Granville Ritchie v. State of Florida

Supreme Court of Florida
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No. SC20-1422
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GRANVILLE RITCHIE,
Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.

June 9, 2022

PER CURIAM.

Granville Ritchie appeals his convictions and sentences,

including his judgment of conviction of first-degree murder and his

sentence of death. We have jurisdiction, see art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla.

Const., and for the reasons below affirm Ritchie’s convictions and

sentences.

BACKGROUND

Ritchie sexually battered and strangled to death the nine-year-

old child victim in this case, F.W., who had been left in Ritchie’s

care by a friend of the child’s family. Ritchie then dumped the
victim’s body in the water off of the Courtney Campbell Causeway

and fabricated a story about her disappearance. The victim’s body

was found washed up against the shoreline the day after she had

been left alone with Ritchie, and Ritchie was later arrested and

indicted on three counts of alleged crimes against the victim: (1)

first-degree murder; (2) sexual battery of a victim less than twelve

years of age by a defendant over the age of eighteen; and (3)

aggravated child abuse. Ritchie’s jury found him guilty as charged

on all three counts. As to first-degree murder, the jury found that

the killing was both premeditated murder and felony murder.

Although Ritchie does not concede guilt, he concedes in his

initial brief that the evidence presented at trial is legally sufficient to

support all three of his convictions. The trial court summarized

that evidence in its sentencing order as follows:

On May 16, 2014, [Ritchie] and Eboni Wiley picked
up the child-victim, [F.W.], from her home in Tampa. Ms.
Wiley was a friend of the victim’s family, and she and
[Ritchie] had recently become involved in a romantic
relationship. After retrieving the victim from her home,
[Ritchie] drove Ms. Wiley and the victim to a fast food
drive-through, to get food for the child-victim, and then
to his mother’s apartment in Temple Terrace [where
Ritchie also lived]. Upon arrival, [Ritchie] provided Ms.
Wiley with “Molly,” a drug similar in its effects to Ecstasy.
After a short time at the apartment, [Ritchie] sent Ms.

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Wiley from the apartment to procure marijuana for him.
Ms. Wiley initially attempted to take the victim with her
to make the purchase of marijuana. However, [Ritchie]
intervened and instructed Ms. Wiley to leave the child-
victim with him at the apartment because Ms. Wiley had
no driver’s license and would have drugs in the car. Ms.
Wiley relented and agreed to leave young [F.W.] alone and
in [Ritchie’s] care.

While alone with [F.W.], [Ritchie] brutally attacked
her, stripped her of her clothing, and sexually battered
her. During the sexual battery, [Ritchie] violently
inflicted blunt force injury to the victim’s head and body
and caused several injuries, both external and internal,
to her genitals by forcefully penetrating the child-victim’s
vagina with his penis. In the course of the attack,
[Ritchie] manually strangled the child-victim with such
force that he caused extensive injuries to her neck,
including damage to the deep internal muscular and
cartilaginous structures. [F.W.] eventually died as a
result of the strangulation. Following the victim’s death,
[Ritchie] proceeded to conceal his actions by hiding the
victim’s body from discovery and informing Ms. Wiley
that the child-victim had left the apartment to buy candy
at a nearby pharmacy. Not finding the child-victim at the
store, Ms. Wiley returned to the apartment, where she
and [Ritchie] fabricated a story concerning the victim’s
whereabouts. [Ritchie] also contacted his mother, and
informed her that the victim was missing and advised her
regarding the fabricated story, in the event she was
questioned by law enforcement.

Later that evening, [Ritchie] drove Ms. Wiley back to
Tampa and dropped her off. He then returned to the
apartment and placed the victim’s body in a rolling
suitcase in order to relocate the body for disposal.
[Ritchie] then rolled the suitcase out of the apartment
and to the vehicle he was driving, where he placed the
suitcase containing the victim’s body into the trunk of

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the car. [As established by red light camera footage and
cell tower data, Ritchie] then proceeded to drive away
from the apartment late that night, travelling across
Hillsborough County, through the City of Tampa toward
Clearwater, across the Courtney Campbell Causeway.
Shortly after crossing the main bridge of the causeway,
[Ritchie] entered onto a side access road running along
the north side of the causeway. After travelling
approximately two miles down the access road, [Ritchie]
came to an area of thick vegetation that provided
concealment from the main road of the causeway. It was
at this location that [Ritchie] removed the suitcase from
the trunk of the vehicle, retrieved the child-victim’s body
from the suitcase, and dumped her into the dark waters
of the bay. After disposing of the victim’s body, [Ritchie]
travelled to St. Petersburg to stay the night at the home
of another girlfriend . . . . At some point, [Ritchie]
disposed of the victim’s clothing and the suitcase used to
transport her body.

While [Ritchie] was actively attempting to conceal
any evidence of his rape and murder of [F.W.], law
enforcement and the victim’s family met with Ms. Wiley
in Temple Terrace, near the location of the crime. Ms.
Wiley initially advised law enforcement and the victim’s
family as to the fabricated story concocted by [Ritchie],
that she had taken the victim to visit a friend of hers, and
while at that location, the child had run away from her
friend’s apartment. At first, Ms. Wiley made no mention
of [Ritchie] ever having involvement with the child-victim.
However, after extensive questioning by law enforcement,
Ms. Wiley finally yielded, and admitted that she and
[Ritchie] had taken the victim to [Ritchie’s] apartment,
where the child-victim disappeared while in [Ritchie’s]
care. After the discovery of [Ritchie’s] identity, law
enforcement made contact with him and ultimately
placed [Ritchie] into custody. On May 17, 2014, [F.W.’s]
body was recovered on the north side of the Courtney
Campbell Causeway in Old Tampa Bay, in the same

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approximate location [Ritchie] had dumped her, washed
up against the rocky shoreline of the causeway.

Following the guilt-phase verdict, Ritchie’s case proceeded to a

penalty phase on the first-degree murder conviction. After hearing

evidence and argument from the State and Ritchie, the jury

unanimously found that the State had established beyond a

reasonable doubt the following three aggravating factors: (1) the

victim of the capital felony was a person less than twelve years of

age, (2) the capital felony was committed while the defendant was

engaged in the commission of a sexual battery, and (3) the capital

felony was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC). The jury

further unanimously found that the aggravating factors proven by

the State beyond a reasonable doubt are sufficient to warrant a

possible sentence of death. One or more individual jurors found

that one or more mitigating factors were established by the greater

weight of the evidence. The jury then unanimously found that the

aggravating factors proven by the State beyond a reasonable doubt

outweigh the established mitigating circumstances. Finally, the

jury unanimously recommended the death penalty.

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After holding a Spencer1 hearing at which neither party

presented additional witnesses or evidence, the trial court followed

the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Ritchie to death. 2 In its

sentencing order, the trial court found that the State had proven

beyond a reasonable doubt all three of the aggravating factors found

by the jury. The trial court assigned great weight to each

aggravator and further found the aggravating factors sufficient to

warrant the imposition of a death sentence. Regarding mitigation,

the trial court rejected several of Ritchie’s proposed statutory and

nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, but found and assigned

moderate weight to the statutory mitigating circumstance that

Ritchie had no significant history of prior criminal activity. The trial

court also found and assigned the noted weight to the following

nonstatutory mitigating circumstances: (1) defendant suffered

1. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993).

2. In addition to sentencing Ritchie to death for the first-
degree murder of F.W., the trial court also sentenced Ritchie to life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole for his conviction of
sexual battery of a victim less than twelve years of age by a
defendant over the age of eighteen, and to thirty years’
imprisonment for his conviction of aggravated child abuse, with all
three sentences to run consecutively.

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mental and physical abuse by his father and defendant’s father was

often absent because of four different families (moderate weight); (2)

defendant was raised in a poverty-stricken and violent

neighborhood in Kingston, Jamaica (little weight); (3) defendant was

the oldest of eighteen siblings and helped raised them (little weight);

(4) defendant was gainfully employed at various jobs (little weight);

and (5) defendant was kind and generous to others and possesses

other positive redeeming qualities (little weight). In imposing the

death sentence, the trial court found that the aggravating factors

“heavily outweigh” the mitigating circumstances.

