Kangol LLC v. Hangzhou Chuanyue Silk Import & Export C O., Ltd.

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 25-2205
K ANGOL LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
HANGZHOU C HUANYUE S ILK I MPORT & EXPORT C O., LTD.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
24-cv-01636 — Sharon Johnson Coleman, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED F EBRUARY 25, 2026 — DECIDED M AY 29, 2026
____________________
Before KIRSCH , JACKSON -A KIWUMI , and PRYOR , Circuit
Judges.
K IRSCH , Circuit Judge. Kangol LLC brought a trademark in-
fringement and counterfeiting action against dozens of e-
commerce vendors. According to Kangol, most of the defend-
ants reside in China, including Hangzhou Chuanyue Silk Im-
port & Export Co., Ltd. A recurring question in these types of
lawsuits, often referred to as Schedule A cases, is whether the
Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and

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2 No. 25-2205
Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (the
Hague Service Convention) permits plaintiffs to serve defend-
ants in China by email. Believing that it does, the district court
allowed Kangol to serve Hangzhou by email. After default
judgment was entered, Hangzhou eventually appeared and
moved to vacate the judgment for lack of proper service. The
court denied Hangzhou’s motion, reasoning that the Hague
Service Convention permits service by email in China. We
conclude the opposite; the Convention prohibits email service
in China. However, the district court must decide whether the
Convention applies at all. We therefore reverse and remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I
Kangol LLC is a clothing company known for hats depict-
ing its kangaroo logo. In February 2024, Kangol sued 25 de-
fendants, including Hangzhou Chuanyue Silk Import & Ex-
port Co., Ltd., for trademark infringement, counterfeiting, un-
fair competition, false designation of origin, and trademark
dilution in violation of the Lanham Act. See 15 U.S.C.
§ 1114(1) (trademark infringement and counterfeiting); id.
§ 1125(a) (unfair competition and false designation of origin);
id. § 1125(c) (trademark dilution). According to Kangol’s com-
plaint, the defendants are all e-commerce vendors selling
products on platforms like Alibaba, and most of them are
based in China. Suits of this nature are known as Schedule A
cases, because—as here—the defendants are identified in a
Schedule A document filed with the complaint. See Eicher Mo-
tors Ltd. v. P’ships and Unincorporated Assn’s Identified on Sched-
ule “A”, 794 F. Supp. 3d 543, 546 (N.D. Ill. 2025) (discussing
Schedule A cases).

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No. 25-2205 3
As is common in Schedule A cases, Kangol moved for a
temporary restraining order and for permission to effect ser-
vice by email. In support of the request for email service, Kan-
gol represented that it was “very difficult” to ascertain the
true identities and locations of the defendants “given that
[they] are primarily Chinese entities that sell counterfeit
goods on online sales platforms and typically do not disclose
reliable information about their identities and locations in
connection with their online storefronts[.]” The district court
approved Kangol’s request for service by email and entered a
temporary restraining order.
Shortly thereafter, in April 2024, Kangol sent Hangzhou
an email containing a link to the complaint, temporary re-
straining order, summons, and other documents. The same
day, Hangzhou reached out to Kangol to begin settlement ne-
gotiations. And over the next several months, until February
2025, several attorneys representing Hangzhou attempted to
negotiate with Kangol.
Despite this awareness of the lawsuit, Hangzhou never ap-
peared before the district court. So, in May 2024, the court en-
tered default judgment in favor of Kangol. The final judgment
order directed third parties holding funds for the defaulting
defendants to release those funds to Kangol as partial pay-
ment in fulfillment of the judgment. At some point between
January and February 2025—the record doesn’t identify pre-
cisely when—Kangol successfully collected a portion of the
judgment from Hangzhou’s Amazon account.
In February 2025, Hangzhou appeared and filed a motion
to vacate the default judgment. Hangzhou’s primary argu-
ment was that the judgment was void under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 60(b)(4) because service by email in China

