Karl W. Nichols v. Lance Wiersma

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-3059
K ARL W. NICHOLS ,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
LANCE WIERSMA,
Respondent-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 3:18-cv-00829-wmc — William M. Conley, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED DECEMBER 5, 2023 — DECIDED J ULY 16, 2024
____________________
Before HAMILTON , BRENNAN , and S T. EVE, Circuit Judges.
HAMILTON , Circuit Judge. Petitioner-appellant Karl Nichols
was convicted in a Wisconsin state court of first-degree sexual
assault and sentenced to five years of probation. He appeals
the denial of his federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus
challenging that conviction. Nichols contends the prosecution
failed to preserve exculpatory evidence. The child-victim had
prepared notes between her first and second forensic inter-
views identifying some corrections and clarifications she

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2 No. 22-3059
wanted to make about what she had said in the first interview.
Those notes disappeared, without explanation, from the pros-
ecution’s control. Nichols also contends that his trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of the notes ahead
of trial.
Nichols originally won relief after a post-trial hearing in
the state trial court, but the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
reversed and upheld the conviction. When Nichols then
turned to the federal courts under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the district
court denied relief, relying on the deferential standard of
review in section 2254(d) to deny relief on the due process
theory and on procedural default on the ineffective assistance
claim. We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The facts of Nichols’ case are drawn from the state-court
record. Nichols’ family was part of a childcare cooperative
with other families in Madison, Wisconsin, including the
family of the child in question (“M.R.W.”). Nichols’ son and
M.R.W. had play dates at Nichols’ house from the time the
children were approximately three years old until M.R.W.’s
family moved to Kansas in 2010. In September 2011, when
M.R.W. was ten years old, she told her mother that Nichols
had touched her vagina during one sleepover at Nichols’
house years earlier when they had lived in Madison.
M.R.W. participated in two videotaped interviews in
Kansas, in September and December 2011. In the first
interview, conducted by Jane Holzrichter, the director of a
child advocacy center in Kansas, M.R.W. reported that she
would have sleepovers at Nichols’ house and that she and
Nichols’ son would wrestle with Nichols while they were

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No. 22-3059 3
wearing little or no clothing. She said she would take her
clothes off because she was hot and that Nichols encouraged
her to do so. M.R.W. recounted one time when she was four
or five years old when Nichols felt around the inside and
outside of her vagina with his hands. During a sleepover, she
could not sleep, went upstairs where she saw Nichols, and sat
with him on a chair. She reported that Nichols told her that
he “wonder[ed] what it was like having a vagina because he
didn’t have a vagina” and asked her if he could touch her. She
let him do so because, being so young, she did not think there
was anything wrong with it. M.R.W. told Holzrichter that was
the only time that Nichols intentionally touched her vagina,
but there was one other occasion when he incidentally
touched her unclothed vagina during a sponge bath. She
admitted that it was hard for her to remember everything
clearly after so long, and that many of her memories blended
together.
After reviewing the video of the first interview, a
prosecutor in Madison, Wisconsin, asked Holzrichter to
conduct a second interview in which a Madison police
detective could participate. Holzrichter agreed, and Detective
Justine Harris participated in the second interview by
telephone. During the second interview, M.R.W. told
Holzrichter that she had watched a recording of her first
interview. In the second interview, M.R.W. went into more
detail about what happened during the touching incident.
After providing more details, M.R.W. said again that Nichols
touched her vagina inside and out with his hands. She also
said again that she could not recall the incidents perfectly, but
she assured Holzrichter that everything she said in the second
interview was true to the best of her recollection.

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4 No. 22-3059
Nichols’ constitutional claims in this habeas case focus on
the end of the second interview. Holzrichter asked M.R.W.
about a pad of paper that she had been holding throughout
the interview: “Q: [D]id you write some things down that you
were wondering about or did you write it down for someone?
A: I wrote down some things that I think I, I changed from the
last interview.” One correction listed on M.R.W.’s pad of pa-
per was discussed briefly. She told Holzrichter that Nichols
did not suggest that she should take off her clothes when they
were wrestling, just that Nichols did not object when she
would do so. Holzrichter indicated her belief that M.R.W. had
in fact already said the same thing in the first interview.
Holzrichter then asked M.R.W. if she felt that it was her fault
that she “didn’t object to any of this.” M.R.W. said she did,
but that she felt better after she had talked to her therapist
about it.
After this exchange, Holzrichter stood up, walked toward
the door, and indicated that M.R.W. should say goodbye to
Detective Harris on the telephone. M.R.W. stood up with her
pad of paper, followed Holzrichter, and raising her pad of pa-
per, said, “First can I tell you, um, the rest of this?” Continu-
ing to walk out of the room, Holzrichter responded, “Sure. We
can do that and then I’m going to take a copy of it so that they
can have it, too.” At that point, the recording of the interview
ended.
In March 2012, the State of Wisconsin charged Nichols
with first-degree sexual assault of a child based on the touch-
ing incident that occurred in 2005 when M.R.W. was four
years old. A jury trial was held in November 2013. M.R.W.
testified. Important for our analysis here, the jury also
watched recordings of both interviews and received