Ritchie now appeals.

ANALYSIS

In this direct appeal, Ritchie challenges his sentence of death. 3

He argues that he is entitled to a new penalty phase because (1) the

3. Because Ritchie does not challenge his convictions or
sentences for the nonhomicide crimes against the victim, we affirm
those convictions and sentences without further comment.
Although Ritchie also does not challenge his first-degree murder
conviction, we nevertheless review the sufficiency of the evidence to
support that conviction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.142(a)(5) (“On direct
appeal in death penalty cases, whether or not insufficiency of the
evidence is an issue presented for review, the court shall review the
issue and, if necessary, remand for the appropriate relief.”). As
Ritchie acknowledges in his initial brief, competent, substantial

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cumulative impact of improper comments by the prosecutor during

the penalty phase closing argument deprived him of a fair penalty

phase; (2) Florida law regarding the presentation of victim impact

evidence is unconstitutional on its face and as applied in his case;

(3) the trial court erred in ordering audio redactions to a mitigation

video submitted by Ritchie and by allowing the State to present

improper rebuttal evidence to the video; and (4) the cumulative

prejudicial effect of the trial errors alleged in issues one through

three deprived him of a fair penalty phase.

(1) The Prosecutor’s Comments

Ritchie first argues that the cumulative impact of several

improper comments by the prosecutor during the penalty phase

closing argument—only one of which trial counsel objected to—

deprived him of a fair penalty phase. We first analyze each of the

comments. Then, as explained below, because Ritchie failed to

properly preserve any issue for appeal since the trial court did not

rule on trial counsel’s lone objection, we consider whether,

evidence in the record, including the facts set forth above, supports
his conviction for the first-degree murder of F.W., under both
theories of premeditated and felony murder.

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cumulatively, the comments we determine are improper amount to

fundamental error. See Smith v. State, 320 So. 3d 20, 27 (Fla.

2021) (“If an issue is not preserved, it is reviewed only for

fundamental error.”); see also Braddy v. State, 111 So. 3d 810, 838

(Fla. 2012) (reviewing whether “the cumulative effect of those

unpreserved comments in which we identif[ed] possible error

constitute[s] fundamental error”). 4

Mercy

Ritchie first argues that the prosecutor improperly asked the

jury to extend the “same mercy” to Ritchie that Ritchie extended to

the victim. See Brooks v. State, 762 So. 2d 879, 901 (Fla. 2000)

(explaining that “same mercy” arguments are prohibited).

In addressing the HAC aggravator during his penalty phase

closing argument, the prosecutor stated, without objection:

This isn’t pleasant to think about. It isn’t pleasant.
It’s not natural to sit here and think about this and walk
through this. This is ugly. This is nastiness. But you
have to think about this because you’re considering what

4. Ritchie’s initial brief was not clear as to whether, in
addition to his cumulative error claim, he was also seeking reversal
as a result of prejudicial error caused by each improper comment.
However, Ritchie’s counsel conceded at oral argument that he is
only seeking relief based on cumulative error.

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his penalty should be. And to ultimately, to be able to do
that in an honest and fair and just manner, you have to
consider what this little girl suffered and what she went
through.

Remember this when you’re back there deliberating.
Remember this when the idea of mercy maybe starts to
[percolate] a little bit up into your mind. Remember that
during these several minutes at least three minutes to
inflict all of these injuries to her body, remember there
was never, not for one second, relief for this little girl.
She never had relief during this. She was suffering in
excruciating pain from . . . her genitals all the way up [to
the top of her head]. There was nothing that wasn’t
unpleasant, painful about this murder. He absolutely
brutalized her.

. . . And you can consider that when you’re
considering whether we have proven whether this is
heinous, atrocious or cruel or torturous, because you can
consider, like I said earlier, whether he exerted any
mercy at all to her, any pity to her.

Shortly thereafter, while still addressing the HAC aggravator,

the prosecutor stated, “[W]hen you’re back there deliberating, when

you’re considering whether you should give him life and whether

you should personally extend mercy to this defendant. Did he

extend mercy to this little girl?” The prosecutor continued to argue,

“Because in the heinous, atrocious [or] cruel instruction --,” at

which point Ritchie’s trial counsel objected and requested to

approach the bench.

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During the bench conference, trial counsel moved for a

mistrial, arguing that “the State has made two maybe three mercy

arguments” that improperly ask the jury to “give the same mercy” to

the defendant that he gave to the victim. The prosecutor responded

that he had not argued that the jury should give Ritchie the “same

mercy” that Ritchie gave to the victim, but that he was instead

“talking about [Ritchie’s] failure to exercise mercy to [the victim],”

which is “part of the instruction on HAC.” After hearing from

counsel, the trial judge stated,

I don’t recall him saying that, but obviously relate the
term mercy . . . to the context of HAC. Don’t relate it to
any mercy the jury may or may not show the defendant,
okay.

Following the trial court’s instruction, the bench conference

concluded and the penalty phase continued without the trial court

having ruled on either the objection or the motion for mistrial.

When the prosecutor continued his argument after the bench

conference, the first thing he said was, “When you’re considering

whether [t]he State has proven the aggravating factor of heinous,

atrocious[, or] cruel, you can consider whether the defendant

extended mercy to her, you can consider how pitiless the crime

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was.” Thereafter, Ritchie’s trial counsel did not renew either the

objection or motion for mistrial or otherwise raise the trial court’s

failure to rule. Trial counsel also did not request a curative

instruction.

Before we address whether these comments were improper, we

analyze whether Ritchie properly preserved this issue for our

review. We do so because although Ritchie has raised only a

cumulative error claim, and although our cumulative error analysis

must “examine[] the entire closing argument, paying specific

attention to the challenged comments—whether preserved or not,”

the standard of review differs depending upon whether an issue is

preserved. Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 846-47 (explaining the harmless

error standard of review that applies where a challenge to improper

prosecutorial comments is preserved and the fundamental error

standard of review that applies where the challenge is not

preserved). Our precedent is clear that “[t]o be preserved, the issue

or legal argument must be raised and ruled on by the trial court.”

Rhodes v. State, 986 So. 2d 501, 513 (Fla. 2008).

In Ritchie’s case, when the prosecutor first referenced mercy,

trial counsel did not contemporaneously object and thus failed to

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preserve any issue with respect to that portion of the closing

argument. See Card v. State, 803 So. 2d 613, 622 (Fla. 2001) (“As a

general rule, the failure to raise a contemporaneous objection when

improper closing argument comments are made waives any claim

concerning such comments for appellate review.”).

Later, while still reviewing the evidence that supported the

HAC aggravator, the prosecutor again referenced mercy. This time

trial counsel contemporaneously objected and requested a mistrial.

However, contrary to our precedent requiring trial counsel to obtain

a ruling on any such objection or motion, see Rhodes, 986 So. 2d at

513, trial counsel here failed to do so. The record before us is that

the trial court did not “recall” the prosecutor having made a “same

mercy” argument, but nonetheless instructed the prosecutor to

“obviously relate the term mercy . . . to the context of HAC. Don’t

relate it to any mercy the jury may or may not show the defendant,

okay.”

At oral argument, Ritchie’s counsel maintained that the trial

court’s statement effectively overruled the objection, thereby

preserving his challenge to this portion of the prosecutor’s

argument and obviating the requirement to obtain a ruling on the

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motion for mistrial. See Robinson v. State, 989 So. 2d 747, 750

(Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (“[T]o preserve an error founded on an objection

at trial, it is necessary to move for a mistrial only when the

objection is sustained, not when it is overruled. When objections

are overruled, a motion for mistrial would be futile.”) (citing Simpson

v. State, 418 So. 2d 984, 986 (Fla. 1982)). We disagree with Ritchie

that the trial court ruled on, let alone overruled, the objection.

On analogous facts, in a decision not cited by either of the

parties, we held that an “objected-to comment was not adequately

preserved” where “[t]he trial court did not sustain or overrule the

objection, but asked the prosecutor to clarify his argument.”