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4 No. 25-2205
was prohibited by the Hague Service Convention, Nov. 15,
1965, 20 U.S.T. 361, T.I.A.S. No. 6638, to which the United
States and China are both parties. Hangzhou also argued that
the default judgment itself violated the Hague Service Con-
vention and that the district court’s order violated Illinois pro-
cedure for post-judgment collection. The district court denied
the motion to vacate, concluding that the Hague Service Con-
vention permits service by email in China and rejecting Hang-
zhou’s other arguments.
II
We start by addressing Kangol’s waiver and timeliness ar-
guments, neither of which we find compelling. Kangol ar-
gues, for the first time on appeal, that Hangzhou waived its
service objection by waiting ten months after the entry of de-
fault judgment to raise the issue. Because Kangol didn’t pre-
sent this argument below, it is waived. See Pable v. Chi. Transit
Auth., 145 F.4th 712, 724–25 (7th Cir. 2025) (noting that a
waiver argument can be waived). Though Hangzhou didn’t
argue waiver by Kangol in its reply brief, “the waiver doctrine
is designed for our own protection as much as that of an op-
posing party, and therefore need not be asserted by a party
for us to invoke it.” United States v. Hassebrock, 663 F.3d 906,
914 (7th Cir. 2011) (citation modified).
Even if we were to consider Kangol’s argument, we would
not find waiver by Hangzhou. A defendant waives an objec-
tion to improper service if he “gives a plaintiff a reasonable
expectation that he will defend the suit on the merits or where
he causes the court to go to some effort that would be wasted
if personal jurisdiction is subsequently found lacking.” He-
deen Int’l, LLC v. Zing Toys, Inc., 811 F.3d 904, 906 (7th Cir.
2016). We’ve declined to find such waiver when the parties

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No. 25-2205 5
have only engaged in preliminary pretrial litigation activities,
such as settlement discussions. See Am. Patriot Ins. Agency,
Inc. v. Mut. Risk Mgmt., Ltd., 364 F.3d 884, 888 (7th Cir. 2004).
And that’s all that happened during the ten-month period
here; Hangzhou tried, and failed, to settle the matter with
Kangol. See id. at 887–88 (rejecting the suggestion that a nine-
month delay constitutes waiver). Moreover, Kangol doesn’t
identify any inconvenience it has suffered or any wasted ac-
tion by the district court. See id. at 888.
Kangol also argues that Hangzhou’s motion to vacate is
untimely under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(c)(1), rely-
ing on the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Coney Island
Auto Parts Unlimited, Inc. v. Burton Trustee for Vista-Pro Auto-
motive, LLC, 607 U.S. 155 (2026). Rule 60(c)(1) requires motions
under Rule 60(b) to be made within a reasonable time. Coney
Island clarifies that this timeliness requirement applies to mo-
tions asserting that a judgment is void under Rule 60(b)(4).
607 U.S. at 157. As relevant here, the Court acknowledged that
the reasonable-time requirement doesn’t impose a fixed time
limit. Id. at 160. And it indicated that, “in the context of a de-
fault judgment, it might be reasonable for a defendant not to
seek relief before learning about a plaintiff’s attempted en-
forcement.” Id.
That’s what happened here. After months of failed settle-
ment negotiations, Kangol enforced the judgment by collect-
ing partial payment from Hangzhou’s Amazon account.
Though the precise date of enforcement isn’t clear, Hangzhou
filed its motion to vacate the judgment no more than two
months later. It thus appears that Hangzhou sought relief
shortly after learning about Kangol’s first attempted—and
successful—enforcement of the default judgment. And

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6 No. 25-2205
Kangol doesn’t offer evidence rebutting this timeline of
events. We therefore conclude that Hangzhou’s motion to va-
cate was timely under Rule 60(c)(1).
III
Because we reject Kangol’s waiver and timeliness argu-
ments, we proceed to the merits. Hangzhou challenges the
district court’s denial of its motion to vacate on multiple
grounds. First, it argues that the default judgment order is in-
consistent with Illinois’s procedure for post-judgment collec-
tion and therefore violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
69(a)(1). Second, Hangzhou argues that the default judgment
is void under Rule 60(b)(4) for lack of personal jurisdiction,
because service violated the Hague Service Convention. And
Hangzhou also contends that entry of the default judgment
violated Article 15 of the Convention.
We address these arguments in turn, reviewing the district
court’s denial of the motion to vacate for an abuse of discre-
tion. Philos Techs., Inc. v. Philos & D, Inc., 645 F.3d 851, 854 (7th
Cir. 2011). However, when a defendant asserts that a judg-
ment is void for lack of jurisdiction under Rule 60(b)(4), our
standard of review is “less deferential,” because “no court has
the discretion to refuse to vacate [a] judgment once it recog-
nizes its lack of jurisdiction.” Id. at 854–55. We review the dis-
trict court’s legal determination regarding the existence of
personal jurisdiction de novo and its related factual findings
for clear error. Philos Techs., Inc. v. Philos & D, Inc., 802 F.3d
905, 911 (7th Cir. 2015).
A
We start with, and reject, Hangzhou’s challenge to the de-
fault judgment order based on Rule 69(a)(1). That Rule

