Paula Emerson v. THOMAS J. DART , Sheriff of Cook County, and COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-3029
P AULA EMERSON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
T HOMAS J. D ART , Sheriff of Cook County, and C OOK C OUNTY,
ILLINOIS ,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:21-cv-06407 — Sharon Johnson Coleman, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED MAY 28, 2024 — D ECIDED J ULY 26, 2024
____________________
Before J ACKSON-A KIWUMI, LEE , and KOLAR , Circuit Judges.
LEE , Circuit Judge. In 2019, Paula Emerson was fired from
her job as a Cook County Corrections Officer. She sued Cook
County and the Cook County Sheriff Thomas Dart (Defend-
ants), claiming that they had terminated her in retaliation for
filing a workers’ compensation claim with the Illinois Work-
ers’ Compensation Commission (IWCC) in 2014. Defendants
moved to dismiss Emerson’s action for failure to state a claim

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2 No. 23-3029
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and the
district court dismissed her claims without prejudice. Emer-
son then filed an amended complaint, and the district court
dismissed it again, this time with prejudice. Emerson now ap-
peals. Having taken a fresh look at Emerson’s complaint, we
affirm.
I. Background
A. Emerson’s Allegations
Emerson began working for the Cook County Sheriff’s Of-
fice and the Cook County Department of Corrections as a Cor-
rections Officer in 2008. In 2012, she was diagnosed with anx-
iety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Based
upon this, the Sheriff’s Office placed Emerson on disability
leave. Emerson remained on disability leave until 2019, when
she claims the County fired her without warning.
As Emerson sees it, two events between the start of her
leave in 2012 and her termination seven years later are rele-
vant to her retaliation claim. First, in 2014, she filed an Appli-
cation for Adjustment of Claim with the IWCC (she refers to
this as her “workers’ compensation claim”). That claim, she
says, remains pending to this day.
Second, also in 2014, Emerson filed a lawsuit against Cook
County and several of its employees, claiming they had retal-
iated against her in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. The district court in that
case entered summary judgment for the defendants and im-
posed sanctions against Emerson. We affirmed. See Emerson v.
Dart, 900 F.3d 469 (7th Cir. 2018). The prior case is relevant,
Emerson posits, because the attorneys who represented the
County there also represented the County in the IWCC

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No. 23-3029 3
proceedings and have discussed both cases with individuals
in the Sheriff’s Office responsible for her termination.
B. Procedural Background
On October 13, 2020, Emerson filed a Charge of Discrimi-
nation with the U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
related to her termination. The EEOC issued her a right-to-sue
letter on September 1, 2021. Emerson then filed a two-count
complaint in November 2021 against Cook County and Cook
County Sheriff Thomas Dart. Count I alleged that Defendants
retaliated against her in violation of the Americans with Dis-
abilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. Count II
alleged that Defendants retaliated against her for filing a
claim with the IWCC in violation of Illinois common law.
Defendants moved to dismiss both counts pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. In response, Emerson
not only challenged the merits of Defendants’ arguments, but
also asked the court for leave to conduct limited discovery re-
garding what, if anything, the individuals responsible for her
firing knew about her workers’ compensation claim.
The district court granted Defendants’ motion on January
10, 2023. As for Count I, the district court found that filing a
workers’ compensation claim was not a protected activity un-
der the ADA. As for Count II, the court concluded that Emer-
son had not adequately pleaded facts suggesting that her
workers’ compensation claim was a reason for her firing. The
district court dismissed both counts without prejudice and
granted Emerson the opportunity to correct the deficiencies
in her complaint. It, however, denied Emerson’s discovery re-
quest, noting that she had failed to identify anyone at the

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4 No. 23-3029
Sheriff’s Office who might have known about her IWCC
claim.
Shortly afterwards, Emerson amended her complaint,
which remained largely unchanged. She did, however, sup-
ply additional details about her Title VII litigation against the
County and its employees. Emerson’s counsel confirmed dur-
ing oral argument that she added these allegations in an at-
tempt to show that the individuals responsible for her firing
knew about her workers’ compensation claim.
Defendants again moved to dismiss both counts, and the
district court granted the request in August 2023, dismissing
both claims with prejudice. In doing so, the court observed
that the amended complaint did not cure the noted deficien-
cies. It still failed to assert any activity protected by the ADA.
And the revised complaint did not plausibly allege that the
commencement of Emerson’s workers’ compensation claim
caused her termination five years later.
Emerson filed a Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration on
September 7, 2023. The district court denied it the next day,
concluding it had already considered and rejected Emerson’s
arguments. Emerson appealed.
II. Legal Standard
We review a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a
claim de novo. Lavalais v. Vill. of Melrose Park, 734 F.3d 629, 632
(7th Cir. 2013). To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must “state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007). A claim is plausible “when the plaintiff pleads fac-
tual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable in-
ference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

