Al-Hamim v. Star Hearthstone, LLC

The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions
constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by
the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be
cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division.
Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion
should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.

SUMMARY
December 26, 2024

2024COA128

No. 24CA0190, Al-Hamim v. Star Hearthstone, LLC —
Landlords and Tenants — Warranty of Habitability — Implied
Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment; Technology — Artificial
Intelligence — Generative AI Tools — Hallucinations; Colorado
Rules of Appellate Procedure — Briefs — Citation to Authorities
— Sanctions for Non-Compliance

Since the use of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools has

become widespread, lawyers and self-represented litigants alike

have relied on them to draft court filings. Because the most

commonly used GAI tools were not designed to create legal

documents, a person unfamiliar with the limitations of GAI tools,

such as the appellant in this case, can unwittingly produce text

containing fictitious legal citations, known as “hallucinations.” A

division of the court of appeals considers the novel question in

Colorado of the appropriate sanction when a self-represented

litigant files a brief peppered with hallucinations. Under the facts of
this case, the division declines to impose sanctions against the

appellant, but it puts lawyers and self-represented parties on notice

that future filings containing GAI-generated hallucinations may

may result in sanctions.
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2024COA128

Court of Appeals No. 24CA0190
Arapahoe County District Court No. 23CV198
Honorable Elizabeth Beebe Volz, Judge

Alim Al-Hamim,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Star Hearthstone, LLC, and IRT Living,

Defendants-Appellees.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division I
Opinion by JUDGE LIPINSKY
J. Jones and Sullivan, JJ., concur

Announced December 26, 2024

Alim Al-Hamim, Pro Se

Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani LLP, John R. Mann, Greg S. Hearing II,
Brittney T. Bulawa, Denver, Colorado, for Defendants-Appellees
¶1 The recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), and

particularly generative artificial intelligence (GAI), technology have

impacted nearly every aspect of our lives, including the creation of

text. A GAI tool can produce output that resembles the work of a

human author. It is becoming increasingly difficult to determine

whether a human or a GAI tool created a particular document.

¶2 Despite their uncanny writing skills, most commonly used GAI

tools are currently unable to draft motions, briefs, and other legal

documents because they were not designed for this purpose and

cannot conduct legal research. For this reason, a person unfamiliar

with the limitations of GAI tools can unwittingly rely on them to

produce what appears to be text filled with citations to legal

authorities. But these citations may be fictitious. Case names and

citations that a GAI tool makes up are known as “hallucinations.”

Snell v. United Specialty Ins. Co., 102 F.4th 1208, 1230 (11th Cir.

2024) (Newsom, J., concurring) (A GAI tool “‘hallucinates’ when, in

response to a user’s query, it generates facts that, well, just aren’t

true — or at least not quite true.”); Matthew R. Caton, Lawyers:

Rely on ‘Generative AI’ at Your Peril, 39 Me. Bar J. 48, 48 (2024) (A

1
GAI hallucination “occurs when an AI system provides information

that is inaccurate or, more bluntly, fake.”).

¶3 Some self-represented litigants, including plaintiff, Alim

Al-Hamim, have relied on GAI tools to draft court filings, only to

discover later to their chagrin that their filings contained

hallucinations. Al-Hamim’s opening brief in this appeal contained

hallucinations, as well as bona fide legal citations. This case

provides the first opportunity for a Colorado appellate court to

address the appropriate sanction when a self-represented litigant

files a brief peppered with GAI-produced hallucinations.

¶4 Al-Hamim appeals the district court’s dismissal of his claims

for breach of the warranty of habitability and the implied covenant

of quiet enjoyment for failure to state a claim under C.R.C.P.

12(b)(5) that he asserted against defendants, Star Hearthstone, LLC

and IRT Living (jointly, the landlords). We affirm the court’s

judgment against Al-Hamim and put him, the bar, and

self-represented litigants on notice that we may impose sanctions if

a future filing in this court cites “non-existent judicial opinions with

fake quotes and citations.” Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 678 F. Supp. 3d

443, 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (holding that attorneys “abandoned their

2
responsibilities when they submitted non-existent judicial opinions

with fake quotes and citations created by the artificial intelligence

tool ChatGPT”).