Wheeler v. State, 4 So. 3d 599, 609 (Fla. 2009). In Wheeler, defense

counsel objected to the prosecutor’s closing argument regarding the

“number of people that have been affected” by the victim’s murder

on the ground that the prosecutor was improperly arguing victim

impact evidence as aggravation. Id. at 610. The prosecutor

responded, “It is not in any way intended to be argued as an

aggravator. It is simply for [the jury] to understand that everybody

has been affected by this. And my further comment will be, that’s

not what they can make their decision on.” Id. The trial court then

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instructed the prosecutor to “[m]ake that clear and limit it as best

you can,” and the prosecutor clarified his argument accordingly. Id.

We see no meaningful difference between the trial court’s

instruction in Wheeler and the trial court’s instruction here.

Accordingly, because Ritchie’s trial counsel failed to

contemporaneously object to the prosecutor’s first mercy comment

and failed to obtain a ruling on his objection to the second

comment, Ritchie’s challenge to these comments is not preserved

for our review. 5

Although Ritchie’s failure to properly preserve his challenge to

the prosecutor’s mercy comments precludes application of the

harmless error standard of review, we write further to address

5. In arguing for the harmless error standard of review,
Ritchie noted in his initial brief that the trial court had granted his
pretrial “Motion in Limine Precluding Improper Penalty Phase
Argument.” However, we have previously explained that “[t]he
general pretrial motion in limine does not constitute a
contemporaneous objection to the prosecutor’s arguments.”
Wheeler, 4 So. 3d at 609; see also id. at 609 n.6 (explaining that
section 90.104(1), Florida Statutes, which “was amended in 2003 to
make a contemporaneous objection to admission or exclusion of
evidence unnecessary in order to preserve the issue for appeal
where a prior ‘definitive ruling’ has been obtained . . . . does not
apply . . . to claims of error in prosecutorial argument”).

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another glaring problem with Ritchie’s argument in favor of that

standard. The harmless error standard would only apply if the trial

court had overruled trial counsel’s objection. See Cardona v. State,

185 So. 3d 514, 520 (Fla. 2016) (“Where the comments were

improper and the defense objected, but the trial court erroneously

overruled defense counsel’s objection, we apply the harmless error

standard of review.”). Here, the trial court agreed with trial counsel

that it was improper for the State to argue mercy outside of asking

the jury to find the HAC aggravator and cautioned the prosecutor to

limit his argument accordingly before allowing the penalty phase to

continue. Thus, if we could read rulings into the record, which we

cannot, see Rhodes, 986 So. 2d at 513, we would conclude that the

trial court sustained trial counsel’s objection but denied the related

motion for mistrial. On those facts, we would review for abuse of

discretion, not harmless error. See Andres v. State, 254 So. 3d 283,

301 (Fla. 2018) (holding the trial court properly sustained defense

counsel’s objection to an improper comment by the prosecutor but

did not abuse its discretion in denying the related motion for

mistrial).

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Turning to whether the prosecutor’s mercy comments were

improper, Ritchie correctly argues that the State may not, in

seeking a recommendation of death, ask the jury to show the

defendant the “same mercy” as the defendant showed to the victim.

See Brooks, 762 So. 2d at 901. However, the prosecutor in Ritchie’s

case referenced mercy while arguing for the HAC aggravator, where

the mercy or lack thereof shown to the victim by the defendant is

relevant. See Davis v. State, 121 So. 3d 462, 497-98 (Fla. 2013)

(“This Court has emphasized that in order to qualify as HAC, ‘the

crime must be both conscienceless or pitiless and unnecessarily

torturous to the victim.’ ”) (quoting Richardson v. State, 604 So. 2d

1107, 1109 (Fla. 1992)).

Viewing the prosecutor’s comments in context, the first one

was not improper. Rather, the prosecutor limited his argument to

evidence that was relevant to the proper application of the HAC

aggravator, namely evidence establishing that Ritchie’s murder of

the victim was merciless. In contrast, in the second comment, after

asking the jurors to consider whether Ritchie had extended mercy

to the victim, the prosecutor also asked them to consider the lack of

mercy that Ritchie had showed to the victim “when you’re

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considering whether you should give him life and whether you

should personally extend mercy to this defendant.” We

acknowledge that because the prosecutor addressed mercy in the

context of HAC, this argument is not as clear-cut of a violation as

many of the “same mercy” arguments we have previously

condemned. See, e.g., Brooks, 762 So. 2d at 901 (“[I]f you are

tempted to show the defendants mercy or pity, I’m going to ask you

show them the same mercy, the same pity that they showed [the

victim] on [the day of the murder], and that is none.”); Merck v.

State, 975 So. 2d 1054, 1061-62 (Fla. 2007) (condemning as

improper the prosecutor’s description of the defendant’s proposed

mitigation as “[t]hings about [the defendant’s] background they

believe should warrant you affording him some mercy that he never

afforded [the victim]” and the argument that “there should be no

mercy for a merciless crime”). Nevertheless, the jury’s ability to

extend mercy to Ritchie is irrelevant to the HAC aggravator. See

Davis, 121 So. 3d at 497-98. Similarly, whether Ritchie showed the

victim mercy during the killing is irrelevant to the jury’s

determination as to whether to extend mercy to Ritchie. See Fla.

Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 7.11 (“Regardless of the results of each

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juror’s individual weighing process—even if you find that the

sufficient aggravators outweigh the mitigators—the law neither

compels nor requires you to determine that the defendant should be

sentenced to death.”). Accordingly, we conclude that the prosecutor

crossed the line into improper argument when he related the jury’s

ability to extend mercy to Ritchie to Ritchie’s failure to show the

victim any mercy.

Golden Rule Arguments

Ritchie next contends that the prosecutor made two “classic”

and one “variant” golden rule arguments. A golden rule argument

is an “argument[] that invite[s] the jurors to place themselves in the

victim’s position and ‘imagine the victim’s final pain, terror and

defenselessness.’ ” Merck, 975 So. 2d at 1062 (quoting Bertolotti v.

State, 476 So. 2d 130, 133 (Fla. 1985)).

As to the two alleged “classic” violations, Ritchie first argues

that the prosecutor improperly asked the jurors, “Can you imagine

the dread of knowing that your life is ending and you’re feeling pain

all over your body as it’s bleeding internally from all of these

injuries, the pain and suffering of feeling the penetration, feeling the

tearing and ripping of sensitive tissue . . . . And that pain would

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have been exponentially greater for a little girl, a little, innocent

girl.” Second, Ritchie argues that the prosecutor made an improper

golden rule argument by inviting the jury to “go back” to the minute

of silence he had included in his guilt-phase closing argument to

demonstrate how long Ritchie would have choked the victim while

waiting for her to die.

As we have explained, “The State can comment on the crime

as long as the comments ‘are based on evidence introduced at trial

and are relevant to the circumstances of [the crime] or relevant

aggravators,’ but may not ‘cross the line by inviting the jurors to

place themselves in the position of the victim.’ ” Braddy, 111 So.

3d at 842 (quoting Mosley v. State, 46 So. 3d 510, 521 (Fla. 2009)).

In Ritchie’s case, viewing the arguments in the context in which

they were made, we hold that the first, but not the second,

argument was an improper golden rule argument.

Both arguments were clearly made in support of the HAC

aggravator, to which the victim’s suffering and the defendant’s

indifference to the victim’s suffering are relevant. See Merck, 975

So. 2d at 1062-63. However, in the first argument, the prosecutor

did not simply use pronouns like “you” and “your” while recounting

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what the evidence showed about the victim’s injuries and suffering;

rather, he expressly asked the jurors whether they could “imagine”

what it would be like if that was happening to them. Cf. Braddy,

111 So. 3d at 843 (recognizing that the prosecutor’s “repeated use

of the pronoun ‘you’ suggests” an improper invitation for the jurors

to place themselves in the victim’s position) (emphasis added).

Moreover, after asking the jurors to “imagine” Ritchie’s attack on

the victim happening to them, the prosecutor went further, stating

“that pain would have been exponentially greater for a little girl.”

We find these comments, taken together and in context,

impermissibly asked the jurors to imagine pain to themselves, and

to compare that pain to an idea of what the victim must have felt.