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No. 25-2205 7
provides that the procedure to enforce a money judgment
“must accord with the procedure of the state where the court
is located” unless a federal statute applies. Fed. R. Civ. P.
69(a)(1). As relevant here, the district court’s default judg-
ment order directed third parties to release funds to Kangol
in partial payment of the judgment amount.
Hangzhou contends that this aspect of the default judg-
ment order violates Rule 69(a)(1) because it’s inconsistent
with Illinois’s post-judgment procedure, and that therefore
the default judgment should be vacated or modified. But
Hangzhou raised this argument in a cursory manner before
the district court, without explaining how Illinois law ap-
plied. So the district court treated it as waived, rejecting
Hangzhou’s attempt to remedy that defect in its reply brief.
Reviewing that decision for an abuse of discretion, we find no
error. See Hall v. Berryhill, 906 F.3d 640, 644 (7th Cir. 2018)
(finding “perfunctory and undeveloped” arguments waived);
Darif v. Holder, 739 F.3d 329, 336–37 (7th Cir. 2014) (finding
arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief waived).
Even if we consider the merits of this argument, Hang-
zhou fails to show a violation of Rule 69(a)(1). Hangzhou
points on appeal to two Illinois authorities identifying ways
to discover assets to fulfill a judgment. See 735 Ill. Comp. Stat.
5/2-1402; Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 277. But neither bars the action taken
by the district court, nor does Hangzhou purport to identify
such language. Rule 69(a)(1) therefore doesn’t provide a rea-
son to vacate or modify the default judgment order.
B
We now address Hangzhou’s other argument, which is
that the default judgment is void for lack of jurisdiction

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8 No. 25-2205
because service wasn’t proper. As in many Schedule A cases,
Hangzhou was served by email pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 4(f)(3). See Peanuts Worldwide LLC v. P’ships
and Unincorporated Ass’ns Identified on Schedule “A”, 347 F.R.D.
316, 330–31 (N.D. Ill. 2024) (discussing email service in Sched-
ule A litigation). Rule 4(f)(3) authorizes service on a foreign
entity by means “not prohibited by international agree-
ment[.]” Hangzhou contends that because the Hague Service
Convention prohibits service by email in China, service was
improper under Rule 4(f)(3). Kangol responds that the Con-
vention doesn’t apply here, and that even if it does, it doesn’t
bar email service. We address separately the questions of
whether the Convention applies and whether it prohibits
email service in China.
1
We begin our analysis with the threshold question of
whether the Convention applies. Article 1 states that the Con-
vention “shall apply in all cases, in civil or commercial mat-
ters, where there is occasion to transmit a judicial or extraju-
dicial document for service abroad” but “shall not apply
where the address of the person to be served with the docu-
ment is not known.” 20 U.S.T. at 362.
Kangol argues that this case falls outside the Convention’s
scope because sending an email with links to a website (which
contains documents) isn’t transmittal of a “document” within
the meaning of Article 1. But Kangol waived this argument by
failing to raise it before the district court. See Hojnacki v. Klein-
Acosta, 285 F.3d 544, 549 (7th Cir. 2002). And even if it hadn’t
done so, we reject this argument as hardly credible. Kangol
acknowledges that it sent an email to an entity located in
China and that the email contained a link to copies of the