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No. 22-3059 5
transcripts of both. Nichols was convicted of the charged of-
fense and was sentenced to five years of probation.
In May 2015, Nichols filed a postconviction motion
arguing that the prosecution had failed to preserve
exculpatory evidence—the handwritten list of changes
between interviews—in violation of his right to due process
of law, and that his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise
that issue before trial. The state trial court held an evidentiary
hearing on Nichols’ postconviction motion. Before the
hearing, the prosecution determined that the notes could not
be located.
The state trial court granted Nichols’ motion. The court
found that the list was not preserved by the prosecution and
that it contained additional exculpatory evidence. The court
also found that the prosecution acted in bad faith because it
did not seek out and turn over the list to the defense. The trial
court reasoned that Holzrichter concealed the list by ending
the interview without discussing it and by not providing it to
the authorities, and that Detective Harris acted in bad faith
when she produced a police report regarding the interview
saying that M.R.W. had only one correction. The court
concluded that the list could not be reliably re-created, and it
determined that the appropriate remedy was to vacate the
conviction and dismiss the case with prejudice. The court also
concluded that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek
out the list or to move for dismissal if it could not be found,
but because the court had ordered dismissal with prejudice
on due process grounds, the ineffective assistance claim was
moot.
The State appealed to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals,
which reversed and remanded. The appellate court

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6 No. 22-3059
concluded that the trial court should have rejected Nichols’
ineffective assistance and due process claims because he
failed to show that M.R.W.’s missing list had any exculpatory
value. Nichols sought review in the Wisconsin Supreme
Court, but that court denied his petition.
Nichols then filed this habeas corpus petition in the West-
ern District of Wisconsin in October 2018.1 The district court
denied Nichols’ petition. Nichols v. Wiersma, No. 3:18-cv-829-
WMC, 2022 WL 9979743, at *1 (W.D. Wisc. Oct. 17, 2022). It
first found that his ineffective assistance of counsel claim was
procedurally defaulted because he failed to include that issue
in his petition for review by the Wisconsin Supreme Court.
On the underlying due process claim, the district court found
that the state appellate court’s decision was a reasonable ap-
plication of case law from the Supreme Court of the United
States on the prosecution’s duty to preserve exculpatory evi-
dence, “which is as far as a federal court can inquire as part of
a habeas review.” Id. at *5. Nichols has appealed.
II. Analysis
A. Standards of Review
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996, a federal court may not issue a writ of habeas corpus
on a claim rejected on the merits in state court unless the pe-
titioner surmounts high obstacles. To obtain federal relief on
a claim that state courts rejected on the merits, the state court
decision must have been “contrary to, or involved an
1 Nichols completed his five-year probation sentence while his federal
habeas petition was pending. He still satisfies the “in custody” require-
ment of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 because he was in custody when the petition was
filed. See Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7 (1998).

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No. 22-3059 7
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,
as determined by the Supreme Court,” or “based on an un-
reasonable determination of the facts.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A
federal court considering a habeas petition “reviews the spe-
cific reasons given by the state court and defers to those rea-
sons if they are reasonable.” Wilson v. Sellers, 584 U.S. 122, 125
(2018). Federal courts consider only “the decision of the last
state court to rule on the merits” of the claim. Stern v. Meisner,
812 F.3d 606, 609 (7th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation omitted);
accord, Wilson, 584 U.S. at 129–32. That decision here is the
decision of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals. “When reviewing
a district court’s ruling on a habeas corpus petition,” this
court reviews “the district court’s factual findings for clear er-
ror and rulings on issues of law de novo.” Id.
Under the first prong of section 2254(d), a decision is con-
trary to clearly established federal law “if it applies a rule that
contradicts the governing law set forth” in Supreme Court de-
cisions or “confronts a set of facts that is materially indistin-
guishable from” a Supreme Court decision but comes out dif-
ferently. Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005). An “unrea-
sonable” application of clearly established federal law must
be “objectively unreasonable, not merely wrong; even clear
error will not suffice.” White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419
(2014) (internal quotation omitted). The petitioner must show
that the state court’s decision involved an error “well under-
stood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possi-
bility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562
U.S. 86, 103 (2011).
Another obstacle to federal relief concerns the state court’s
factual findings. A state court’s factual findings receive
deference if “[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might

