Covert v. Nationwide Property and Casualty Insurance Company

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SYLVONNIA COVERT, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) C.A. No.: N24C-05-104 FWW
)
NATIONWIDE PROPERTY AND )
CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Defendant. )

Submitted: January 21, 2025
Decided: March 17, 2025

Upon Nationwide Property and Casualty Insurance Company’s Motion for
Summary Judgment,
GRANTED.

ORDER

Kenneth M. Roseman, Esquire, KENNETH ROSEMAN, P.A., 1300 King Street,
P.O. Box 1126, Wilmington, DE 19899, Attorney for Plaintiff Sylvonnia Covert.

Paul D. Sunshine, Esquire, REGER RIZZO & DARNALL LLP, Brandywine Plaza
West, 1521 Concord Pike, Suite 305, Wilmington, DE 19803, Attorney for
Defendant Nationwide Property and Casualty Insurance Company.

WHARTON, J.
This 17th day of March 2025, upon consideration of Defendant Nationwide

Property and Casualty Insurance Company’s (“Nationwide”) Motion for Summary

Judgment,1 Plaintiff Sylvonnia Covert’s (“Covert”) Response,2 Nationwide’s

Reply, 3 Covert’s Supplemental Response,4 Nationwide’s Sur-Reply,5 and the record

in this case, it appears to the Court that:

1. Covert was employed as an in-home caregiver.6 On January 16, 2024,

Covert drove her motor vehicle to the residence where she was employed.7 She

parked the vehicle in front of the garage located at the end of the driveway and

connected to the residence.8 She exited the vehicle and entered the house.9 Once

inside, Covert remembered that she left her cell phone in the vehicle. 10 She then

walked back outside to retrieve it.11

2. In the process of retrieving her cell phone and exiting the vehicle, she:

“(1) reached inside the vehicle, (2) located and picked up the cell phone, (3) backed

away from the vehicle, (4) closed the door, (5) looked at the key fob to lock the door,

1
Nationwide’s Mot. for Summ. J., D.I. 16.
2
Covert’s Resp., D.I. 17.
3
Nationwide’s Reply, D.I. 22.
4
Covert’s Supp. Resp., D.I. 25.
5
Nationwide’s Sur-Reply, D.I. 28.
6
Nationwide’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 1, D.I. 16.
7
Id.
8
Id.
9
Id. at 2.
10
Id.
11
Id.
2
and (6) turned and began to walk to her next destination.”12 She contends that the

process of exiting the vehicle distracted her from observing the ground conditions

near her vehicle causing her to fall on ice and injure herself when she “turned and

took a step” from the vehicle. 13

3. Nationwide insured Covert on the date of the incident.14 The insurance

policy included personal injury protection (“PIP”) coverage. 15 Covert’s Complaint

alleges that Nationwide breached the insurance policy by failing to reimburse her

for medical expenses and lost wages.16

4. Nationwide moved for summary judgment, 17 Covert responded,18 and

Nationwide replied. 19 Then, at Covert’s request, it was permitted to clarify her

argument through a supplemental response 20 after which Nationwide submitted a

sur-reply on January 21, 2024. 21

5. First, Nationwide argues that Covert was not an “occupant” of the

vehicle.22 Specifically, she was not “within a reasonable geographic perimeter” of

12
Covert’s Supp. Resp. at 1, D.I. 25.
13
Id. at 2.
14
Compl. ¶ 4, D.I. 1.
15
Id.
16
Id. ¶ 5.
17
Nationwide’s Mot. for Summ. J., D.I. 16.
18
Covert’s Resp., D.I. 17.
19
Nationwide’s Reply, D.I. 22.
20
Covert’s Supp. Resp., D.I. 25.
21
Nationwide’s Sur-Reply, D.I. 28.
22
Nationwide’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 3, D.I. 16.
3
the vehicle because she was not “within reach” of it, and she was not “engaged in a

task related to the operation of the vehicle” because retrieving a cell phone from a

parked, stationary vehicle has no bearing on its operation.23 Next, Nationwide

argues that Covert was not injured in a motor vehicle accident. 24 Specifically, the

record fails to show that the vehicle was an “active accessory” in causing her

injury.”25 Nationwide adds that finding PIP coverage for a pedestrian slip and fall

would greatly stretch the statutory and contractual definitions of a motor vehicle

accident.26

6. Covert argues that summary judgment should be denied because there

are facts to support a conclusion that Covert was an “occupant” of the vehicle due

to her being in touching distance of it.27 Covert also argues that summary judgment

should be denied as Covert’s vehicle was a significant element leading to her injury,

and there was no intentional or criminal act that broke the causal link between the

use of a vehicle and injuries inflicted. 28 Covert then makes four related points under

this argument: (1) her fall and injury occurred because she was distracted by the act

of exiting her vehicle, 29 (2) the very act of exiting a motor vehicle renders the vehicle