I. Background

¶5 Star Hearthstone rented an apartment to Al-Hamim and his

cotenants in April 2020. Al-Hamim alleged in his complaint that

IRT Living managed the apartment complex for a portion of the time

he rented the apartment.

¶6 Al-Hamim pleaded that, in early 2021, shortly after he moved

into the apartment, he “noticed a full cannister of dander and cat

hair after vacuuming both bedrooms.” He “surmised it was cat or

some other animal hair when [he] began to show signs of an allergic

reaction.” Al-Hamim also alleged that “the wooden carpet tack

strips around the edges in [his] bedroom closet, as well as the

actual carpet pad and carpet underside were visibly stained from

cat urine.”

¶7 Al-Hamim said in his complaint that he reported the condition

of his carpet to the property manager, who had the carpet cleaned.

Al-Hamim alleged that, following the cleaning, he noticed “the

strong ammonia smell of cat urine” in his bedroom and “suggested

3
to management that the carpet may need replacement.” Although

the property manager responded that the carpet “would be

replaced, as soon as possible,” the carpet was not replaced.

¶8 Al-Hamim asserted that “[n]early an entire year passed with no

action on the part of [the landlords]” and that he “still had not

actually moved into and settled into the premises.” However,

despite his concerns about the cat urine odor and carpet stains,

Al-Hamim renewed his lease through mid-2023.

¶9 Al-Hamim pleaded claims for (1) breach of the warranty of

habitability; (2) breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment;

(3) violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C.

§§ 12101-12213; (4) violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15

U.S.C. §§ 1681-1681x; and (5) violation of the Equal Protection and

Due Process Clauses of the United States and Colorado

Constitutions, U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Colo. Const. art. II, §§ 6, 25.

The landlords filed a motion to dismiss under C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5) for

failure to state claims upon which relief can be granted. The court

granted the motion.

4
II. The Court Did Not Err by Dismissing the Case

¶ 10 Al-Hamim contends that the court erred by granting the

landlords’ motion to dismiss. Specifically, he argues that the court

erred by determining that the landlords did not breach the warranty

of habitability and the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment.

Additionally, he asserts that the court improperly failed to consider

four of his other claims.

A. Standard of Review

¶ 11 Because Al-Hamim represented himself throughout the case,

we must liberally interpret his complaint and response to the

landlords’ dismissal motion. See People v. Bergerud, 223 P.3d 686,

697 (Colo. 2010). But Al-Hamim’s status as a self-represented

litigant does not excuse his noncompliance with the procedural

rules that all parties, whether or not represented by counsel, must

follow. See In re Marriage of Wright, 2020 COA 11, ¶ 33, 459 P.3d

757, 764.

¶ 12 “We review a C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5) motion to dismiss de novo and

apply the same standards as the trial court.” Norton v. Rocky

Mountain Planned Parenthood, Inc., 2018 CO 3, ¶ 7, 409 P.3d 331,

334. In doing so, we accept all factual allegations in the complaint

5
as true and view them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party to determine whether the plaintiff has alleged “sufficient facts

that, if taken as true, show plausible grounds to support a claim for

relief.” Jagged Peak Energy Inc. v. Okla. Police Pension & Ret. Sys.,

2022 CO 54, ¶ 25, 523 P.3d 438, 446 (citing Warne v. Hall, 2016

CO 50, ¶¶ 9, 24, 373 P.3d 588, 591, 595). “[W]e are not required to

accept bare legal conclusions as true.” Norton, ¶ 7, 409 P.3d at

334. As a general rule, “[w]e will uphold the grant of a C.R.C.P.

12(b)(5) motion only when the plaintiff’s factual allegations do not,

as a matter of law, support the claim for relief.” Id.

B. Warranty of Habitability

¶ 13 “In every rental agreement, the landlord is deemed to warrant

that the residential premises is fit for human habitation.”