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8 No. 22-3059
disagree about the finding in question.” Brumfield v. Cain, 576
U.S. 305, 314 (2015) (internal quotation omitted); accord, e.g.,
Dassey v. Dittmann, 877 F.3d 297, 302–03 (7th Cir. 2017)
(en banc). To succeed under the factual prong of section
2254(d), the petitioner must show by clear and convincing
evidence that the factual findings were unreasonable. See 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
B. The Duty to Preserve Exculpatory Evidence
The general principles regarding the prosecution’s duty to
preserve exculpatory evidence are well-established. “The
Supreme Court’s decisions in Trombetta and Youngblood
govern a state’s duty under the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to preserve evidence on behalf of a
defendant.” McCarthy v. Pollard, 656 F.3d 478, 484 (7th Cir.
2011), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 488–89 (1984),
and Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1988). The
prosecution’s duty is to “preserve potentially exculpatory
evidence on behalf of defendants.” Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 481.
This duty extends to impeachment evidence as well. Trombetta
itself analyzed whether the state had a duty to preserve
Intoxilyzer breath samples that defendants would use to
“impeach the machine’s reliability.” 467 U.S. at 490. The
Supreme Court’s reasoning extending Brady’s duty of
disclosure to material impeachment evidence applies to
Youngblood’s duty to preserve. As the Court explained in
United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985), “[i]mpeachment
evidence … as well as exculpatory evidence, falls within the
Brady rule,” id. at 676, citing Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.
150, 154 (1972), because “[s]uch evidence is ‘evidence
favorable to an accused’ so that, if disclosed and used
effectively, it may make the difference between conviction

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No. 22-3059 9
and acquittal.” Id., quoting Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87
(1963). An alternative rule excluding impeachment evidence
from the scope of Youngblood’s duty to preserve would make
little sense—prosecutors could then effectively throw away
impeachment evidence that they would otherwise have a
Brady duty to disclose.
In light of this well-established duty to preserve material
exculpatory evidence, including impeachment evidence, it is
difficult to fathom the loss of the child’s notes in this case. It
is also difficult to fathom the interviewer’s response after the
child’s question, “First, can I tell you the rest of this?” The in-
terviewer said “Sure,” and then apparently turned off the re-
cording of the interview.
The loss of the notes does not necessarily lead to habeas
relief, however, particularly given the deference that state
courts receive on federal habeas review. “The state’s duty to
preserve exculpatory evidence is limited to evidence that
‘might be expected to play a significant role in the suspect’s
defense.’” State v. Hahn, 132 Wis. 2d 351, 358, 392 N.W.2d 464,
467 (Wis. App. 1986), quoting State v. Oinas, 125 Wis. 2d 487,
490, 373 N.W.2d 463, 465 (Wis. App. 1985), citing in turn
Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 488–89. In other words, the prosecution
must preserve only “material” exculpatory evidence, and
evidence is material if there is a “reasonable probability” that,
if it had been preserved and disclosed to the defendant, “the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” United
States v. Salem, 578 F.3d 682, 686 (7th Cir. 2009), quoting
Youngblood, 547 U.S. at 870.
“Over the years, courts have fashioned different
interpretations of the collective meaning” of Trombetta and
Youngblood, and this court’s interpretation of those two cases

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10 No. 22-3059
“differs from that of Wisconsin courts.” McCarthy, 656 F.3d at
484. In particular, we have differed as to how obvious the
exculpatory value of the evidence in question must be to
trigger the prosecution’s duty to preserve it:
According to Wisconsin courts, these cases
stand for the proposition that a defendant’s due
process rights are violated if the police (1) failed
to preserve “apparently” exculpatory evidence,
leaving the defendant with no ability to obtain
comparable evidence by any other reasonable
means (with this portion of rule deriving from
Trombetta); or (2) failed to preserve “potentially”
exculpatory evidence in bad faith (with this por-
tion of the rule deriving from Youngblood). See,
e.g., State v. Greenwold, 525 N.W.2d 294, 296–98
(Wis. Ct. App. 1994). However, according to our
precedent, Trombetta and Youngblood do not cre-
ate two separate rules, with the former govern-
ing “apparently” exculpatory evidence and the
latter governing “potentially” exculpatory evi-
dence. We instead read both cases to stand for
the same proposition: the destruction of poten-
tially exculpatory evidence violates the defend-
ant’s right to due process if (1) the State acted in
bad faith; (2) the exculpatory value of the evi-
dence was apparent before it was destroyed;
and (3) the evidence was of such a nature that
the petitioner was unable to obtain comparable
evidence by other reasonably available means.
See, e.g., Henry v. Page, 223 F.3d 477, 481 (7th Cir.
2000) (explaining that Youngblood used the word
“potentially” to illustrate that the defendant