Such an argument “inviting the jurors to place themselves in the

position of the victim,” Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 842 (quoting Mosley,

46 So. 3d at 521), is precisely what the rule prohibits.

In contrast, in his second argument, the prosecutor

appropriately focused on asking the jury to consider what the

evidence showed as to the length of the attack and what the victim

experienced while Ritchie was compressing her neck. See Merck,

975 So. 2d at 1064 (“invit[ing] the jurors to vividly imagine how long

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a minute could feel . . . did not invite the jurors to place themselves

in the victim’s position”).

Ritchie also claims, and the State appears to concede, at least

in part, that an “imaginary script” variant violation of the rule

occurred when the prosecutor improperly asked the jury to put the

prosecutor’s “own imaginary words in the victim’s mouth.” Urbin v.

State, 714 So. 2d 411, 421 (Fla. 1998), receded from on other

grounds by Lawrence v. State, 308 So. 3d 544 (Fla. 2020).

Specifically, the prosecutor made the following argument regarding

evidence presented during the guilt phase establishing that a 911

call, on which nothing from the caller could be heard before the call

disconnected, was made from Ritchie’s phone during the time

period that the victim was alone with Ritchie:

[S]he wouldn’t have made a call to 9-1-1 unless this little
girl was so scared as to be scared out of her mind.

And as we talked about, the innocence, the
vulnerability of children, their fear is a heightened level of
fear, a special kind of fear. This is before this man laid
hands on her. And we know that because she was able
to get his phone and make this call. Maybe he had
fondled her or kissed her or taken her clothes off or had
started doing something to her, but he wasn’t strangling
her to death at this point. This is well before that. That’s
-- This is well before the multiple minutes of suffering

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physically and emotionally that she went through with
strangulation and rape.

But even before all of that, when you’re back there
deliberating on this verdict . . . I want you to consider
that call and consider the fear that that little girl must
have been experiencing even before he put a hand on her.
And that was just the beginning of the attack, that’s just
the beginning.

In that call, I asked you a couple of days ago if you
could hear the fear in her silence. I’d ask you now, can
you hear the echoes in that call of the screams that came
after that and the crying and the pain and the anguish
that reverberated off the walls of that empty apartment.

Although portions of the State’s argument, including that the

victim experienced pain, confusion, and fear during the attack,

could reasonably be inferred from the evidence presented, there was

no evidence establishing when the 911 call was made relative to the

attack, including whether the call was made before or after any

kissing, fondling, or undressing had occurred, or what the victim’s

state of mind was during the call. We agree with Ritchie that

attempting to fill the silence of the 911 call with such improper

speculation violates the “imaginary script” variant of the prohibition

on golden rule arguments. See Urbin, 714 So. 2d at 421 (holding

that “the prosecutor . . . went far beyond the evidence in

emotionally creating an imaginary script” for the murder).

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Comment on Right to Jury Trial and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment

Next, Ritchie claims that the prosecutor improperly

commented on his exercise of his right to a jury trial and improperly

encouraged the jury to recommend a death sentence based on anti-

immigrant sentiment. Immediately prior to making the comments

that Ritchie claims are improper, the prosecutor had been

addressing certain mitigation submitted by Ritchie, including

witness testimony about Ritchie’s family in Jamaica and a video

that Ritchie had submitted to depict the conditions in the area of

Jamaica where he lived for a number of years. Specifically, the

prosecutor had argued:

Now, I’m not going to sit up here and tell you that
where he grew up in the garrison and Kingston, Jamaica
is some up scale neighborhood, it clearly is not, it clearly
is not. We have neighborhoods like that here in this
country. . . . [T]hey are call[ed] ghettoes or slums. We
have high crime areas . . . .

....

So [Ritchie] was raised in a status and privileged
position as the son of the Don or Dan of this garrison.
He enjoyed that privilege.

You saw a bunch of really not horrible but kind of
rundown neighborhoods, but then you see this beautiful
high school that he went to . . . that he had to make good

- 24 -
grades to get into . . . [and that] his privilege helped him
get into the school.

This defendant was raised with privilege. This
defendant was able to get a GED or a[n] equivalent of a
high school diploma. And then we know this defendant
was able to immigrate to this country. I believe the one
lady in the video called it migrating.

Immediately thereafter, the prosecutor continued his

argument with the following comments, which Ritchie contends are

improper:

He immigrated here to this country years ago. And as he
lived here, he enjoyed the benefits of this country we live
in, the greatest country on the face of the earth.

He enjoyed all these benefit[s] we talked about. He
enjoyed the due process rights we talked about. He
enjoyed the fact that we carry the burden of proof to
prove his guilt, that he is presumed innocent, that he is
entitled to a jury of his peers to not just determine
whether he’s guilty or not, but a jury of his peers to
determine the appropriate sentence. Because this isn’t
Jamaica or some other country, this is the United States
where this defendant gets to have you determine his
sentence, not some bureaucrat, not some single judge,
not some single person, not some star chamber, but you,
his fellow citizens. He [has] enjoyed all of these benefits.
He’s enjoyed the benefit of a neutral and unbiased judge.
He’s enjoyed the benefit of competent -- very competent
defense counsel during this case.

After making these comments, which Ritchie now challenges,

the prosecutor immediately continued, “So we know he was able to

- 25 -
pull himself up out of that situation, move here where he had all

these opportunities to this country. And we saw how he took

advantage of those opportunities. He took advantage of them by

manipulating all these women in his life . . . .”

Although portions of the prosecutor’s comments, which we will

address below, are improper, viewed in context, the argument does

not amount to an improper comment on Ritchie’s exercise of his

right to a jury trial. The prosecutor certainly referenced the right,

but we have previously recognized that “referencing” the right to a

jury trial will not always cross the line into an improper comment.

Evans v. State, 177 So. 3d 1219, 1236 (Fla. 2015) (“referencing” the

right to a jury trial “may at times fall within the ‘wide latitude’ that

is given to attorneys during closing arguments” (quoting Merck, 975

So. 2d at 1061)), receded from on other grounds by Johnson v. State,

252 So. 3d 1114 (Fla. 2018). In Evans, we explained that error

occurs where the prosecutor’s remarks “negatively reflect[] upon

[the defendant’s] exercise of his constitutional right.” Id. For

example, in Evans, the prosecutor’s comment crossed the line

because it was “specifically directed at [the defendant’s] decision to

seek a jury trial despite the significant incriminating evidence

- 26 -
against him” and “suggested that he wasted the time of the court

and the jury by seeking a jury trial.” Id. In contrast, in Ritchie’s

case, the prosecutor addressed the right to a jury trial in a positive

fashion in describing how far Ritchie had come from his troubled

life in Jamaica without negatively reflecting upon Ritchie’s exercise

of that right or any other constitutional right. Accordingly, we

disagree with Ritchie that the challenged argument constitutes an

improper comment on Ritchie’s exercise of his right to a jury trial.

We agree with Ritchie, however, that portions of the

prosecutor’s argument went too far. Ritchie’s proposed

nonstatutory mitigation put at issue his background, including his

experiences in Jamaica and his emigration. Similarly, his proposed

statutory mitigator of substantial impairment, see § 921.141(7)(f),

Fla. Stat. (2021), allowed the prosecutor to address evidence

showing that Ritchie had the ability to manipulate others and, in

the prosecutor’s words, the ability to “pull himself up out of [his]

situation” in Jamaica. However, the fact remains that Ritchie was

not on trial in Jamaica. Thus, it was improper for the prosecutor to

comment about the Jamaican legal system or to compare it to the

legal system in the United States.

- 27 -
In the same vein, we find particularly troubling another

comment, which Ritchie also mentions in his brief, where the

prosecutor compared Ritchie’s “comfortable” life while awaiting trial

in jail, to what his life would have been like had he been on trial in

Jamaica. Referring to Ritchie’s ability to have his girlfriend deposit

money in his jail canteen account, which Ritchie used to purchase

food that allowed him to gain weight while awaiting trial, the

prosecutor argued, “You really think that would happen in

Jamaica? You think that would happen in the countries of the

Caribbean? It happens here in this country because he enjoyed all

those rights, the constitutional rights.”