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No. 25-2205 9
complaint, temporary restraining order, summons, and other
relevant documents. This constitutes service of process, i.e.,
the “formal delivery of documents that is legally sufficient to
charge the defendant with notice of a pending action.”
Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 700
(1988). The fact that those documents were sent through an
emailed link makes no difference.
Kangol’s other, more legitimate contention is that the Con-
vention doesn’t apply because Hangzhou’s address wasn’t
known, as required by Article 1. District courts handling
Schedule A cases typically require plaintiffs to make “reason-
ably diligent efforts to ascertain and verify [the] defendant’s
mailing address” before deeming the defendant’s address un-
known. NBA Props., Inc. v. P’ships and Unincorporated Ass’ns
Identified in Schedule “A”, 549 F. Supp. 3d 790, 796 (N.D. Ill.
2021); cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(1) (applying a reasonableness
standard for service abroad pursuant to internationally
agreed means). Kangol asserts that its efforts to locate Hang-
zhou yielded several, conflicting addresses, and that those ad-
dresses were for “stalls at an open-air market.” Hangzhou, on
the other hand, maintains that its address is known and easily
discoverable.
The district court didn’t resolve whether Kangol’s efforts
to determine Hangzhou’s address were reasonably diligent,
such that Hangzhou’s address wasn’t known. Instead, the
court concluded that it didn’t need to resolve whether the
Hague Service Convention applied, because even if it did ap-
ply, the Convention permits email service in China. Turning
to that question next, we find that the district court erred; the
Convention does not permit service by email in China.

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10 No. 25-2205
Therefore, the district court must resolve whether the Con-
vention applies on remand.
2
We review the district court’s interpretation of the Hague
Service Convention de novo. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro So-
cial v. Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., 29 F.4th 351, 362 (7th Cir.
2022). The district court concluded that the Convention per-
mits email service in China, relying on two analytical steps.
The court found that the Convention doesn’t expressly au-
thorize service by email. However, it also found that the Con-
vention doesn’t prohibit unenumerated methods of service.
The court therefore reasoned that the Convention permits ser-
vice by email on defendants in China. We conclude otherwise.
The Convention’s text and structure demonstrate that, where
it applies, it provides the permissible means of service and ex-
cludes all others. And because no provision of the Convention
authorizes service by email in China, such service violates the
Convention and Rule 4(f)(3).
i
We begin our analysis with the Convention’s text. See
Schlunk, 486 U.S. at 699 (treaty interpretation “begin[s] with
the text of the treaty and the context in which the written
words are used”). Article 1 states that the Convention “shall
apply in all cases, in civil or commercial matters, where there
is occasion to transmit a judicial or extrajudicial document for
service abroad.” 20 U.S.T. at 362. According to the Supreme
Court, this “mandatory language” provides a “model exclu-
sivity provision,” indicating that the Convention describes all
permissible service methods and “exclude[s] all other existing

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No. 25-2205 11
practices.” Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. U.S. D.
Ct. for the S.D. of Iowa, 482 U.S. 522, 534 & n.15 (1987).
Indeed, starting with Société Nationale, the Supreme Court
has consistently understood the Hague Service Convention to
be exclusive. In Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, the Court stated that
compliance with the Convention “is mandatory in all cases to
which it applies” and that it “provide[s] the exclusive means
of valid service.” Id. at 705–06. And most recently, in Water
Splash, Inc. v. Menon, 581 U.S. 271 (2017), the Court reaffirmed
that “the Hague Service Convention specifies certain ap-
proved methods of service and ‘pre-empts inconsistent meth-
ods of service’ wherever it applies.” Id. at 273 (quoting
Schlunk, 486 U.S. at 699). Thus, the Convention’s language and
the Supreme Court’s understanding of that language make
clear that—where the Convention applies—it sets out the per-
mitted methods of service and excludes all others.
This reading is also consistent with the Convention’s
structure and the remainder of its text. Schlunk, 486 U.S. at
699–700 (noting that treaty interpretation considers “the con-
text in which the written words are used” and general rules
of construction). Articles 2 through 10 explain how service
may be made. Article 11 adds that parties to the Convention
may agree to permit service by means “other than those pro-
vided for in the preceding Articles.” 20 U.S.T. at 364. And Ar-
ticle 19 clarifies that the Convention doesn’t affect methods of
service that a state has authorized under domestic law, even
if they aren’t “provided for” in the Convention. Id. at 365; see
also Water Splash, 581 U.S. at 275 (discussing Articles 11 and
19).
If the Convention didn’t purport to exclusively control
service, Articles 11 and 19 would be superfluous; there’d be