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No. 22-3059 11
failed the second prong—which requires the ev-
idence’s exculpatory value to be apparent—of
Trombetta’s test).
Id. at 484–85 (footnote omitted).
In his brief, Nichols sets out the standards of Trombetta and
Youngblood as elaborated by Wisconsin courts, rather than by
this circuit. We have written before that it is a “dubious” prop-
osition that the “‘unreasonable application’ prong of the
AEDPA requires us to accept as correct Wisconsin’s interpre-
tation of Trombetta and Youngblood.” McCarthy, 656 F.3d at 485.
In this case, the district court applied this circuit’s standards
to determine whether the Wisconsin Court of Appeals reason-
ably applied Trombetta and Youngblood.
To the extent state courts and lower federal courts
interpret the Supreme Court’s constitutional precedents
differently, the differences should not affect decisions under
section 2254(d). The statute makes the decisions of the
Supreme Court of the United States the ultimate touchstone.
Lower federal courts may not grant habeas relief simply
because they read those decisions differently than state courts
do. Regardless of which rule applies, the Wisconsin Court of
Appeals reasonably concluded (1) that the list had no
apparent exculpatory value and (2) that the prosecution’s
failure to produce the list was not the result of actions taken
in bad faith. The first finding bars any due process claim
under this court’s interpretation of the Trombetta/Youngblood
framework. The second bars the alternate path to a due
process claim under Wisconsin courts’ interpretation and is
another independent ground for barring the claim under this
court’s interpretation. We consider each of these two
conclusions in turn.

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12 No. 22-3059
C. Apparent Exculpatory Value?
1. Reasonable Application of Supreme Court Precedents
Under both this court’s and Wisconsin’s interpretations of
Youngblood and Trombetta, the prosecution’s duty to preserve
evidence depends in part on whether the exculpatory value of
the evidence is apparent. “To be considered ‘apparently’ ex-
culpatory, the exculpatory nature of the evidence must be ap-
parent before it is destroyed. Accordingly, ‘the possibility that
the evidence could have exculpated the petitioner if preserved
or tested is not enough to satisfy the standard of constitutional
materiality in Trombetta.’” McCarthy, 656 F.3d at 485–86, quot-
ing Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57 n.* (brackets omitted). Here, the
Wisconsin Court of Appeals held that M.R.W.’s list had no
value, let alone apparent value, to Nichols as either exculpa-
tory evidence or impeachment evidence. We review that con-
clusion for reasonable application of clearly established Su-
preme Court precedent.
Nichols argues that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
unreasonably applied governing Supreme Court precedent,
which he claims contemplates only two categories of
evidence: “potentially exculpatory” and “apparently
exculpatory.” In holding that M.R.W.’s list lacked any
exculpatory value, Nichols argues, the state appellate court
avoided applying the federally required framework it had
just laid out and created a new characterization of evidence.
He calls this a failure to apply the correct legal standard,
which is “necessarily an unreasonable application” of federal
law.
We disagree. Nichols has not shown that the state appel-
late court plainly contradicted the Supreme Court’s