23
Id. at 3-6.
24
Id. at 6.
25
Id. at 6-9.
26
Id. at 9.
27
Covert’s Resp. at 3, D.I. 17.
28
Covert’s Supp. Resp. at 3, D.I. 25.
29
Id.
4
an “active accessory” to any event that occurs while still in the process of exiting, 30

(3) motor vehicles are intended and used to transport people and their possessions,31

and (4) the fact that her vehicle had been parked and shut-off prior to her fall did not

break “the causal connection between the uses of the vehicle and the injuries

inflicted.”32 Lastly, Covert asserts that the Delaware Supreme Court has rejected the

caselaw that Nationwide has cited concerning PIP coverage and slip and fall

injuries.33

7. Nationwide replies that Covert conflates the “occupant” and “active

accessory” definitions when she discusses her exit from the motor vehicle.34

Nationwide adds that Covert erroneously expands the definition of an “occupant,”35

and her arguments fail to properly demonstrate that the vehicle was an “active

accessory.”36 Lastly, Nationwide disagrees that the case law it cited is no longer

good law. 37

8. Superior Court Civil Rule 56(c) provides that summary judgment is

appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving

30
Id.
31
Id. at 4.
32
Id.
33
Covert’s Resp. at 4, D.I. 17.
34
Nationwide’s Sur-Reply at 3, D.I. 28.
35
Id. at 1.
36
Id. at 3.
37
Nationwide’s Reply at 4, D.I. 22.
5
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”38 The moving party initially bears

the burden of demonstrating that the undisputed facts support its claims or

defenses.39 If the moving party meets its burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving

party to show that there are material issues of fact to be resolved by the ultimate

factfinder.40 When considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court's

function is to examine the record, including “the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,” in the

light most favorable to the non-moving party to determine whether genuine issues

of material fact exist “but not to decide such issues.” 41 Summary judgment will only

be appropriate if the Court finds there is no genuine issue of material fact. When

material facts are in dispute, or “it seems desirable to inquire more thoroughly into

the facts, to clarify the application of the law to the circumstances,” summary

judgment will not be appropriate.”42 However, when the facts permit a reasonable

38
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c); Buckley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 139 A.3d 845,
847 (Del. Super. Ct. 2015), aff'd, 140 A.3d 431 (Del. 2016) (quoting Moore v.
Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680 (Del. 1979)).
39
Sizemore, 405 A.2d at 681.
40
Brzoska v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995).
41
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c); Merrill v. Crothall-Am., Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 99-100 (Del.
1992).
42
Ebersole v. Lowengrub, 180 A.2d 467, 468-69 (Del. 1962) (citing Knapp v. Kinsey,
249 F.2d 797 (6th Cir. 1957)).
6
person to draw but one inference, the question becomes one for decision as a matter

of law. 43

9. Delaware requires the owners of Delaware-registered motor vehicles to

obtain certain insurance coverage.44 The PIP mandate requires insurance that

provides for “[c]ompensation to injured persons for reasonable and necessary

expenses ....” 45 PIP coverage is available to each person “occupying such motor

vehicle and to any other person injured in an accident involving such motor vehicle,

other than an occupant of another motor vehicle.” 46

10. To determine whether a claimant is eligible for PIP benefits, the correct

analysis is to apply first the disjunctive two-part test in National Union Fire

Insurance Company of Pittsburgh v. Fisher 47 to determine whether the plaintiff is an

occupant, and second, the two-part test in Kelty v. State Farm Mutual Automobile

Insurance Company48 to determine whether the accident involved a motor vehicle.49

11. Under the test in Fischer, “a person is considered an occupant of the

covered vehicle if he or she is either: (a) within a reasonable geographic perimeter