§ 38-12-503(1), C.R.S. 2023. (The Colorado General Assembly

amended the warranty of habitability statute in 2024. See Ch. 158,

secs. 3, 5, §§ 38-12-503, -505, 2024 Colo. Sess. Laws 704-17. We

cite the version of the statute in effect when Al-Hamim filed his

complaint. Because the General Assembly considers “premises” to

be a singular noun, so do we.)

6
¶ 14 A landlord breaches the warranty of habitability if the

residential premises is (1) “[u]ninhabitable,” as defined in section

38-12-505, C.R.S. 2023, § 38-12-503(2)(a)(I); or (2) “[i]n a condition

that materially interferes with the tenant’s life, health, or safety,”

§ 38-12-503(2)(a)(II). Section 38-12-505(1) lists the conditions that

render a residential premises “uninhabitable.” These conditions

include lack of heating, lack of running water, and lack of working

locks, but not animal odors or urine stains.

¶ 15 Al-Hamim argues in his opening brief that the landlords

breached the warranty of habitability by failing to replace the

carpeting in his apartment. Specifically, he asserts that his

“inability to use his bedroom due to severe allergies” constituted the

breach. In his complaint, however, he did not allege that he was

unable to use the bedroom. Further, in his opening brief,

Al-Hamim does not cite any authority indicating that the problems

he experienced at the apartment made it “uninhabitable” within the

meaning of sections 38-12-503(2)(a)(I) and 38-12-505(1).

¶ 16 Nor did Al-Hamim allege a plausible claim that the conditions

at the apartment materially interfered with his “life, health, or

safety.” § 38-12-503(2)(a)(II). We focus on the “health” prong of the

7
statute because Al-Hamim did not allege that the cat odor or urine

stains affected his life or safety. Viewing the allegations in the

complaint in the light most favorable to Al-Hamim, see Jagged Peak

Energy Inc., ¶ 25, 523 P.3d at 446, his allegation that the cat urine

smell and stains impacted his health rested on his assertion that he

“began to show signs of an allergic reaction when emptying the

[vacuum] canister” on the day he moved in. He did not allege in his

complaint that the “signs of an allergic reaction” materially

impacted his health, that the allergic reaction continued past the

day he vacuumed the carpet, or that the smell and stains impacted

his health in any other manner. Cf. Anderson v. Shorter Arms Invs.,

LLC, 2023 COA 71, ¶ 29, 537 P.3d 831, 837 (recognizing that

unremedied mold can interfere with a tenant’s life, health, or safety

under section 38-12-503(2)(a)(II)); Kekllas v. Saddy, 389 N.Y.S.2d

756, 758 (Nassau Cnty. Dist. Ct. 1976) (holding that an odor of cat

urine that permeated the entire premises, forcing the tenant to

vacate the premises due to nausea and burning eyes, combined

with rusty water, leaks, and stuck windows, resulted in a breach of

the warranty of habitability).

8
¶ 17 For these reasons, we hold that the court did not err by

concluding that Al-Hamim failed to plead an actionable claim for

breach of the warranty of habitability.

C. Implied Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment

¶ 18 “[I]n the absence of an agreement to the contrary, there is an

implied covenant for the quiet enjoyment of the leased premises and

the tenant is entitled to the possession of the premises to the

exclusion of the landlord.” Radinsky v. Weaver, 460 P.2d 218, 220

(Colo. 1969). The covenant of quiet enjoyment is breached by “any

disturbance of a lessee’s possession by his lessor which renders the

premises unfit for occupancy for the purposes for which they were

leased, or which deprives the lessee of the beneficial enjoyment of

the premises, causing him to abandon them.” W. Stock Ctr., Inc. v.

Sevit, Inc., 578 P.2d 1045, 1051 (Colo. 1978) (quoting Radinsky,

460 P.2d at 220). Although “abandonment is not a required

element of the breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment,” Isbill

Assocs., Inc. v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 666 P.2d 1117, 1120 (Colo.