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No. 22-3059 13
governing rule or came to a result different than the Supreme
Court did on substantially identical facts. Avila v. Richardson,
751 F.3d 534, 536 (7th Cir. 2014), citing Williams v. Taylor, 529
U.S. 362, 405–06 (2000). After setting out the correct legal
standard, and in addition to its statement that the list “lacked
any exculpatory value,” the state appellate court wrote that
“Nichols has failed to demonstrate that the list had potentially
exculpatory value” and that “the exculpatory nature of the list
was not apparent to the interviewer” or to Detective Harris.
The state appellate court applied the correct governing fed-
eral standards as articulated by Wisconsin courts, making ex-
plicit findings with respect to each of Nichols’ two categories.
As required under this court’s articulation of the standard,
one of those two express findings by the state appellate court
was that the exculpatory value of the evidence was not appar-
ent at the time it was lost. See McCarthy, 656 F.3d at 485.
Nichols argues from Supreme Court dicta that even evi-
dence that seems more probably inculpatory than exculpa-
tory must still be categorized and treated as “potentially use-
ful.” See Illinois v. Fisher, 540 U.S. 544, 548 (2004). He thus con-
tends that the state appellate court’s determination that the
list of corrections was not even “potentially exculpatory” was
an unreasonable application of governing Supreme Court
precedent. Again, we disagree. First, under our cases inter-
preting Trombetta and Youngblood, “apparent” exculpatory
value is a required element of every due process claim for fail-
ure to preserve evidence. McCarthy, 656 F.3d at 485. An erro-
neous failure to label evidence correctly as “potentially” ex-
culpatory, versus not exculpatory, is harmless. In neither case
does the evidence have the “apparent” exculpatory value we
require.

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14 No. 22-3059
Wisconsin courts, by contrast, interpret Trombetta and
Youngblood to allow claims for the destruction of “potentially”
exculpatory evidence if the destruction was the result of ac-
tions in bad faith, even if the evidence lacks “apparent” excul-
patory value. But “potentially” has its limits. The Constitution
does not impose on the prosecution “an undifferentiated and
absolute duty to retain and to preserve all material that might
be of conceivable evidentiary significance in a particular pros-
ecution.” Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58. Trombetta makes clear that
the prosecution has no duty to preserve potentially exculpa-
tory evidence where that evidence has only a tiny chance of
turning out to be exculpatory once produced. 467 U.S. at 489
(implying no duty to preserve evidence that is “much more
likely” to be “inculpatory than exculpatory”).
Giving the state appellate court’s decision “the benefit of
the doubt” as we must on habeas review, Woodford v. Visciotti,
537 U.S. 19, 24 (2002), the statement that the evidence “lacked
any exculpatory value” means no more than that the court
thought the chances were “extremely low” that the contents
of the list would have made a jury more likely to find Nichols
not guilty, either as exculpatory or impeachment evidence.
See Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 489. Evidence that is much more
likely to be inculpatory than exculpatory could reasonably be
described as “lacking any exculpatory value.” We have used
similar language in our own cases. See, e.g., United States v.
Bender, 95 F.4th 507, 512 (7th Cir. 2024), petition for cert. filed,
No. 23-1878 (June 7, 2024) (“[B]oth Brady and Youngblood re-
quire evidence of exculpatory value. [Defendant] cannot meet
that showing ….”). The state appellate court’s language does
not, as Nichols argues, imply the erroneous creation of a “new
category” of exculpatory evidence.

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No. 22-3059 15
In any event, the state appellate court went on to address
bad faith, a requirement for due process claims involving
potentially exculpatory evidence under both Wisconsin
courts’ and this court’s interpretations of Youngblood and
Trombetta. The state appellate court’s finding that the list
“lacked any exculpatory value” did not change the legal
standard it applied, rendering harmless any arguably
incorrect categorization. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals did
not act unreasonably in applying the Supreme Court’s
framework in determining that M.R.W.’s list lacked any
exculpatory value.
2. Reasonable as Findings of Fact
We next consider the reasonableness, as a factual finding,
of the state appellate court’s conclusion that the list lacked
apparent exculpatory value.2 Federal habeas courts presume
that state courts reasonably found the facts, and this rule
“applies equally to findings of trial courts and appellate
courts.” Wainwright v. Goode, 464 U.S. 78, 85 (1983). “That
presumption applies not only to the state court’s express
factual findings, but also to the implicit resolution of a factual
2 As noted, this court’s interpretation of Trombetta and Youngblood re-
quires that for any due process claim to succeed, the evidence must have
had apparent exculpatory value at the time it was lost or destroyed. McCar-
thy, 656 F.3d at 485. Under Wisconsin’s interpretation, defendants may in-
stead prove that potentially exculpatory evidence was destroyed in bad
faith, an alternate route we discuss below. Here we address only whether
the Wisconsin Court of Appeals’ finding of no apparent exculpatory value
was reasonable. A reasonable finding of no apparent exculpatory value
means that Nichols’ underlying due process claim fails under this court’s
precedent and under the “apparently exculpatory” prong of Wisconsin
precedent.