43
Wooten v. Kiger, 226 A.2d 238, 239 (Del. 1967).
44
Friel v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 2014 WL 1813293, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. May 6,
2014), aff'd, 108 A.3d 1225 (Del. 2015) (citing 21 Del. C. § 2118(a)(2)).
45
Id. (quoting 21 Del. C. § 2118(a)(2)(a)).
46
Id. (quoting 21 Del. C. § 2118(a)(2)(c)).
47
692 A.2d 892, 896 (Del. 1997).
48
73 A.3d 926, 932 (Del. 2013).
49
Buckley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2015 WL 4515699, at *2 (Del. Super.
Ct. July 27, 2015) (citing Friel, 2014 WL 1813293, at *5).
7
of the vehicle or (b) engaged in a task related to the operation of the vehicle.”50 The

Delaware Supreme Court held that “to qualify for occupancy status under the

reasonable geographic perimeter prong of the test, the claimant must be in, entering,

exiting, touching, or within reach of the covered vehicle.”51 And, “that being ‘within

reach of’ a covered vehicle is tantamount to ‘touching’ the vehicle because a person

within touching distance has as much control over the automobile as the person

actually touching it.”52

12. There is disagreement between the parties on whether Covert was

“within reach of” the covered vehicle during the incident under the “occupant”

definition in Fischer. In her first transcribed statement to Nationwide, in response

to being asked whether she was close enough to touch her vehicle, she said, “Yeah.

I was very close, I was very close to my vehicle,”53 maybe two or three feet from

it.54 In her second transcribed statement to Nationwide she said, “I wasn’t far from

my vehicle,” “probably a foot away from my vehicle.”55 Those two statements,

along with Covert’s affidavit affirming the facts in her Supplemental Response,56 if

believed by a fact finder, would place her within reach of her vehicle and, therefore

50
Fischer, 692 A.2d at 896.
51
Id. at 897.
52
Id. at n.18.
53
Covert’s Resp. at 2 (quoting Ex. 2 at 2), D.I. 17.
54
Id. at Ex. 2 at 4, 13.
55
Id. (quoting Ex. 3 at 9).
56
Covert’s Supp. Resp., D.I 25.
8
within its geographic perimeter. At a minimum, when those statements are viewed

in the light most favorable to Covert, there is a genuine dispute of material fact

regarding her proximity to the vehicle, thereby precluding summary judgment.57

Still, “[o]ccupancy alone [would be] insufficient to end the analysis for PIP

eligibility.”58 The Court must determine whether the accident involved a motor

vehicle under Kelty’s two-part test, because “the separate standards outlined in

Fischer and Kelty must be met in the aggregate in order to support a claim for PIP

benefits[.]”59

15. Kelty holds that for a claimant's injury to have occurred in an accident

involving a motor vehicle the insured vehicle must have been an “active accessory”

in causing the injury, and the causal connection between the use of the vehicle and

the claimant's injury must not have been broken by an independent act. 60 The

Delaware Supreme Court defined active accessory to require “something less than

proximate cause in the tort sense and something more than the vehicle being the

mere situs of the injury.” 61

57
Nationwide has attached a drawing to its Motion (Ex. B, D.I. 19) purporting to
show where Covert fell, but the Court finds it unhelpful.
58
Friel, 2014 WL 1813293, at *5.
59
Buckley, 2015 WL 4515699, at *2 (citing Friel, 2014 WL 1813293, at *5).
60
Friel, 2014 WL 1813293, at *4 (citing Kelty, 73 A.3d at 930).
61
Id. (quoting Kelty, 73 A.3d at 931).
9
16. In her Supplemental Response, Covert describes the “process of

retrieving the cell phone and exiting the motor vehicle.” 62 She “(1) reached inside

the vehicle, (2) located and picked up the cell phone, (3) backed away from the

vehicle, (4) closed the door, (5) looked at the key fob to lock the door, and (6) turned

and began to walk to her next destination.”63 She then states, “This process of exiting

to vehicle distracted the Plaintiff from observing the ground conditions near the

vehicle.”64

17. Covert argues that had she “not been engaged in the necessary process

of exiting the vehicle, and distracted by that process, she could have observed and

avoided the ice that caused her fall.”65 But, this argument, at best, goes more to the

occupancy issue under Fisher than the active accessory prong of Kelty. In order to

be an occupant under Fisher, a person either must be within a reasonable geographic

perimeter of the vehicle, or be “engaged in a task related to the operation of the

vehicle.”66 Covert’s vehicle was not an active accessory to anything. She had exited

the vehicle, looked at her key fob to lock the door, turned and began to walk away.