App. 1983), disapproved of on other grounds by Goodyear Tire &

Rubber Co. v. Holmes, 193 P.3d 821 (Colo. 2008), to establish a

breach of the covenant, the plaintiff must establish that the

9
“disturbance of [the] lessee’s possession by his lessor” rendered the

premises “unfit . . . for the purposes for which they were leased.”

W. Stock Ctr., Inc., 578 P.2d at 1051 (quoting Radinsky, 460 P.2d at

220).

¶ 19 Al-Hamim alleged that “[t]he landlord[s’] refusal to replace the

cat-urine-stained carpet, despite repeated complaints . . . , resulted

in a significant disruption to [his] quiet enjoyment of the

apartment.” He asserted that the landlords breached the implied

covenant of quiet enjoyment because the issues involving the carpet

resulted in “inconvenience and strain” on his friendships with his

cotenants, and that he and his cotenants “had not actually moved

into and settled into the premises” during the first year of the lease.

¶ 20 It is unclear from Al-Hamim’s complaint the extent to which

the condition of the carpet interfered with his quiet enjoyment of

the premises, as opposed to his relationship with his cotenants,

however. Al-Hamim did not allege that he was unable to use any

part of the premises due to the carpet’s condition. Rather,

Al-Hamim said that he refrained from moving items into his

apartment because he did not want to have to move them again

when the carpet was replaced, not because any room was unfit for

10
occupancy. (In his response to the landlords’ motion to dismiss and

in the opening brief, Al-Hamim argued that the carpet problems

prevented him from using his bedroom. However, he did not

include this allegation in his complaint and, therefore, we do not

consider it. See Norton, ¶ 7, 409 P.3d at 334 (“When considering a

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, we may consider the

facts alleged in the pleadings, documents attached as exhibits or

incorporated by reference, and matters proper for judicial notice.”).)

¶ 21 Further, Al-Hamim does not cite any legal authority holding

that a strain on cotenants’ relationships can result in a breach of

the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment. Nor did Al-Hamim allege

that the carpet odor and staining resulted in a constructive eviction.

To the contrary, Al-Hamim conceded in his complaint that he

renewed the lease despite his complaints about the carpet. For

these reasons, Al-Hamim did not allege the type of “disturbance

of . . . possession” that could render the apartment unfit for “the

purposes for which [it was] leased.” W. Stock Ctr., Inc., 578 P.2d at

1051 (quoting Radinsky, 460 P.2d at 220).

¶ 22 Accordingly, we conclude that Al-Hamim failed to state a claim

for breach of the implied covenant of quiet enjoyment.

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D. Other Issues

¶ 23 Al-Hamim raises the following claims for the first time in his

opening brief:

• The landlords “breached the lease agreement and the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by failing

to resolve maintenance issues and by conducting

arbitrary credit checks.”

• “[T]he leasing agent made fraudulent representations

regarding the credit check process and the legality of a

durable power of attorney used by [Al-Hamim] to sign for

his guarantors.”

• Al-Hamim “suffered considerable harm as a result of the

landlord[s’]” negligence.

• The landlords’ replacement of the carpet “constitute[d] an

implicit acknowledgement by the landlord[s] of their

responsibility to address the habitability issue initially

reported by the tenant.”

¶ 24 We do not consider these claims, however, because Al-Hamim

did not plead them in his complaint. “It is axiomatic that in civil

cases, issues not raised in or decided by the trial court generally

12
will not be addressed for the first time on appeal.” Brown v. Am.

Standard Ins. Co. of Wis., 2019 COA 11, ¶ 21, 436 P.3d 597, 600.

III. Court Filings with GAI-Produced Hallucinations

A. The Hallucinations in Al-Hamim’s Opening Brief

¶ 25 Al-Hamim’s opening brief contains citations to the following

fake cases:

• Beck v. Tibbetts, 967 P.2d 150 (Colo. 1998);

• Jankowski v. Cross, 672 P.2d 1178 (Colo. App. 1983);

• L&M Inv. Co. v. Morrison, 469 P.2d 516 (Colo. App. 1970);

• Jaramillo v. Cowen, 768 P.2d 1378 (Colo. App. 1989);

• In re Estate of Henry, 2012 COA 169, 301 P.3d 107 (Colo.