We agree with Ritchie’s argument on appeal that such

irrelevant comparisons served no purpose except to imply that he

had “bit the hand that fed him.” See Bertolotti, 476 So. 2d at 134

(“The proper exercise of closing argument is to review the evidence

and to explicate those inferences which may reasonably be drawn

from the evidence. Conversely, it must not be used to inflame the

minds and passions of the jurors so that their verdict reflects an

emotional response to the crime or the defendant rather than the

logical analysis of the evidence in light of the applicable law.”). To

- 28 -
the extent the prosecutor’s rhetoric could be taken as anti-

immigrant, we condemn such rhetoric in the strongest possible

terms; it has no place in our courts.

President Reagan

Ritchie next argues that, by comparing his difficult childhood

to the difficult childhood experienced by the late President Ronald

Reagan, the prosecutor improperly attached an aggravating label to

a mitigating factor and improperly appealed to the jury’s emotions.

See Walker v. State, 707 So. 2d 300, 314 (Fla. 1997) (“[T]he State

may not attach aggravating labels to factors that actually should

militate in favor of a lesser penalty . . . .”); Ruiz v. State, 743 So. 2d

1, 6-7 (Fla. 1999) (holding that the prosecutor’s request for “jurors

to do their duty as citizens just as her own father had done his duty

for his country in Operation Desert Storm” was a “blatant appeal to

jurors’ emotions”). We disagree.

The Reagan comparison did not improperly ask the jury to

consider mitigation as aggravation. Rather, the prosecutor made

the comments at issue in the context of arguing the appropriate

weight that the jury should give to Ritchie’s proposed mitigation

related to his difficult and abusive childhood where the record also

- 29 -
showed that Ritchie had been able to “pull himself up out of [his]

situation” in Jamaica by immigrating to the United States. See

Bush v. State, 295 So. 3d 179, 211 (Fla. 2020) (finding no error

where, in comparing the defendant’s difficult childhood to the

evidence that the defendant “had the ability to pull himself out of all

of that stuff from his childhood,” “the prosecutor consistently

framed his comments in terms of the amount of weight that the jury

should assign”); see also Fletcher v. State, 168 So. 3d 186, 215 (Fla.

2015) (recognizing that although prosecutors “may not ask the jury

to compare the life choices of the victim with the life choices of the

defendant,” this Court’s precedent does not “stand[] for the

proposition that a prosecutor cannot make broad statements that

other people in the community with the same background or

characteristics as the defendant do not commit murder”). Nor is

the prosecutor’s Reagan comparison remotely similar to the

impermissible appeal to the jurors’ emotions that occurred when

the prosecutor in Ruiz asked the jurors to do their moral duty by

returning a recommendation for death just as her own heroic father

had done his duty by serving in Operation Desert Storm despite

also having cancer. Ruiz, 743 So. 2d at 6-7.

- 30 -
Speculation Regarding Mitigation Video

Ritchie also claims that the prosecutor improperly speculated

as to what defense mitigation witnesses would have said on cross-

examination. See Hutchinson v. State, 882 So. 2d 943, 953 (Fla.

2004) (“Improper bolstering occurs when the State . . . indicates

that information not presented to the jury supports the witness’s

testimony.”), abrogated on other grounds by Deparvine v. State, 995

So. 2d 351 (Fla. 2008); Thompson v. State, 318 So. 2d 549, 551-52

(Fla. 4th DCA 1975) (explaining that it is improper for the

prosecutor to imply that he possesses additional knowledge or

information about the case that was not disclosed to the jury).

Specifically, when addressing the individuals who were interviewed

for a video that Ritchie presented in mitigation, the prosecutor

argued:

Neither of them, none of them, not a one of them
was subjected to cross-examination about what their
potential biases would be, their potential motives would
be, what their past is, what their relationship is to the
defendant other than a little blurb up there. None of
them were subjected to the testing, the due process
testing that this defendant was able to receive all through
this trial. We didn’t get that. We weren’t afforded that.
We didn’t get an opportunity and you didn’t get an
opportunity to hear what we may have asked them and
what they may have told us if we had cross-examined

- 31 -
them. You got a light-most-favorable-to-the-defendant
version of facts about him.

We disagree that this argument constitutes improper

speculation as to how these individuals would have testified had

they been cross-examined, let alone the improper bolstering

prohibited by Hutchinson or a suggestion, contrary to Thompson,

that the prosecutor had additional information that was not

presented to the jury. Rather, the prosecutor accurately stated that

these individuals had not been subjected to cross-examination.

Moreover, the prosecutor’s argument as to not knowing what

possible biases or motives the people on the video may have had

was supported by evidence presented during the penalty phase,

namely the testimony of a witness who suggested that the people

who were interviewed for the video may have been motivated by

Ritchie’s father’s status in their community.

True and Just Verdict

In his final challenge to the prosecutor’s penalty phase closing

argument, Ritchie takes issue with the following argument:

These aggravating circumstances, as I said, they
tower because they are giant pillars of proof, they really
are. They are like mountains of proof with deep running,
deep foundations that support them; the kind of proof,

- 32 -
the kind of aggravating factors you can stand on in
determining that this defendant should be sentenced to
death; the kind of evidence that would support that
decision and give you the firm belief and knowledge that
it’s the true and just verdict in this case; and it allows
your decision to be one that you can live with for the rest
of the day, for the rest of the week, for the rest of this
year and for the rest of your lives knowing you did the
right and just thing sentencing this defendant to death.

Having reviewed the closing argument in its entirety, we find

no error because the prosecutor was not arguing, contrary to Urbin,

714 So. 2d at 421, that “any juror’s vote for a life sentence would be

irresponsible and a violation of the juror’s lawful duty.” Rather,

after explaining why the aggravation was sufficient to support a

recommendation of death and why the aggravation outweighed the

mitigation, the above comments constituted the prosecutor’s

argument as to why the jury should determine that the death

penalty was an appropriate sentence. At no point during the

prosecutor’s argument did he improperly argue that the jury could

not lawfully recommend a life sentence.

Cumulative Error

As explained above, the prosecutor’s closing argument

included an erroneous “same mercy” argument, presented two

improper golden rule arguments, and improperly expressed anti-

- 33 -
immigrant sentiment. However, because none of these issues were

properly preserved for our review, and because Ritchie’s sole claim

on appeal with respect to these comments is one of cumulative

error, he is entitled to new penalty phase only if the combined

prejudice resulting from these errors amounts to fundamental error.

See Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 838.

Fundamental error “reaches down into the validity of the trial

itself to the extent that a . . . jury recommendation of death could

not have been obtained without the assistance of the alleged error.”

Card, 803 So. 2d at 622 (citing McDonald v. State, 743 So. 2d 501,

505 (Fla. 1999)). As we have recently reiterated, “Defendants have

no constitutional due process right to correct an unpreserved error,

and appellate courts should ‘exercise . . . discretion under the

doctrine of fundamental error very guardedly.’ ” Smith, 320 So. 3d

at 27 (quoting Sanford v. Rubin, 237 So. 2d 134, 137 (Fla. 1970)).

In Smith, we explained that “[c]ourts correct errors as fundamental

despite a party’s failure to conform to procedural rules regarding

preservation” where necessary “ ‘to protect the interests of justice

itself.’ ” Id. (quoting Maddox v. State, 760 So. 2d 89, 98 (Fla.

2000)); see also Calloway v. State, 210 So. 3d 1160, 1191 (Fla.

- 34 -
2017) (“Fundamental error must amount to a denial of due process,

and consequently, should be found to apply where prejudice

follows.”).

In Ritchie’s case, the interests of justice do not require a new

penalty phase. The improper prosecutorial comments were isolated

statements in an otherwise proper closing argument that, on the

whole, asked the jury to return a death recommendation based on

the evidence. Ritchie’s jury was properly instructed by the trial

court, including as to the HAC aggravator and that Florida law

never requires a juror to recommend death. The State proved

substantial aggravation, with two of the three aggravators having

been established by the jury’s guilt phase verdict. Based on the

evidence presented during the guilt and penalty phases, the third

aggravator, HAC, was never in doubt. In comparison, the trial court

found minimal mitigation. On the record before us in this

substantially aggravated and minimally mitigated case involving the

rape and murder of a nine-year-old child, we cannot say that, but

for the cumulative impact of the improper prosecutorial comments,

the jury could not have recommended a sentence of death. Thus,

- 35 -
we cannot conclude that cumulative fundamental error occurred.

See Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 838.

Review of our prior decisions undertaking cumulative error

analyses—where, unlike in Ritchie’s case, at least some of the

issues were properly preserved—underscores why. For example, in

Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 855-56, we declined to find “cumulative

fundamental error” in a heavily aggravated and minimally mitigated

case involving comparable “golden rule” violations and other

improper argument. Similarly, in the heavily aggravated and

minimally mitigated case of Card, 803 So. 2d at 623, we reviewed

the entire closing argument, which included an erroneous

“conscience of the community” argument, and held that,

cumulatively, the “closing argument errors did not compromise the

integrity of the judicial process and did not deprive Card of a fair

penalty phase hearing.” See also Merck, 975 So. 2d at 1064

(holding the defendant “received a fair penalty-phase proceeding”

following cumulative review of an improper mercy argument that

had been “objected to” and “unobjected-to improper arguments”

comparing the number of books and magazines the defendant had

read in prison, which was presented as mitigation, with the number

- 36 -
of books and magazines the victim could have read had he not been

murdered).

In sum, we cannot say that the improper arguments precluded

Ritchie’s jury from making a reasoned assessment based on the

evidence so as to amount to a denial of due process. Rather,

viewing the record in its totality, it was the evidence of Ritchie’s

horrific and senseless crimes against the victim, not the

prosecutor’s missteps, that secured the recommendation of death.

Accordingly, we reject Ritchie’s claim that, cumulatively, errors

in the prosecutor’s penalty phase closing argument require a new

penalty phase.

(2) Victim Impact Evidence

In his second claim, Ritchie raises facial and as-applied

constitutional challenges to the presentation of victim impact

evidence. We deny relief as to both claims.

We have previously rejected facial challenges like Ritchie’s

claim that admitting victim impact evidence probative of “the

victim’s uniqueness as an individual human being and the

resultant loss to the community’s members by the victim’s death,”

§ 921.141(8), Fla. Stat. (2021), violates the United States and

- 37 -
Florida Constitutions. See Windom v. State, 656 So. 2d 432, 438

(Fla. 1995). Although Ritchie asks us to reconsider our decision in

Windom, his arguments do not persuade us that our precedent is

“clearly erroneous.” State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487, 507 (Fla. 2020);

see also McKenzie v. State, 333 So. 3d 1098, 1105 & n.3 (Fla. Feb.

2022) (explaining that admission of the victim impact evidence

authorized by section 921.141(8) “is consistent with the Supreme

Court’s decision in Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991)”

(quoting Victorino v. State, 127 So. 3d 478, 496 (Fla. 2013))).

In his as-applied challenge, Ritchie argues that a portion of

the victim impact evidence presented through the victim’s mother

exceeded the scope of permissible victim impact evidence. The

victim’s mother concluded her testimony by reading the following

Bible verse: “If anyone causes one of these little ones, those who

believe in me, to stumble, it would be better for them to have a large

milestone [sic] hung around their neck and to be thrown in the

depths of the sea.” She then stated, “That scripture is talking to

someone that knows better. And Granville Ritchie knew better.”

On appeal, the State properly concedes that this testimony

exceeds the scope of relevant victim impact evidence.

- 38 -
See § 921.141(8) (“Characterizations and opinions about the crime,

the defendant, and the appropriate sentence shall not be permitted

as part of the victim impact evidence.”). However, because trial

counsel did not contemporaneously object below, we review the

admission of this evidence for fundamental error. See Sexton v.

State, 775 So. 2d 923, 932 (Fla. 2000) (“The failure to

contemporaneously object to a comment on the basis that it

constitutes improper victim testimony renders the claim

procedurally barred absent fundamental error.”).

Considering the totality of the record, we agree with the State

that the admission of this improper testimony does not constitute

fundamental error. The testimony was a small portion of otherwise

permissible victim impact evidence. It did not become a feature of

the penalty phase; the State did not mention it in its closing

argument; Ritchie’s jury was correctly instructed as to victim

impact evidence, including that it “may not consider [victim impact]

evidence as an aggravating factor,” and that “[n]o facts other than

proven aggravating factors may be considered in support of a death

sentence”; and the trial court did not rely on the improper

testimony in sentencing Ritchie to death. In this highly aggravated

- 39 -
and minimally mitigated case, we cannot conclude that the “jury

recommendation of death could not have been obtained without the

assistance of” the improper victim impact testimony and therefore

cannot hold that its erroneous admission constitutes fundamental

error. Card, 803 So. 2d at 622.

(3) Mitigation Video

In his third claim, Ritchie raises two challenges related to his

mitigation video. First, he argues that the trial court abused its

discretion by ordering, over trial counsel’s objection, certain audio

redactions to the video. The point of the video was to depict the

area of Jamaica where Ritchie lived and establish mitigation

concerning his difficult upbringing. The trial court ordered audio

redactions to certain portions of the video which addressed events

that it concluded were either not part of the relevant timeframe or

lacked a sufficient nexus to the relevant timeframe, but it still

permitted defense counsel to show the video. Ordering such limited

audio redactions was well within the trial court’s discretion, and we

reject Ritchie’s argument that the trial court improperly excluded

relevant evidence. See Snelgrove v. State, 107 So. 3d 242, 254 (Fla.

- 40 -
2012) (“A trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence under

section 921.141 is reviewed for abuse of discretion.”).

Second, Ritchie argues that the State presented improper

rebuttal to the video. To rebut the evidence put forth by Ritchie

regarding his difficult upbringing, the State called Georgette Redley,

a native of Jamaica from the same area as Ritchie, who immigrated

to the United States in 2005, but who regularly returns to visit

Jamaica. The trial court overruled Ritchie’s objection that one

portion of Redley’s testimony about how community leaders live and

are viewed in the area constituted improper speculation. Although

he did not argue this below, Ritchie now contends that Redley “was

permitted to speculatively provide the jury with irrelevant,

prejudicial, and misleading information” in several additional

respects. Our review of the record, however, shows that Redley’s

testimony was appropriately limited to either the specific or general

matters with which she was familiar. Moreover, even accounting for

the redactions to Ritchie’s mitigation video, Redley’s testimony was

limited to matters raised by the defense. Accordingly, there was no

error, preserved or otherwise, in the State’s rebuttal presentation.

- 41 -
(4) Cumulative Prejudice

In his last claim, Ritchie argues that the cumulative prejudice

of all the alleged trial errors addressed above entitles him to a new

penalty phase. Because we have held that the trial court did not err

with respect to the mitigation video and because no other issue was

preserved for our review, to analyze this claim, we consider whether

the combined prejudice resulting from any errors in the

prosecutor’s closing argument together with the erroneous

admission of improper victim impact testimony amounts to

fundamental error. See Smith, 320 So. 3d at 27 (“If an issue is not

preserved, it is reviewed only for fundamental error.”). We hold that

it does not. The aggravation in Ritchie’s case includes HAC, which

is “one of the weightiest aggravating circumstances in Florida,”

Jeffries v. State, 222 So. 3d 538, 550 (Fla. 2017), and Ritchie

committed the capital felony while sexually battering a nine-year-

old child. As the trial court found, the aggravators “greatly

outweigh” the scant mitigation, and although we recognize that the

State easily could have avoided the errors that occurred below and

that similar errors, particularly if preserved, might be outcome-

determinative in a closer case, Ritchie’s case is simply not one

- 42 -
where the “jury recommendation of death could not have been

obtained without the assistance of” the errors addressed in issues

one and two. Card, 803 So. 2d at 622. Accordingly, we reject his

cumulative prejudice claim.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Ritchie’s convictions and

sentences.

It is so ordered.

CANADY, C.J., and LAWSON, MUÑIZ, COURIEL, and
GROSSHANS, JJ., concur.
POLSTON, J., concurs in result.
LABARGA, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

LABARGA, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I fully concur with the majority’s decision to affirm the

judgment of conviction of first-degree murder. However, because of

the cumulative, unnecessary, inflammatory, and improper

statements of the prosecutor during his penalty phase closing

argument, I dissent to the majority’s affirmance of the sentence of

death and would require a new sentencing hearing.