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No. 23-3029 5
alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The plausibility requirement “asks
for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully.” Id. Put simply, a complaint’s factual allegations
“must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
At the pleadings stage, we “accept all well-pleaded factual
allegations as true and view them in the light most favorable
to the plaintiff.” Lavalais, 734 F.3d at 632 (citing Luevano v. Wal–
Mart Stores, Inc., 722 F.3d 1014, 1027 (7th Cir. 2013)). That said,
“allegations in the form of legal conclusions are insufficient to
survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” McReynolds v. Merrill Lynch
& Co., 694 F.3d 873, 885 (7th Cir. 2012). “Threadbare recitals
of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere con-
clusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
III. Analysis
On appeal, Emerson abandons her claim that Defendants
unlawfully retaliated against her in violation of the ADA, fo-
cusing instead on her Illinois law retaliation claim. As she sees
it, the district court erred when it determined that her allega-
tions were insufficient to plausibly suggest her IWCC claim
was the cause of her firing. Emerson also challenges the dis-
trict court’s decision to deny her discovery request. We con-
sider each of these issues in turn.
A. Dismissal of Retaliation Claim
A claim for workers’ compensation retaliation is a creature
of Illinois common law. See Brooks v. Pactiv Corp., 729 F.3d 758,
767 (7th Cir. 2013); see also Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc., 384 N.E.2d
353, 356 (Ill. 1978). To state a claim, Emerson must allege that
(1) she was employed by Defendants at the time of her injury,

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6 No. 23-3029
(2) she exercised a right granted by the Illinois Workers’ Com-
pensation Act (IWCA), and (3) her discharge was causally re-
lated to the exercise of her rights under the IWCA. Hillmann
v. City of Chicago, 834 F.3d 787, 793–94 (7th Cir. 2016). The crux
of this dispute, as is often the case, is whether Emerson’s com-
plaint sufficiently alleges that her IWCC claim caused her fir-
ing. Of course, she need not prove the point at the pleading
stage, but her allegations must nudge her claim “across the
line from conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
Here, Emerson’s theory of causation boils down to just
two facts. First, the Sheriff’s Office and the Department of
Corrections terminated her employment without warning in
December 2019. Second, five years earlier, she had filed a
workers’ compensation claim that remained pending at the
time of her firing. Emerson insists we can infer causation from
this alone.1
Emerson’s complaint needed to allege more. As it stands,
the complaint fails to give any indication as to why, if her
workers’ compensation claim had caused her firing, the Sher-
iff’s Office waited five years to take any action. For example,
one can imagine a complaint alleging that Emerson’s medical
expenses had recently increased, causing the Sheriff’s Office
to see her workers’ compensation claim in a more negative
light. Alternatively, a complaint might allege that efforts to
settle the claim had recently soured, sparking the Sheriff’s
1 In addition to these facts, Emerson’s First Amended Complaint al-
leges outright that “Defendants terminated Plaintiff in retaliation for
Plaintiff’s prosecution of her Workers Compensation case.” But this is a
bald conclusory allegation that “must be supported by factual allegations”
within the complaint. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679; see also McReynolds, 694 F.3d at
885.

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No. 23-3029 7
Office’s desire to fire her. Nothing like that appears in Emer-
son’s complaint. Without filling this gap, the mere fact that
Emerson filed a workers’ compensation claim five years be-
fore she was fired falls short of stating a plausible claim for
relief.2
Compare Emerson’s complaint with the facts alleged in
Brooks, 729 F.3d at 768. There, Brooks was fired eleven years
after he had filed his workers’ compensation claim with the
IWCC. See id. But Brooks highlighted more recent develop-
ments in the workers’ compensation case that might have
played a role in his firing. For example, a new company had
acquired Brooks’s employer, and after the acquisition, it sent
Brooks a letter saying that it was reviewing all open workers’
compensation cases that had been filed against the former
company. Id. at 762, 768. The letter also stated that Brooks
would be terminated unless he supplied medical proof that
he could safely return to work. Id. Two months later, he was
fired. Id. at 763. Brooks also alleged that the defendant was
2 Appellees cite to several cases, arguing that causation can never exist
when there is a significant gap in time between the right exercised and the
employee’s termination. See, e.g., Fox v. Adams & Assocs., Inc., 166 N.E.3d
772, 790 (Ill. App. Ct. 2020); see also Strong v. Quest Diagnostics Clinical
Lab’ys Inc., No. 19-CV-4519, 2021 WL 354000, at *8 (N.D. Ill. 2021). These
cases reflect the commonsense notion that the passage of time between
two events weakens causation. But we hesitate to place much weight on
these cases for two reasons. First, they were decided at the summary judg-
ment stage. And second—perhaps because the parties in those cases had
the benefit of discovery—the passage of time was just one of several fac-
tors the courts observed to find no causation. See Fox, 166 N.E.3d at 790
(concluding that, in addition to timing, “several intervening events estab-
lish[ed] that retaliation was not a plausible motive for discharging” the
plaintiff).