App. 2012);

• Jaramillo v. Steiner, 212 P.3d 1188 (Colo. App. 2009);

• Rojas v. Lindsay Mfg. Co., 108 Cal. App. 4th 530 (2003);

and

• Robinson v. Lennox Hill Hospital, 513 N.Y.S.2d 607 (App.

Div. 1987).

¶ 26 After we attempted, without success, to locate these cases, we

ordered Al-Hamim to provide complete and unedited copies of the

cases, or if the citations were GAI hallucinations, to show cause

13
why he should not be sanctioned for citing fake cases. In his

response to our show cause order, Al-Hamim admitted that he

relied on AI “to assist his preparation” of his opening brief,

confirmed that the citations were hallucinations, and that he “failed

to inspect the brief.” He did not address why he should not be

sanctioned.

B. The Risks of Relying on a GAI Tool to Draft a Court Filing

¶ 27 To explain why a GAI tool can produce legal documents filled

with hallucinations, we briefly review the large language model

(LLM) underlying GAI technology.

¶ 28 GAI tools are trained using LLMs that, “through a form of

machine learning known as deep learning, teach the program how

characters, words, and sentences function together.” Maria E.

Berkenkotter & Lino S. Lipinsky de Orlov, Can Robot Lawyers Close

the Access to Justice Gap? Generative AI, the Unauthorized Practice

of Law, and Closing the Access to Justice Gap, 53 Colo. Law. 40, 42

(2024) (hereinafter, Access to Justice). An LLM “learns what words

are most likely to appear where, and which ones are most likely to

precede or follow others — and by doing so, it can make

probabilistic, predictive judgments about ordinary meaning and

14
usage.” Snell, 102 F.4th at 1226 n.7 (Newsom, J., concurring).

This training allows the GAI tool to “generate content, such as

words, images, and a command in a line of code, autonomously in

response to prompts.” Access to Justice, 53 Colo. Law. at 42.

¶ 29 The limitations of and biases contained in the materials used

to train an LLM can produce outputs that reflect the shortcomings

in the LLM’s training. As of mid-2024, popular GAI tools, such as

OpenAI’s GPT-4, were not “trained with data sets containing

comprehensive, accurate legal resources.” Id. These widely used

resources are “not consistently reliable legal research tools because

they do not always provide the correct answers to legal queries and

may even make up case names and citations when they do not

know the answer to a question.” Id.

¶ 30 A GAI system “can generate citations to totally fabricated court

decisions bearing seemingly real party names, with seemingly real

reporter, volume, and page references, and seemingly real dates of

decision[].” Caton, 39 Me. Bar J. at 49 (quoting Smith v. Farwell,

No. 2282CV01197, at *1, 9 (Mass. Super. Ct. Feb. 12, 2024)

(unpublished order), https://perma.cc/59CV-C77W). These

hallucinations “can relate, in whole or in part, to the case name,

15
case citation, and/or the content or holding of a fake case or a real

judicial decision.” Id.; see also Eve Ross & Amy Milligan, What Can

ChatGPT Do, and Should We Let It?, 34 S.C. Law. 34, 36 (2023)

(“ChatGPT may confidently include authorities in its responses that

are misleading, incorrect or simply made up. . . . Unfortunately,

ChatGPT doesn’t always specify what sources it relies on for its

responses.”); Nicole J. Benjamin, Artificial Intelligence and the

Future of the Practice, 72 R.I. Bar J. 3, 3 (2024) (“AI

‘hallucinations’ — including the unforgiveable creation of case

law — and the generation of inaccurate answers are enough to give

us all pause when it comes to the adoption of artificial intelligence

in the practice.”); Sadie O’Connor, Generative AI, 8 Geo. L. Tech.

Rev. 394, 401 (2024) (“Since GAI algorithms are capable of

‘hallucinating’ false information, users must be cautious of its

limitations.”).

¶ 31 “Many harms flow from the submission of fake opinions.”