- 43 -
The purpose of closing argument is to afford counsel an

opportunity “to review the evidence and to explicate those

inferences which may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.”

Merck v. State, 975 So. 2d 1054, 1061 (Fla. 2007). Conversely, as

noted by the majority, “[closing argument] must not be used to

inflame the minds and passions of the jurors so that their verdict

reflects an emotional response to the crime or the defendant rather

than the logical analysis of the evidence in light of the applicable

law.” Majority op. at 28 (quoting Bertolotti v. State, 476 So. 2d 130,

134 (Fla. 1995)). While attorneys are permitted wide latitude in

closing arguments, they are not permitted to make improper

argument. See Gore v. State, 719 So. 2d 1197, 1200 (Fla. 1998).

Here, the prosecutor made improper comments during his

penalty phase closing argument by making a “same mercy”

argument, violating the well-established prohibition on “golden rule”

arguments, and commenting on Ritchie’s exercise of his

constitutional rights in the context of anti-immigrant sentiments.

“Same mercy” arguments urge “the jury to show a defendant

the same amount of mercy as he showed his victim,” and they carry

the danger of “unnecessarily appeal[ing] to the sympathies of the

- 44 -
jury” to obtain a death sentence. Conahan v. State, 844 So. 2d 629,

641 (Fla. 2003). When arguing that a murder is especially heinous,

atrocious, or cruel (HAC) for the purpose of establishing the HAC

aggravator, a prosecutor may discuss a defendant’s lack of

conscience or pity with respect to the means and manner of death.

See Cruz v. State, 320 So. 3d 695, 728 (Fla. 2021) (“The HAC

aggravator applies to murders that are both ‘conscienceless or

pitiless and unnecessarily torturous to the victim.’ ” (quoting

Francis v. State, 808 So. 2d 110, 134 (Fla. 2001))). However, such

comments must still avoid becoming “same mercy” arguments.

While addressing the HAC aggravator in the present case, the

prosecutor stated, “I want you to think about this, again, when

you’re back there deliberating, when you’re considering whether

you should give him life and whether you should personally extend

mercy to this defendant. Did he extend mercy to this little girl?”

This comment is improper because it urges the jury to

consider Ritchie’s lack of mercy outside of the HAC context, places

the question in the context of the jurors’ mercy, and specifically

requests that they consider it when personally deciding to extend

mercy. Although presented in the form of a rhetorical question, the

- 45 -
prosecutor’s comments here ultimately urge the jury to base its own

exercise of mercy on Ritchie’s lack of mercy to the victim.

As noted by the majority, the trial court, during a bench

conference addressing the prosecutor’s comment, agreed with trial

counsel that it was improper for the State to argue mercy outside of

asking the jury to find the HAC aggravator. Before allowing the

penalty phase to continue, the court cautioned the prosecutor to

limit his argument accordingly. See majority op. at 16.

In addition to the improper “same mercy” argument, the

prosecutor also made a long-prohibited “golden rule” argument.

“Golden rule arguments are arguments that invite the jurors to

place themselves in the victim’s position and ‘imagine the victim’s

final pain, terror and defenselessness.’ ” Merck, 975 So. 2d at 1062

(quoting Bertolotti, 476 So. 2d at 133). As explained by the

majority, “[t]he State can comment on the crime as long as the

comments ‘are based on evidence introduced at trial and are

relevant to the circumstances of [the crime] or relevant aggravators,’

but may not ‘cross the line by inviting the jurors to place themselves

in the position of the victim.’ ” Majority op. at 20 (quoting Braddy v.

State, 111 So. 3d 810, 842 (Fla. 2012)) (emphasis added). The

- 46 -
prohibition on “golden rule” arguments is so engrained in our

jurisprudence that this Court has cautioned that even a

prosecutor’s repeated use of the pronoun “you” suggests an

improper invitation for the jurors to place themselves in the victim’s

position. See Braddy, 111 So. 3d at 843.

Here, the prosecutor rhetorically asked the jury: “Can you

imagine the dread of knowing that your life is ending and you’re

feeling pain all over your body as it’s bleeding internally from all of

these injuries, the pain and suffering of feeling the penetrating,

feeling the tearing and ripping of sensitive tissue. . . .” (Emphasis

added.) In doing so, the prosecutor clearly crossed the line by

requesting the jury to “imagine” what the victim was experiencing—

the classic “golden rule” argument. As noted by the majority, “the

prosecutor did not simply use pronouns like “you” and “your” while

recounting what the evidence showed about the victim’s injuries

and suffering; rather, he expressly asked the jurors whether they

could ‘imagine’ what it would be like if that was happening to

them.” Majority op. at 20.

The prosecutor then compounded his error with the statement

“that pain would have been exponentially greater for a little girl.”

- 47 -
Majority op. at 21. As correctly observed by the majority, “these

comments, taken together and in context, impermissibly asked the

jurors to imagine pain to themselves, and to compare that pain to

an idea of what the victim must have felt. Such an argument

‘inviting the jurors to place themselves in the position of the victim

is precisely what the rule prohibits.’ ” Majority op. at 21 (citation

omitted).

Moreover, within an argument designed to capitalize on anti-

immigrant sentiment, the prosecutor improperly commented on

Ritchie’s exercise of his right to a jury trial.

I agree with the majority that simply referencing the right to a

jury trial will not always cross the line into an improper comment,

see majority op. at 26 (citing Evans v. State, 177 So. 3d 1219, 1236

(Fla. 2015)), and that referencing the right to a jury trial “may at

times fall within the ‘wide latitude’ given to attorneys during closing

arguments.” Id. (quoting Merck, 975 So. 2d at 1061). However,

given the nature of the public discourse about immigrants at that

time, I disagree with the majority’s assessment of the impact of the

prosecutor’s discussion of Ritchie’s right to a jury trial—a

- 48 -
discussion that occurred within the prosecutor’s commentary about

Ritchie’s immigrant background.

According to the trial court’s sentencing order, “[o]n September

26 and 27, 2019, the Court conducted the penalty phase of the

trial, where the State and the defense presented testimony and

evidence.”6 Thus, the jury heard and considered the prosecutor’s

statements approximately ten months after the 2018 mid-term

elections throughout the country, and approximately fourteen

months prior to the 2020 presidential election. The issue of

immigration was a polemical, emotionally and politically charged

issue that permeated the political debate throughout these

elections, and Ritchie’s guilt and penalty phases took place in the

middle of it.

Ritchie presented mitigation evidence during the evidentiary

portion of the penalty phase, including witness testimony about his

family in Jamaica, and a video depicting the living conditions of the

6. The sentencing order also indicated that Ritchie was found
guilty of first-degree murder on the day before the penalty phase
began. Thus, both the guilt and the penalty phases were conducted
in 2019.

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area of Jamaica where he lived. After portraying Ritchie as having

enjoyed “a status and privileged position” in Jamaica, the

prosecutor moved to the provocative topic of immigration. The

prosecutor added:

He immigrated here to this country years ago. And as he
lived here, he enjoyed the benefits of this country we live
in, the greatest country on the face of the earth.

He enjoyed all these benefit[s] we talked about. He
enjoyed the due process rights we talked about. He
enjoyed the fact that we carry the burden of proof to
prove his guilt, that he is presumed innocent, that he is
entitled to a jury of his peers to not just determine
whether he’s guilty or not, but a jury of his peers to
determine the appropriate sentence. Because this isn’t
Jamaica or some other country, this is the United States
where this defendant gets to have you determine his
sentence, not some bureaucrat, not some single judge,
not some single person, not some star chamber, but you,
his fellow citizens. He [h]as enjoyed all of these benefits.
He’s enjoyed the benefit of a neutral and unbiased judge.
He’s enjoyed the benefit of competent—very competent
defense counsel during the case.

