
[Washington’s] chance of survival.” Miranda v. County of Lake,
900 F.3d 335, 347 (7th Cir. 2018) (explaining that a plaintiff
need not show that, “but for” the delay, the decedent “would
definitely have lived”). She also contends that the delay pro-
longed Washington’s pain and suffering. See Gil v. Reed,
381 F.3d 649, 662 (7th Cir. 2004).
No matter the precise harm, the plaintiff needs to offer
“verifying medical evidence” to establish a causal connection
to the claimed delay. Williams, 491 F.3d at 714–15. Expert tes-
timony counts towards this requirement, but so do other
forms of evidence. See Miranda, 900 F.3d at 347–48. “[N]on-ex-
pert evidence is sufficient as long as it permits the fact-finder

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6 No. 22-2958
to determine whether the delay caused additional harm.”
Ortiz v. City of Chicago, 656 F.3d 523, 535 (7th Cir. 2011). It is
the “rare” case that does not meet this threshold at summary
judgment. Gayton v. McCoy, 593 F.3d 610, 624 (7th Cir. 2010).
We only prevent a jury from deciding causation if “a plaintiff
can proffer no evidence that a delay in medical treatment ex-
acerbated an injury.” Id. (emphasis added).
Whether Jackson has presented sufficient verifying medi-
cal evidence is the central inquiry of this case. We conclude
that she has.
To start, there is evidence that Washington was alive dur-
ing the delay. Simmons testified that Washington was gasp-
ing for air from the time Simmons awoke until around the
time officers reached the cell. Later, the defibrillator recom-
mended administering a shock. According to an officer
trained to use the device, that means it detected electrical ac-
tivity in Washington’s heart. For summary-judgment pur-
poses, this is enough to refute Valentine’s assertion that
Washington was “dead long before the guards arrived.” See
Bass by Lewis v. Wallenstein, 769 F.2d 1173, 1182–83 (7th Cir.
1985).2
Building off that point, Jackson cites testimony from Dr.
Peters. During his deposition, Dr. Peters testified that cardiac
arrhythmia caused by sleep apnea can lead to death “very fast
or very slowly”; it can take “many minutes” for a person to
2 The plaintiff in Bass by Lewis offered expert testimony that the dece-
dent would have had a 10–30% chance of survival had resuscitative efforts
been provided sooner. Id. at 1183–84. Jackson does not offer equivalent
evidence here. As explained above, however, Jackson does not need such
testimony to survive summary judgment. See Ortiz, 656 F.3d at 535.

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No. 22-2958 7
reach “that fatal arrhythmic state.” He added that, although
Washington was “very likely … in an arrhythmia” when Sim-
mons awoke and until his death, he had “no idea” whether
Washington was in that state beforehand. Further, Dr. Peters
had found congestion in Washington’s lungs. He explained,
“[T]he only time you don’t see lung congestion is if a person
dies pretty much instantaneously.”
As Valentine notes, Dr. Peters never testified that earlier
medical intervention would have made a difference. But he
never ruled out the possibility either. Given the evidence that
Washington was alive for several minutes following Sim-
mons’s first call, Dr. Peters’s testimony indicating that death
occurred over the course of minutes, and not instantaneously,
supports Jackson’s claim that the delay harmed Washington.
Cf. Walker v. Soo Line R. Co., 208 F.3d 581, 587 (7th Cir. 2000)
(holding that a medical expert’s testimony should have been
admitted because it could help the jury infer causation even
though the expert did not “have an opinion on that ultimate
question”).
What is more, Jackson’s position aligns with evidence
about the progression of Washington’s symptoms. Simmons
recalled that Washington’s gasps became slower and slower
following his second call to Valentine. His testimony thus sug-
gests that Washington’s condition increasingly declined dur-
ing the delay. Indeed, had Valentine sent help in response to
the first call, officers would have arrived before Washington’s
breaths slowed. Instead, jail personnel did not reach the cell
until Washington had stopped breathing entirely. They still
tried to resuscitate him—efforts the EMTs continued when
they took over Washington’s care even later. See Miranda,
900 F.3d at 348 (observing that a non-defendant doctor grew