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16 No. 22-3059
dispute that can be fairly inferred from the state court record.”
Armstrong v. Young, 34 F.3d 421, 426 (7th Cir. 1994).
The state appellate court’s finding was not unreasonable.
Again, for evidence to be “apparently” exculpatory, “the pos-
sibility that the evidence could have exculpated the petitioner
if preserved or tested is not enough.” McCarthy, 656 F.3d at
485 (brackets omitted), quoting Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57 n.*.
When the “exculpatory character” of missing evidence “is
only potential,” such that the parties and the court “can only
guess” about what it might have shown, the evidence is not
apparently exculpatory. Bender, 95 F.4th at 511. Here, the state
appellate court reversed the state trial court’s finding of ap-
parent exculpatory value as clearly erroneous, having “no ba-
sis in the record.” The appellate court reasoned: “It is not pos-
sible for the [state trial] court to know whether the list was
apparently exculpatory without knowing the contents of the
list.” We agree. M.R.W.’s corrections could have just as easily
provided additional inculpatory details regarding Nichols’
behavior surrounding the sexual assault. The state appellate
court’s factual conclusion on this point was not beyond the
bounds of reason.
We are less persuaded by the state appellate court’s con-
clusion that the list would have no apparent exculpatory
value as impeachment evidence. The whole case turned on
M.R.W.’s credibility. The state trial court explained: “If the
jury believed M.R.W., [Nichols] would be found guilty. If the
jury had a reasonable doubt as to whether they should believe
M.R.W., [Nichols] would be found not guilty.” App. 143. But
the Wisconsin Court of Appeals overruled as clearly errone-
ous the state trial court’s factual finding that the list had ap-
parent exculpatory value as impeachment evidence. Instead,

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No. 22-3059 17
the state appellate court concluded, “any corrections in
M.R.W.’s list would not have risen to the level of being excul-
patory evidence.” The list, in other words, could not have
been used effectively to attack M.R.W.’s credibility. The state
appellate court wrote: “The only reasonable inference from
the facts—that M.R.W. had reviewed the first interview before
participating in the second interview, and that she had a list
of changes to make of some things she said in that first inter-
view—is that she spoke accurately, truthfully, and consist-
ently with her corrections, in the second interview.” (Emphasis
added.)
A state court’s “factual determination is not unreasonable
merely because the federal habeas court would have reached
a different conclusion in the first instance.” Burt v. Titlow, 571
U.S. 12, 18 (2013), quoting Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301
(2010). The state appellate court’s findings of fact and credi-
bility determinations against the petitioner are presumed cor-
rect, and the petitioner overcomes that presumption only if he
proves by clear and convincing evidence that those factual
findings are wrong. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Here, the state ap-
pellate court’s determination of the facts was not so far “out-
side the boundaries of permissible differences of opinion” as
to render it objectively unreasonable. See Morgan v. Hardy, 662
F.3d 790, 800 (7th Cir. 2011) (affirming denial of habeas peti-
tion where state court rejected “more plausible” factual ac-
count in favor of less plausible but still reasonable account),
quoting Starkweather v. Smith, 574 F.3d 399, 402 (7th Cir. 2009).
The state appellate court explained how it reached its con-
clusions. Neither Nichols nor the state trial court had sug-
gested that the list could have “corrected some fact in
M.R.W.’s initial interview in a manner supporting the view

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18 No. 22-3059
that sexual touching did not happen. Indeed, M.R.W.’s con-
sistent, detailed recitation of the facts surrounding that inci-
dent in the two interviews and at trial would defeat such a
proposition.” App. 110. “More specifically, if she was telling
the truth about the corrections, and through the corrections
was making sure that what she had said in the first interview
was accurate, then there is no basis to suspect that her detailed
description of the touching incident in the second interview
was not congruent with whatever corrections were on her
list.” Id. at 111. As the state appellate court reasoned, “if the
jury believed her statement that she got some things wrong in
the first interview, they would have believed her more de-
tailed description of the touching incident in the second inter-
view.” Id.
The court further reasoned that the only example of a cor-
rection provided by M.R.W. did not concern the touching in-
cident that formed the basis of the charge against Nichols.
“[J]urors understand that a witness like M.R.W., years later,
may have a faulty memory as to some related facts, but would
clearly recall the dramatic event of an adult male putting his
fingers into her vagina. And, as to this core event, M.R.W. de-
scribed it consistently and in detail in both interviews.” App.
at 112. Nichols did not explain how it could “reasonably be
inferred that whatever else was on the list would tend to, or
lead to evidence that would tend to, establish Nichols’[ ] in-
nocence.” Id.
There are elements of inference bordering on speculation
in the appellate court’s analysis, as well as in the trial court’s.
That uncertainty is inherent when potential evidence of un-
known content has disappeared. We understand the appellate
court’s explanation for its decision, and we see how