Mata, 678 F. Supp. 3d at 448. These include wasting the opposing

party’s “time and money in exposing the deception,” taking the

court’s time “from other important endeavors,” and potentially

harming the reputations of “judges and courts whose names are

16
falsely invoked as authors of the bogus opinions” and the

reputation of “a party attributed with fictional conduct.” Id.

Moreover, “a future litigant may be tempted to defy a judicial ruling

by disingenuously claiming doubt about its authenticity.” Id. at

448-49.

¶ 32 Accordingly, using a GAI tool to draft a legal document can

pose serious risks if the user does not thoroughly review the tool’s

output. Reliance on a GAI tool not trained with legal authorities

can “lead both unwitting lawyers and nonlawyers astray.” Access to

Justice, 53 Colo. Law. at 43. A self-represented litigant may not

understand that a GAI tool may confidently respond to a query

regarding a legal topic “even if the answer contains errors,

hallucinations, falsehoods, or biases.” Id. (In 2023 and 2024,

various companies introduced GAI tools trained using legal

authorities. Those legal GAI tools are not implicated in this appeal,

and we offer no opinion on their ability to provide accurate

responses to queries concerning legal issues.)

¶ 33 For these reasons, individuals using the current generation of

general-purpose GAI tools to assist with legal research and drafting

must be aware of the tools’ propensity to generate outputs

17
containing fictitious legal authorities and must ensure that such

fictitious citations do not appear in any court filing.

¶ 34 Even if Al-Hamim lacked actual knowledge that GAI tools can

produce fake citations, “[a] pro se litigant who chooses to rely upon

his own understanding of legal principles and procedures is

required to follow the same procedural rules as those who are

qualified to practice law and must be prepared to accept the

consequences of his mistakes and errors.” Rosenberg v. Grady, 843

P.2d 25, 26 (Colo. App. 1992). (We note that Al-Hamim filed his

opening brief on June 24, 2024 — more than one year after media

outlets throughout the country reported on the attorneys’

submission of a brief filled with ChatGPT-generated hallucinations

in Mata. See, e.g., Benjamin Weiser, Here’s What Happens When

Your Lawyer Uses ChatGPT, N.Y. Times (May 27, 2023),

https://perma.cc/H4DC-JWH2; Larry Neumeister, Lawyers

Submitted Bogus Case Law Created by ChatGPT. A Judge Fined

Them $5,000, Associated Press (June 22, 2023),

https://perma.cc/2B27-PHJN. By mid-2024, GAI tools’ propensity

to produce hallucinations in response to queries regarding legal

18
issues was not arcana known only to members of the bar and

judges.)

¶ 35 C.A.R. 28(a)(7)(B) requires that an appellant’s opening brief

provide “a clear and concise discussion of the grounds upon which

the party relies in seeking a reversal . . . of the judgment . . . of the

lower court or tribunal, with citations to the authorities . . . on

which the appellant relies.” The submission of a brief containing

GAI-produced hallucinations runs afoul of this rule.

C. Appropriate Sanctions When a Self-Represented Litigant
Submits a Court Filing Containing Hallucinations

¶ 36 This court has the authority to “dismiss an appeal” or “impose

other sanctions it deems appropriate, including attorney fees,” if a

party fails to comply with the Colorado Appellate Rules. C.A.R.

38(a), 39.1. Until today, no Colorado appellate court has

considered the consequences for a self-represented litigant who

submits a brief containing hallucinations.

¶ 37 Other courts, however, have considered an appropriate

sanction under these circumstances. In Anonymous v. New York

City Department of Education, the self-represented plaintiff

submitted a filing containing hallucinations. No. 24-cv-04232,

19
2024 WL 3460049, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 18, 2024) (unpublished

opinion). The court noted that “[s]anctions may be imposed for

submitting false and nonexistent legal authority to the [c]ourt.” Id.

However, the court declined to impose sanctions due to the

plaintiff’s status as a self-represented litigant and, instead, warned

the plaintiff and other self-represented litigants that future

submissions of false citations would likely result in sanctions. Id.

