Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London Subscribing To Policy No. Wn144245 v. THE VISION AFH, LLC, a Washington Limited Liability Company; ESTHER IRUNGU

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT
LLOYD'S LONDON SUBSCRIBING TO
POLICY NO. WN144245,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
THE VISION AFH, LLC, a Washington
Limited Liability Company; ESTHER
IRUNGU,
Defendants,
and
FREEDOM NITSCHKE, as Personal
Representative of the estate of Timothy L
Nitschke,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 21-36035
D.C. No. 3:20-cv-05662-TLF
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Theresa Lauren Fricke, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 18, 2022
Seattle, Washington
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
FILED
NOV 30 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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Before: TALLMAN, R. NELSON, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
This insurance dispute arises out of the intentional assault of the decedent,
Timothy Nitschke, by a fellow resident of The Vision Adult Family Home (Vision),
a senior adult care facility in Lakewood, Washington. Vision had a general and
professional liability insurance policy issued by Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London
(Underwriters) in effect at the time of the incident. Underwriters maintained that the
insurance policy did not cover the assault because it contained a physical-abuse
exclusion that removed from coverage intentional physical contact resulting in
injury. The representative of Nitschke’s estate, Freedom Nitschke (Freedom), argued
that the exclusion violates Washington public policy and moved the district court to
certify the public policy question to the Washington Supreme Court.
The district court granted Underwriters’ motion for summary judgment and
denied certification. Freedom appeals both decisions and asks this court to certify
the public policy question. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review
de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Adir Int’l, LLC v. Starr
Indem. & Liab. Co., 994 F.3d 1032, 1038 (9th Cir. 2021). We review the district
court’s denial of certification for abuse of discretion. Thompson v. Paul, 547 F.3d
1055, 1059 (9th Cir. 2008). We affirm and also deny certification.
1. Physical-Abuse Exclusion. Washington insurers may limit their
contractual liability so long as the limitations are not contrary to statute or public

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policy. O.S.T. ex rel. G.T. v. BlueShield, 181 Wash. 2d 691, 702 (2014) (en banc).
The parties dispute whether there is an applicable state public policy requiring adult
family homes to have insurance coverage to compensate residents injured by the
intentional acts of third parties. Assuming arguendo that such a public policy exists,
we find that the insurance exclusion does not violate it.
“An insurer is free to limit its risks by excluding coverage when the nature of
its risk is altered by factors not contemplated by it in computing premiums . . . .”
Mut. of Enumclaw Ins. Co. v. Wiscomb, 97 Wash. 2d 203, 209 (1982) (en banc).
“[E]xclusions that have been held violative of public policy generally have been
those manifesting no relation to any increased risk faced by the insurer, or when
innocent victims have been denied coverage for no good reason.” Mendoza v.
Rivera-Chavez, 140 Wash. 2d 659, 667 (2000) (quoting Eurick v. Pemco Ins. Co.,
108 Wash. 2d 338, 343–44 (1987) (en banc)). But exclusions do “not violate public
policy where the clause directly relates to an increased risk on the part of the
insurer.” Planet Ins. Co. v. Wong, 74 Wash. App. 905, 910 (1994).
In Wiscomb, the Washington Supreme Court struck down an automobile
insurance clause excluding coverage for injuries to persons related to and living with
the negligent driver as violative of the state’s public policy because it improperly
focused on who was injured, not upon the risk to the insurance company, and
“exclude[d] from protection an entire class of innocent victims for no good reason.”

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97 Wash. 2d at 208. Similarly, in Mendoza, the court struck a felony exclusion from
an automobile insurance policy that excluded coverage based on the extent of the
injuries to the victims—not the risk to the insurer. 140 Wash. 2d at 669–70.
The feature that triggers the application of the exclusion at issue here is the
type of conduct causing the loss—intentional physical abuse by a third party—not
the type of victim as in Wiscomb or the extent of injury as in Mendoza. Additionally,
the conduct excluded in this case is directly related to the nature of the risk faced by
the insured. See Wong, 74 Wash. App. at 910–11. Accordingly, even if an applicable
state public policy exists, on these facts the physical abuse exclusion does not violate
it under the framework of Wiscomb and Mendoza.
2. Certification. The decision to certify a question to a state supreme court
is within the “sound discretion of the federal court.” Pacheco v. United States, 21
F.4th 1183, 1187 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Lehman Bros. v. Schein, 416 U.S. 386,
391 (1974)). The district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to certify the
question to the Washington Supreme Court given the existing Washington caselaw
addressing whether insurance exclusions violate public policy. See Syngenta Seeds,
Inc. v. County of Kauai, 842 F.3d 669, 681 (9th Cir. 2016). We also decline to certify
the public policy question posed to the Washington Supreme Court. See Murray v.
BEJ Mins., LLC, 924 F.3d 1070, 1072 (9th Cir. 2019).
AFFIRMED.

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