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No. 22-3059 19
reasonable jurists could arrive at that conclusion in light of
M.R.W.’s consistent testimony on the core events, and espe-
cially in light of the jury’s ability to watch both video inter-
views and her in-person testimony to the jury. To the extent
there were conflicts among those three accounts of the rele-
vant events, they were disclosed to the defense and to the jury.
The defense had an opportunity to use any such conflicts to
attempt impeachment. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals was
not unreasonable in finding as a matter of fact that M.R.W.’s
list was not apparently exculpatory as impeachment evi-
dence.
D. Bad Faith
Under Wisconsin’s formulation of the Trom-
betta/Youngblood standard, even where evidence is not appar-
ently exculpatory, a criminal defendant’s due process rights
can still be violated if the prosecution acts in bad faith to de-
stroy or fails to produce merely “potentially exculpatory” ev-
idence. See McCarthy, 656 F.3d at 484. The Wisconsin trial
court found bad faith, but the appellate court reversed that
finding as clearly erroneous. The state appellate court’s fac-
tual finding on this point also was not unreasonable.
Bad faith “requires proof of animus or a conscious effort
to suppress exculpatory evidence and turns on an official’s
subjective knowledge that the evidence had exculpatory
value.” Bender, 95 F.4th at 511 (internal quotation omitted).
Here, the state trial court inferred bad faith on the part of in-
terviewer Holzrichter and Detective Harris. With respect to
Holzrichter, it held that she must have recognized the excul-
patory nature of the list because of the manner in which she
“hurried to change the subject, leave the room and stop the
taping” after M.R.W. explained the first item on her list. That

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20 No. 22-3059
court found it significant that “Holzrichter, acting as an agent
of the State, cut off the interview before M.R.W. could de-
scribe more than one of her corrections,” and that “[t]hrough
her evasive postconviction testimony, Holzrichter conven-
iently claimed no memory of anything on the list or anything
she did with the list.” The state trial court found that these
“obvious attempts to conceal M.R.W.’s written corrections
constitute[d] bad faith.”
As for Detective Harris, the state trial court reasoned that
she knew “that M.R.W. was allowed to divulge only one of
her multiple corrections,” but said erroneously in her police
report about the second interview that M.R.W.’s account was
“true with one correction.” To the state trial court, it was
“simply unbelievable” that “Detective Harris’ police report
coincidentally erred in describing the coincidentally unpre-
served evidence.” The state trial court found that Detective
Harris’ police report also demonstrated bad faith on her part.
The state appellate court reversed both findings of bad
faith as clearly erroneous. App. 112–13. In holding that the
trial court’s contrary conclusions lacked any basis in the rec-
ord, the state appellate court reasoned from two grounds:
first, its de novo review of the second video interview show-
ing Holzrichter’s behavior after M.R.W. offered the list, and
second, its assessment that the trial court had not actually
made a finding as to Detective Harris’ bad faith. We consider
these in turn.
As for Holzrichter, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals re-
viewed the second video interview de novo, concluding “that
the exculpatory nature of the list was not apparent to the in-
terviewer.” App. at 113. Because “bad faith” requires “an of-
ficial’s subjective knowledge that the evidence had

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No. 22-3059 21
exculpatory value,” this conclusion effectively reversed the
state trial court’s factual finding that Holzrichter acted in bad
faith as clearly erroneous. See Bender, 95 F.4th at 511, quoting
United States v. Holly, 940 F.3d 995, 1001–02 (7th Cir. 2019). The
state appellate court based this conclusion on parts of the
video showing that, “as the interview drew to a close, the in-
terviewer gave M.R.W. several opportunities to ask the inter-
viewer questions and to relate what was on her list, and the
interviewer continued to be patient with M.R.W. as she re-
lated her first correction.” App. at 113. “[I]n response to the
first correction that M.R.W. related, rather than rush M.R.W.
out the door, the interviewer further spoke with M.R.W.” Id.
The state appellate court thus concluded that “[t]he video
simply does not support a reasonable view that the inter-
viewer hurried to change the subject.” Id. The state trial
court’s “finding that the exculpatory nature of the list was ‘ap-
parent’” to Holzrichter had “no basis in the record.” Id. at 112.
The presumption of correctness that federal habeas courts
must give to state-court factual findings “applies not only to
the state court’s express factual findings, but also to the im-
plicit resolution of a factual dispute that can be fairly inferred
from the state court record.” Armstrong, 34 F.3d at 426. Bad
faith was a disputed factual issue in the state court record, so
the Wisconsin Court of Appeals’ review of Holzrichter’s be-
havior in the second interview is entitled to this presumption
of correctness. Because Holzrichter stated her intent at the end
of the second interview to take a copy of the list so that Detec-
tive Harris could have it, too, it is at least as plausible to con-
strue Holzrichter’s behavior as innocent rather than as a “con-
scious effort to suppress exculpatory evidence.” See Bender,
95 F.4th at 511, quoting Holly, 940 F.3d at 1001. The video is
subject to different inferences and interpretations, and the