While Ritchie’s proposed nonstatutory mitigation put at issue

his background and life in Jamaica, and while his proposed

statutory mitigation of substantial impairment permitted the

prosecutor to counter with evidence that Ritchie had the ability to

manipulate others and the ability to “pull himself up out of [his]

situation in Jamaica,” as aptly noted by the majority, “the fact

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remains that Ritchie was not on trial in Jamaica. Thus, it was

improper for the prosecutor to comment about the Jamaican legal

system or to compare it to the legal system in the United States.”

Majority op. at 27.

The majority also found “particularly troubling” the

prosecutor’s comment where he compared Ritchie’s “uncomfortable”

life while awaiting trial in jail, to what his life would have been like

had he been on trial in Jamaica. Majority op. at 28. The

prosecutor continued to emphasize Ritchie’s supposed privileged life

while in jail awaiting trial, arguing that his ability to have his

girlfriend deposit money in his jail canteen account enabled him to

purchase food that allowed him to gain weight. The prosecutor

added: “You really think that would happen in Jamaica? You think

that would happen in the countries of the Caribbean? It happens

here in this country because he enjoyed all those rights, the

constitutional rights.” Majority op. at 28.

Despite its concerns, the majority concluded that the

prosecutor’s argument did not constitute “an improper comment on

Ritchie’s exercise of his right to a jury trial.” Majority op. at 27.

However, the majority’s conclusions ignore that such commentary

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presents a danger that the jury considered Ritchie’s immigrant

status, a national hot button emotional issue during the penalty

phase of this case, in its decision to recommend a sentence of

death. By highlighting his immigrant status and then comparing

Ritchie’s treatment and constitutional rights in the United States to

his hypothetical treatment and rights were he in Jamaica, the

prosecutor created a narrative that Ritchie was an immigrant who

was ungrateful for the opportunities afforded him by the United

States. As observed by the majority: “We agree with Ritchie’s

argument on appeal that such irrelevant comparisons served no

purpose except to imply that he had ‘bit the hand that fed him.’ ”

Majority op. at 28.

FUNDAMENTAL ERROR

“Fundamental error ‘reaches down into the validity of the trial

itself to the extent that a . . . jury recommendation of death could

not have been obtained without the assistance of the alleged

error.’ ” Majority op. at 34 (quoting Card v. State, 803 So. 2d 613,

622 (Fla. 2001). In Smith v. State, 320 So. 3d 20, 27 (Fla. 2021), as

observed by the majority, we explained that “[c]ourts correct errors

as fundamental despite a party’s failure to conform to procedural

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rules regarding preservation” where necessary “to protect the

interests of justice itself.” Majority op. at 34-35. What is more,

“[f]undamental error must amount to a denial of due process, and

consequently, should be found to apply where prejudice follows.”

Majority op. at 35 (quoting Calloway v. State, 210 So. 3d 1160,

1191 (Fla. 2017)).

The majority concluded that “the prosecutor’s closing

argument during the penalty phase included an erroneous ‘same

mercy’ argument, presented two improper golden rule arguments,

and improperly expressed anti-immigrant sentiment.” Majority op.

at 33. However, because in the majority’s view, none of these

issues were properly preserved for our review, Ritchie is entitled to a

new penalty phase only if the combined prejudice resulting from

these errors amounts to fundamental error. See majority op. at 34.

Ultimately, in concluding that the cumulative effect of these

egregious errors did not amount to fundamental error, the majority

found that “the interests of justice do not require a new penalty

phase” because “[t]he improper prosecutorial comments were

isolated statements in an otherwise proper closing argument that,

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on the whole, asked the jury to return a death recommendation

based on the evidence.” Majority op. at 35. I strongly disagree.

In Bertolotti, this Court cautioned against using closing

argument to “inflame the minds and passions of the jurors so that

the verdict reflects an emotional response to the crime or the

defendant.” 476 So. 2d at 133. In the present case, the

prosecutor’s multiple improper and egregious statements were

clearly designed to inflame the mind and passions of the jury.

These comments were far from isolated statements. The prosecutor

dedicated substantial time to his “same mercy” argument to ensure

that the jury grasped his improper implications. With complete

disregard for this Court’s well-settled jurisprudence prohibiting

“golden rule” arguments, he dedicated even more time to making

sure the jury would “imagine what it would be like if that was

happening to them.” Finally, in a thinly veiled effort to stoke anti-

immigration sentiment, the prosecutor, as noted by the majority,

improperly created a narrative that portrayed Ritchie as “bit[ing] the

hand that fed him.” Majority op. at 28.

While the majority’s condemnation of the prosecutor’s

“rhetoric” as “[having] no place in our courts” is a step in the right

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direction, majority op. at 28, simply condemning the prosecutorial

misconduct does not go far enough “to protect the interests of

justice itself” as contemplated by this Court in Smith. The

egregiousness of the prosecutorial misconduct in this case reaches

down into the validity of the penalty phase itself, and it cannot be

said that the jury’s recommendation of death could not have been

obtained without the assistance of such error.

The majority suggests that because, “based on the evidence

presented during the guilt and penalty phases, the third aggravator

HAC, was never in doubt,” the erroneous comments made by the

prosecutor would not have changed the outcome anyway. Majority

op. at 35. This is a familiar position that this Court has taken in

cases involving prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument.

Such conclusions are speculative at best. For instance, in death

penalty cases, prior to October 2016, Florida juries were not

required to render a unanimous recommendation that a defendant

be sentenced to death. 7 It was not unusual for this Court to affirm

7. In 2016, this Court held that jury recommendations of
death require a unanimous vote. See Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40
(Fla. 2016), receded from in part in State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487
(Fla. 2020). In 2017, the Florida Legislature codified the unanimity

- 55 -
death sentences handed down by trial judges with, in some

instances, up to five jurors recommending a life sentence—even in

highly aggravated cases such as this case. Thus, the suggestion

that the mere presence of the traditionally weighty HAC aggravator

would have ensured a death recommendation is speculative at best.

Additionally, the majority’s position sends a strong message to

prosecutors that the stronger their case, the stronger the likelihood

their improper statements, regardless of their egregiousness, will

pass muster. This Court must come to terms with the fact that our

long-established prohibitions against “same mercy” arguments,

“golden rule” arguments, and arguments designed to stoke anti-

immigration sentiment are there to be followed. And, when they are

not, there must be consequences. We cannot continue to overstate

the applicability of our procedural rules, or the requirements of

fundamental error, in order to ignore the prosecutorial misconduct

that the majority agrees occurred in this case. Lawyers, whether

requirement in section 921.141(2)(c), Florida Statutes (2017). See
ch. 2017-1, Laws of Fla. Although this Court receded from the
unanimity requirement in Poole, section 921.141(2)(c) has not been
amended.

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prosecutors or defense attorneys, are officers of the Court and, as

such, must follow the law. The prosecutor in this case chose to

ignore the law.

“[P]rosecutors, like all lawyers, have ethical responsibilities.

Most significant among these is a duty to seek justice.” Lewis v.

State, 711 So. 3d 205, 208 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998) (emphasis added)

(citing Kirk v. State, 227 So. 2d 40, 43 (Fla. 4th DCA 1969)). This

duty must not be overshadowed by the prosecutor’s interest in

obtaining a particular outcome—in this instance, a sentence of

death.

The evidence in this case established that Ritchie committed a

horrific murder, and I fully concur in the majority’s decision to

affirm his conviction for first-degree murder. It is in light of this

horrific crime, though, that the prosecutor was duty-bound to take

great care—to ensure that the jury’s recommendation of life or

death was based on the facts and not on inflammatory and

improper arguments.

One needs to look no further than the majority’s repeated

condemnation of the prosecutor’s arguments to conclude that the

multiple egregious instances of prosecutorial misconduct in this

- 57 -
case constituted fundamental error. Because fundamental error

has been established, a new penalty phase is in order.

I, respectfully, dissent.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Hillsborough County,
Deborah Michelle Sisco, Judge
Case No. 292014CF011992000AHC

Howard L. “Rex” Dimmig, II, Public Defender, Rachel Paige Roebuck
and Steven L. Bolotin, Assistant Public Defenders, Tenth Judicial
Circuit, Bartow, Florida,

for Appellant

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Rick A.
Buchwalter, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

for Appellee

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