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12 No. 25-2205
no need to specify that service methods unmentioned in the
Convention, but separately authorized by parties, are still
permitted. This provides further evidence that the Conven-
tion enumerates the available means of service and prohibits
all others. See TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001)
(deeming it a “cardinal principle of statutory construction” to
avoid interpretations that render a clause “superfluous, void,
or insignificant”). Nor are we alone in adopting this interpre-
tation; the other circuits to address this question have found
that the Convention “creates a closed universe” of service
methods. See Smart Study Co. v. Shenzhenshixindajixieyouxian-
gongsi, 164 F.4th 164, 171 (2d Cir. 2025) (“Reading into the
Convention’s silence implicit permission for all types of ser-
vice not affirmatively barred would render meaningless its
approved methods of service, encouraging end-runs around
the very system it created.”) (citation modified); SEC v. Lahr,
No. 22-2497, 2024 WL 3518309, at *3 & n.12 (3d Cir. July 24,
2024).
The text is clear, so we need not look beyond it. Even when
we do, the extratextual sources “especially helpful” in ascer-
taining a treaty’s meaning—drafting history, the views of the
Executive, and the views of other signatories—all indicate
that the Convention is exclusive. Water Splash, 581 U.S. at 280.
The Convention’s drafters considered the exclusivity issue
and ultimately decided “to require … litigants to employ the
Convention machinery[.]” 1 Bruno A. Ristau, International Ju-
dicial Assistance § 4-1-5, at 161 (2000) (quoting the explana-
tory report on the first draft of the Convention). And recent
publications indicate that the executive branch understands
the Convention to be exclusive, as do other parties. See U.S.
Dep’t of Just. Off. of Int’l Jud. Assistance,
https://perma.cc/JS5C-9U9R (last updated Dec. 16, 2025) (“If

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No. 25-2205 13
the Convention applies, parties cannot agree or stipulate to a
method of service that the Convention neither authorizes nor
permits[.]”); Hague Conf. on Priv. Int’l Law, Conclusions and
Recommendations 7 (2024), https://perma.cc/J96K-94HX
(confirming that the member parties to the Special Commis-
sion view the Convention as “exclusive”).
ii
Because the Convention bars unspecified means of ser-
vice, the question is whether any provision authorizes email
service in China. As the district court acknowledged, no por-
tion of the Convention explicitly authorizes service by email.
However, Article 10(a) permits service “by postal channels,
directly to persons abroad” as long as the destination state
doesn’t object. 20 U.S.T. at 363. District courts—and the par-
ties before us—disagree on whether email is a postal channel
and thus whether Article 10(a) provides for email service.
Compare Luxottica Grp. S.p.A. v. P’ships and Unincorporated
Ass’ns Identified on Schedule “A”, 391 F. Supp. 3d 816, 827 (N.D.
Ill. 2019) (finding that 10(a) objections cover service by email),
with NBA Props., 549 F. Supp. 3d at 798 (finding that 10(a) ob-
jections don’t cover service by email).
However, we need not and do not resolve whether Article
10(a) permits email service, because it’s undisputed that
China has objected to service under Article 10(a). See Hague
Conf. on Priv. Int’l Law, Declaration/Reservation/Notifica-
tion, https://perma.cc/L4DS-C28E (last visited Apr. 8, 2026)
(noting China’s objection to service by the methods provided
in Article 10). So even if Article 10(a) otherwise permits ser-
vice by email as a type of postal channel, Article 10(a) doesn’t
apply here. And Kangol doesn’t assert that any other portion
of the Convention authorizes email service. We therefore

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14 No. 25-2205
conclude that the Hague Service Convention prohibits service
by email in China.
To sum up: if the Hague Service Convention applies, then
service was improper because the Convention prohibits ser-
vice by email in China. But the district court must first deter-
mine whether the Convention applies at all. We therefore re-
verse the district court’s denial of Hangzhou’s motion to va-
cate and remand with instructions for that court to consider
whether the Convention applies.
We do not address Hangzhou’s objection that Article 15
prohibited the entry of default judgment, because that argu-
ment is premature. Article 15 only applies when service is
made “under the provisions of the present Convention,” i.e.,
when the Convention itself applies. 20 U.S.T. at 364. Similarly,
we do not address Hangzhou’s argument that it may recover
money transferred to Kangol in fulfillment of the judgment,
because whether the judgment is void is yet to be determined.
R EVERSED AND R EMANDED

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