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22 No. 22-3059
Wisconsin Court of Appeals’ conclusions based on the video
are not unreasonable. Nichols has not offered contrary evi-
dence or argument sufficient to meet his burden of showing
their clear error. The state appellate court’s reversal of the
state trial court’s factual finding of Holzrichter’s bad faith was
not unreasonable as a finding of fact.
With respect to Detective Harris, the state appellate court
reasoned that Nichols was wrong to assert that the state trial
court had “inferred that the exculpatory nature of the list was
apparent to Detective Harris.” App. at 113. “Rather, the [state
trial] court found incredible the detective’s postconviction
testimony as to her perception of the significance of the list
and accorded it no weight.” Id. We read the state trial court’s
opinion as finding expressly that “Detective Harris’ errone-
ous police report misled the defense and demonstrates bad
faith.” Id. at 147. Regardless of these different readings of the
state trial court’s conclusion about the bad faith of Detective
Harris, however, the appellate reversal of the state trial court’s
finding of bad faith was not unreasonable in light of the ap-
pellate court’s broader finding that the list lacked any excul-
patory value. Again, bad faith “turns on an official’s subjec-
tive knowledge that the evidence had exculpatory value,” so
evidence that lacks any exculpatory value cannot be disposed
of in bad faith. See Bender, 95 F.4th at 511, quoting Holly, 940
F.3d at 1001–02. We have already explained why the state ap-
pellate court’s factual finding that M.R.W.’s list lacked any ex-
culpatory value was not unreasonable in light of the con-
sistency of M.R.W.’s testimony across the two video inter-
views and at trial. That reasoning extends to the state appel-
late court’s reversal of the district court’s factual finding that
Detective Harris demonstrated bad faith. The appellate

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No. 22-3059 23
court’s finding was not unreasonable given its not-unreason-
able conclusion that the list also lacked any exculpatory value.
E. Ineffective Assistance
Finally, we affirm the district court’s finding that Nichols’
claim for ineffective assistance of counsel was procedurally
defaulted by his failing to raise the issue in his petition to the
Wisconsin Supreme Court. O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838,
848 (1999) (failure to present federal habeas claims to state
supreme court results in procedural default of those claims);
accord, Moore v. Casperson, 345 F.3d 474, 484–86 (7th Cir. 2003).
Nichols argues on appeal that when the Wisconsin Supreme
Court accepts review of a case, it brings all subsidiary issues
with it. That may be true in a case where review is granted,
but it does not avoid procedural default here. “Fair
presentment requires a petitioner to put forward operative
facts and controlling legal principles” at each level of state
court review, Sweeney v. Carter, 361 F.3d 327, 332 (7th Cir.
2004), which the petitioner must do by “fram[ing] the claim in
terms so particular as to call to mind a specific constitutional
right” and citing the relevant state and federal cases analyzing
that right, id. (petitioner’s reliance on Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668 (1984), made clear he was trying to assert
ineffective assistance of counsel), quoting Wilson v. Briley, 243
F.3d 325, 327 (7th Cir. 2001). Even if we considered the
substance of Nichols’ ineffective assistance claim, it would fail
because it is premised on a due process claim that fails on the
merits for the reasons explained above.
In sum, the disappearance of the child-victim’s list of cor-
rections to her first statement was a troubling lapse in police
and prosecution procedures. It should not have happened.
But the trial jury had the opportunity to see both the first and

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24 No. 22-3059
second interviews and to see the child testify. To the extent
there were any conflicts between those three accounts from
the child-victim, the jury could see them and the defense had
the opportunity to raise them. Accordingly, we conclude that
the Wisconsin Court of Appeals’ decision was not contrary to
or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal
law, nor was it based on any unreasonable factual finding.
The district court’s judgment denying Nichols’ section 2254
petition is
AFFIRMED.

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