Other courts have taken a similar approach. See, e.g.,

Transamerica Life Ins. Co. v. Williams, No. CV-24-00379, 2024 WL

4108005, at *2 n.3 (D. Ariz. Sept. 6, 2024) (unpublished order)

(warning a self-represented litigant whose filings were “replete with

citations to nonexistent caselaw and legal authorities that do not

correspond to her claims, suggesting that [she] may be using AI,

such as ChatGPT, to draft her briefs,” and that “[a]ny future filings

with citations to nonexistent cases may result in sanctions”);

Dukuray v. Experian Info. Sols., No. 23-cv-9043, 2024 WL 3812259,

at *11 (S.D.N.Y. July 26, 2024) (unpublished report and

recommendation) (advising the self-represented plaintiff that future

filings containing false citations may result in sanctions), adopted,

2024 WL 3936347 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2024) (unpublished order);

20
Morgan v. Cmty. Against Violence, No. 23-cv-353-WPJ/JMR, 2023

WL 6976510, at *8 (D.N.M. Oct. 23, 2023) (unpublished opinion)

(asserting that the self-represented status of a plaintiff who “cited to

several fake or nonexistent opinions” will “not be tolerated by the

[c]ourt as an excuse for failing to adhere to this [c]ourt’s rules” and

warning that “[a]ny future filings with citations to nonexistent cases

may result in sanctions”); N.E.W. Credit Union v. Mehlhorn, No.

2023AP2187, 2024 WL 3770741, at *2 (Wis. Ct. App. Aug. 13,

2024) (unpublished opinion) (admonishing the appellant for

submitting false citations but declining to dismiss the appeal as a

sanction).

¶ 38 The Missouri Court of Appeals dismissed an appeal where the

self-represented appellant submitted a filing containing false

citations, among other violations of the court’s rules. Kruse v.

Karlen, 692 S.W.3d 43, 53 (Mo. Ct. App. 2024). The appellant’s

violations included his failure “to file an Appendix,” to provide “an

[]adequate Statement of Facts,” and to include a “Points Relied On”

section in her brief. Id. at 47-48. The court concluded that

dismissal was an appropriate remedy because the “[a]ppellant ha[d]

21
substantially failed to comply with [the] court rules.” Id. at 53

(emphasis added).

¶ 39 While we conclude that Al-Hamim’s submission of a brief

containing hallucinations violated C.A.R. 28(a)(7)(B), this deviation

from the Appellate Rules was not as serious as the self-represented

appellant’s misconduct in Kruse. Further, in his response to our

show cause order, Al-Hamim acknowledged his use of AI, apologized

for his mistake, and accepted responsibility for including

hallucinations in his opening brief. (We rejected his request to

submit an amended opening brief that only cited real cases,

however. While we do not impose sanctions against Al-Hamim, his

inclusion of hallucinations in his original brief does not entitle him

to a second opportunity to file an opening brief.)

¶ 40 Because until now, no Colorado appellate court has

considered appropriate sanctions for a self-represented litigant’s

submission of a brief containing GAI-derived hallucinations, and

because the record does not show that Al-Hamim previously filed

court documents containing fake citations, we conclude that

imposing monetary sanctions or dismissing this appeal would be

disproportionate to Al-Hamim’s violation of the Appellate Rules.

22
Further, in their answer brief, the landlords failed to alert this court

to the hallucinations in Al-Hamim’s opening brief and did not

request an award of attorney fees against Al-Hamim. Under the

circumstances, we exercise our discretion not to order Al-Hamim to

pay the landlords’ attorney fees or to impose another form of

sanction against him. See Auxier v. McDonald, 2015 COA 50, ¶ 29,

363 P.3d 747, 754.

¶ 41 However, we warn Al-Hamim, as well as lawyers and

self-represented parties who appear in this court, that we will not

“look kindly on similar infractions in the future.” Anonymous, 2024

WL 3460049, at *7. A lawyer’s or a self-represented party’s future

filing in this court containing GAI-generated hallucinations may

result in sanctions.

IV. Disposition

¶ 42 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE SULLIVAN concur.

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