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8 No. 22-2958
“concerned” and “promptly acted” when he learned of the
decedent’s condition after the defendants had already de-
layed treatment). It would not be unreasonable to find that
starting this treatment before Washington’s condition had so
deteriorated would have improved his odds of survival.
To be sure, Jackson “proceeded precariously” on this is-
sue. See Roe v. Elyea, 631 F.3d 843, 865 (7th Cir. 2011). She
would have been well served to buttress her claim with testi-
mony from a medical expert directly addressing causation.
All the same, the verifying medical evidence taken together
could allow a reasonable jury to conclude that the delay di-
minished Washington’s chances of survival. Cf. Stockton,
44 F.4th at 616 (holding that a delayed-treatment claim pre-
sented “one of those ‘rare instance[s]’ in which summary
judgment based on causation is appropriate” because the
“parties agree[d]” that, at the time of the officer’s “failure to
render CPR[,] … the last possible opportunity for medical in-
tervention to save [the decedent’s] life” had already passed
(first alteration in original) (quoting Gayton, 593 F.3d at 624)).
On the other hand, Jackson has not carried her burden to
the extent she presses a claim for Washington’s prolonged
suffering. She points to no verifying medical evidence indi-
cating that Washington, who was apparently unconscious
from the time Simmons awoke, could experience suffering or
pain. See Comollari v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 694, 697 (7th Cir. 2004)
(“[T]ort law confines the category of ‘pain and suffering’ to
conscious pain and suffering ….”); see also Wilson v. Flack, No.
19-14294, 2022 WL 4477025, at *13 (11th Cir. Sept. 27, 2022). As
such, any verdict premised on Washington’s prolonged suf-
fering would be unduly speculative. See Lam v. Springs Win-
dow Fashions, LLC, 37 F.4th 431, 436 (7th Cir. 2022).

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No. 22-2958 9
Even so, Jackson has presented enough evidence at sum-
mary judgment to support her claim that the delay dimin-
ished Washington’s chances of survival. We reverse the dis-
trict court’s holding to the contrary.
Reasonableness of Valentine’s Conduct
We now turn to the reasonableness of Valentine’s con-
duct—an issue the district court did not reach. Washington
was a pretrial detainee, so Jackson’s claim arises under the
Fourteenth Amendment. Miranda, 900 F.3d at 350. Jackson
must demonstrate that Valentine acted “purposefully, know-
ingly, or perhaps even recklessly” when considering the con-
sequences of his conduct. Id. at 353 (citing Kingsley v. Hendrick-
son, 576 U.S. 389, 395–96, 400 (2015)). She must also show that
his conduct was objectively unreasonable. Id. at 353–54. The
latter inquiry draws on “the totality of the relevant facts and
circumstances.” James v. Hale, 959 F.3d 307, 318 (7th Cir. 2020).
The parties’ disputes over this issue generally stem from
their competing factual accounts. Thus, summary judgment
would be inappropriate. See, e.g., Ortiz, 656 F.3d at 534 (ex-
plaining that “we do not weigh the proof, make credibility
determinations, or resolve narrative disputes” at summary
judgment); Goelzer v. Sheboygan County, 604 F.3d 987, 995 (7th
Cir. 2010) (holding that “summary judgment is not appropri-
ate” when faced “with two competing accounts, either of
which a jury could believe”).
For example, Valentine’s explanation for not sending help
in response to Simmons’s first call boils down to his claim that
he thought Simmons was complaining about the plumbing.
In fact, Valentine notes that inmates often use the intercom for
non-medical purposes. But some evidence—not the least of

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10 No. 22-2958
which is Simmons’s testimony about what he said during the
call—supports Jackson’s contention that Valentine knew Sim-
mons was reporting a medical emergency. Valentine counters
that Simmons cannot know for certain what he heard at his
end of the intercom. A reasonable jury, however, could re-
solve this inconsistency in Jackson’s favor. See Ortiz, 656 F.3d
at 532. And if the jury credited Jackson’s account, it could also
conclude that Valentine acted with “purposeful, knowing, or
reckless disregard of the consequences” as well as in an objec-
tively unreasonable manner. See Miranda, 900 F.3d at 354.
Valentine’s other arguments about the reasonableness of
his conduct share the same weakness. As a result, summary
judgment would be inappropriate on this basis too.
III. Conclusion
For these reasons, we R EVERSE the district court’s grant of
summary judgment and R EMAND for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.3
3 After granting summary judgment on the § 1983 claim, the district
court relinquished its jurisdiction over Jackson’s state-law claims. On re-
mand, “the district court should revisit the question of supplemental ju-
risdiction.” Stockton, 44 F.4th at 621 n.4.

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