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8 No. 23-3029
paying his medical bills at the time, which were substantial,
and that those bills began escalating only a few months before
he received the letter. Id. at 768. Given this, we concluded that
the passage of eleven years did “not necessarily defeat causa-
tion” because the allegations suggested a renewed retaliatory
motive. Id. By contrast, Emerson alleges nothing of the sort.
Despite this, Emerson insists her termination “cannot be
ascribed to any other factors” because she was on leave at the
time she was fired. But Illinois is an at-will employment juris-
diction, and Defendants may have lawfully discharged her
“for any reason or no reason” at all. Turner v. Mem’l Med. Ctr.,
911 N.E.2d 369, 374 (Ill. 2009); see also Brooks, 729 F.3d at 767.
Because Defendants needed no reason to fire her, the fact that
they did so in 2019 (without more) does not support an infer-
ence that her workers’ compensation claim is what caused her
termination. Although her absence from the job certainly
would preclude any suggestion by Defendants that they had
fired her for reasons related to job performance, it does little
to support an inference that her termination was due to her
IWCC claim.
In addition, Emerson maintains that the pendency of her
workers’ compensation claim on the day of her termination
also bolsters her causation argument. She is correct that the
pendency of a workers’ compensation case may support a re-
taliation claim under the IWCA where the circumstances sug-
gest continued pursuit of the claim motivated the employee’s
discharge. See, e.g., Baptist v. Ford Motor Co., 827 F.3d 599, 602
(7th Cir. 2016). But we agree with the district court that the
mere pendency of Emerson’s case is not dispositive here ab-
sent other facts from which we can infer causation, particu-
larly given the span of time between the commencement of

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No. 23-3029 9
the IWCC claim and her termination. Indeed, employers may
fire employees while their workers’ compensation claims are
pending so long as it is not in retaliation for having filed the
claim. Matros v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 136 N.E.3d 83, 107
(Ill. App. Ct. 2019) (stating that to defeat causation in a work-
ers’ compensation retaliation case, “[a]ny reason for dis-
charge, even if illegal, other than the allegedly retaliatory rea-
son will suffice”). And nothing in her complaint indicates oth-
erwise.
We start and end with the Supreme Court’s instructions in
Twombly. Because Emerson has not “nudged [her] claims
across the line from conceivable to plausible,” she has not
stated a claim for relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. We therefore
affirm the district court’s dismissal of Emerson’s amended
complaint.
B. Rule 59(e) Motion for Predismissal Discovery
Emerson also argues that the district court should have al-
lowed her an opportunity to conduct limited discovery to de-
termine which decisionmakers at the Sheriff’s Office had
knowledge of her workers’ compensation claim before dis-
missing her claim. We review the district court’s denial of Em-
erson’s discovery request for abuse of discretion. McCauley v.
City of Chicago, 671 F.3d 611, 619 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing Griffin
v. Foley, 542 F.3d 209, 223 (7th Cir. 2008)).
In denying Emerson’s discovery request, the district court
reasoned that her complaint failed to give any indication as to
who at the Sheriff’s Office might have knowledge of her work-
ers’ compensation claim. Emerson’s desire to obtain more in-
formation to support her feelings of mistreatment is under-
standable, but as we have said, “a district court does not abuse

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10 No. 23-3029
its discretion in denying additional discovery where the re-
quest was based on nothing more than mere speculation and
would amount to a fishing expedition.” Helping Hand Caregiv-
ers, Ltd. v. Darden Rests., Inc., 900 F.3d 884, 890 (7th Cir. 2018)
(internal quotations omitted).
C. Rule 59(e) Motion for Reconsideration
One issue remains. Emerson argues that the district court
erred in not granting her Rule 59(e) motion for reconsidera-
tion. We review the district court’s denial of the motion for
abuse of discretion only. Vesey v. Envoy Air, Inc., 999 F.3d 456,
463 (7th Cir. 2021).
“Altering or amending a judgment under Rule 59(e) is per-
missible when there is newly discovered evidence or there has
been a manifest error of law or fact.” Harrington v. City of Chi-
cago, 433 F.3d 542, 546 (7th Cir. 2006). Emerson offered neither
of these things in her Rule 59(e) motion—instead, she recited
the same arguments she made in her previous briefing to the
district court. This is not the “exceptional case” warranting re-
lief under Rule 59(e). Gonzalez-Koeneke v. West, 791 F.3d 801,
807 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting Foster v. DeLuca, 545 F.3d 582, 584
(7th Cir. 2008)). The district court therefore did not abuse its
discretion in denying Emerson’s Rule 59(e) motion for recon-
sideration.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district
court is AFFIRMED.

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