62
Covert’s Supp. Resp., D.I. 25.
63
Id. at 1.
64
Id. at 2.
65
66
Fisher, 692 A.2d at 896.
10
18. In Shaw v. State, 67 this Court addressed the “active accessory” prong of

the Kelty test. Shaw, a Department of Corrections employee, filed a complaint

claiming PIP benefits for medical bills and lost wages. 68 As part of his duties, he

was required to travel to various locations throughout the State in a State vehicle.69

On one assignment, Shaw was injured while entering the front passenger side of the

vehicle.70 He stated that he did not have any issues exiting the vehicle originally,

nor did he notice any ice at the time of his exit.71 As he re-entered the vehicle, his

left hand grabbed the top handle inside the vehicle and his right hand was on the

door. 72 He put his left leg into the vehicle and scooted onto the seat. 73 As he pushed

himself onto the seat with his right leg, his right leg slipped out from under him and

caused him to injure his right knee.74 At that point, Shaw stated that he looked down

and could see the ice on the ground that caused him to slip. 75 Applying Kelty, this

Court found that Shaw “fell because of a patch of ice in the parking lot and not the

67
2021 WL 1291772 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 6, 2021), aff'd, 2021 WL 5121200 (Del.
Nov. 4, 2021).
68
Id. at 1.
69
Id.
70
Id.
71
Id.
72
Id.
73
Id.
74
Id.
75
Id.
11
[v]ehicle.”76 This Court decided that his claim did not qualify for PIP benefits

because the vehicle was not more than a “mere situs” to his injury.77

19. Two other cases discussed in Shaw are relevant here: Hatcher v. State

Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company 78 and Lesniczak v. State Farm Mutual

Automobile Insurance Company.79 In Hatcher, the plaintiff fell in a pothole after

exiting her vehicle.80 The Court determined that the vehicle was not an active

accessory because the plaintiff was not “using” her vehicle as she had already

parked, exited and began to walk towards her destination.81 Since the primary reason

the plaintiff fell was due to the pothole, this Court determined that the vehicle was

not more than the mere situs of the injury. 82 In Lesniczak, the plaintiff was injured

by stepping into a drainage hole while cleaning his vehicle at a self-serve car wash.83

This Court determined that the vehicle was not an “active accessory” to the plaintiff's

injury because the plaintiff was merely cleaning his vehicle, and no facts supported

76
Id. at 4.
77
Id.
78
C.A. No. N15C-12-011 CLS (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 29, 2016).
79
2019 WL 4034351 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 26, 2019).
80
Shaw, 2021 WL 1291772, at *3 (citing Hatcher, C.A. No. N15C-12-011 CLS).
81
Id.
82
Id.
83
Shaw, 2021 WL 1291772, at *3 (citing Lesniack, 2019 WL 4034351).
12
that he had to clean the vehicle in order to continue using it. 84 As a result, this Court

decided that the vehicle was the “mere situs” of the injury.85

20. As in Shaw, Covert fell because of a patch of ice and not the vehicle.

Like the plaintiff in Hatcher, the vehicle here was not an “active accessory” because

Covert was not using her vehicle - she had exited her vehicle and began to walk

towards her destination. The Court is not persuaded that the vehicle should be

considered an “active accessory” because the process of exiting the vehicle had

distracted Covert and contributed to her fall (presumably, Shaw could be said to have

been distracted by the process of getting into his vehicle.) Her mental state after

exiting, turning, and beginning to walk away from the vehicle does not make the

vehicle an active accessory to her injury. Similar to Lesniack, no facts support that

the fall occurred from actions necessary to the continued use the vehicle.

21. The Court finds that the vehicle, to the extent Covert was an occupant

of it, was the mere situs of her injury. Covert’s injury did not involve a motor vehicle

under the Kelty test as it was not an “active accessory.” Because the Court finds that

the vehicle was not an active accessory, it is unnecessary for the Court to address the

“independent significance” prong of Kelty.86

84
Id.
85
Id.
86
Jarrett v. Titan Indem. Co., 2017 WL 6343552, at *5 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 11,
2017).
13
THEREFORE, Defendant Nationwide Property and Casualty Insurance

Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

/s/ Ferris W. Wharton
Ferris W. Wharton. J.

14