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314 Ga. 751
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S22A0764. JACKSON v. THE STATE.

MCMILLIAN, Justice.

Following a jury trial in September 2018, Curtis Jackson was

convicted of malice murder in connection with the shooting death of

Vernard Mays.1 On appeal, Jackson asserts that the trial court erred

(1) in failing to instruct the jury that it must find corroboration for

an accomplice’s testimony and (2) in failing to excuse Juror Number

1 Mays was killed on October 27, 2015. On April 12, 2016, a Bibb County

grand jury jointly indicted Jackson; Jadarien Flowers; Michael Hardy, Jr.;
Drayson McDonald; and Addonis Rhodes for malice murder (Count 1), felony
murder predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 2),
violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act (“Gang
Act”) (Count 3), and felony murder predicated on violation of the Gang Act
(Count 4). Prior to trial, Flowers, Hardy, and McDonald entered negotiated
guilty pleas to aggravated assault as a lesser-included offense of Count 2, with
the remaining counts to be nolle prossed following their truthful testimony
against Jackson and Rhodes; Hardy also entered a guilty plea to Count 3. At a
joint jury trial held from September 11 to 18, 2018, a jury found Jackson and
Rhodes guilty of all four counts. The trial court sentenced Jackson to serve life
in prison without the possibility of parole for malice murder; the remaining
counts were either merged for sentencing purposes or vacated by operation of
law. Rhodes’s conviction is not at issue in this appeal. Jackson timely filed a
motion for new trial, which he amended through new counsel on November 19,
2019. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion for new trial on
January 28, 2022. Jackson timely appealed. The case was docketed to the April
2022 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
22 for cause. Because we conclude that the trial court did not commit

any reversible error, we affirm.

The evidence produced at trial showed that on the afternoon of

October 27, 2015, a car accident occurred near Second and Ell Street

in Macon, outside the house where Mays lived with his mother,

Contessa Jones. Mays, who did not know any of the people involved,

helped render aid until EMTs arrived. Devonte Hollingshed, one of

the passengers injured in the accident, was a member of the “Crips”

street gang and had a gun with him in the car at the time of the

accident. While Hollingshed was transported to the hospital by

ambulance, another passenger, Tymario Williams, hid the gun in

the bushes outside Jones’s home because he was not sure whether

the gun was stolen. Marquis Simmons, Williams’s cousin, heard

about the accident and went to the scene to retrieve the gun.

Simmons later told police officers where the gun was stored in his

bedroom.

Not knowing that Simmons had already retrieved the gun,

Jackson, also a Crips member, went to Jones’s house to locate the

2
gun along with Flowers (a fellow Crips member), Rhodes (a member

of the “10-12” street gang), and McDonald (a 10-12 member). Two

men nearby told Jackson that they had seen someone from Jones’s

house take the gun out of the bushes, so Jackson knocked on Jones’s

front door. Jackson became frustrated when someone inside Jones’s

house kept asking who was there but would not open the door.

The group then met up with Hardy, dropped Jackson’s car off

at a gym, and returned to Jones’s house in Hardy’s car. McDonald,

Flowers, Rhodes, and Hardy each had a gun with them; Jackson did

not. Jackson directed Hardy to park in an alley near Jones’s house.

According to Flowers, Jackson was “[s]till kind of frustrated” that he

could not find the gun. When no one answered the front door, they

went to the back door. Mays opened the back door, and Jackson

asked him about the gun. Mays responded, “I don’t know what you’re

talking about.” Jackson then said, “[W]ell, if something happens you

can’t say I didn’t say nothing.” As soon as Mays began to say,

“[W]ell,” a gunshot rang out.

Flowers testified that Rhodes, who was carrying a .40-caliber

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handgun, was the first to shoot, and then he, Hardy, and McDonald

also fired shots as they ran away. Flowers saw that Mays had been

shot before Mays went back inside the house. Everyone but Jackson

returned to Hardy’s car. As they drove away, Rhodes told them that

he “unloaded his whole clip and he knew he hit [Mays].” The next

day, Rhodes told Flowers that he shot Mays because Jackson “gave

him a look.”

Hardy testified that after their group confronted Mays about

the gun, Mays went back inside and was closing the door when

Jackson “looked at [Rhodes] some kind of way . . . like just like

shoot.” Jackson then ducked behind a truck, and Rhodes fired a shot.

Rhodes then ran off, and McDonald and Flowers started shooting

while they ran backward. At that point, Hardy started shooting as

well. Everyone but Jackson, who was “nowhere to be found,” ran

back to Hardy’s car and sped away. Hardy dropped the other three

men off at a friend’s house and then went to a park and threw his

gun away. Jackson called him later that night, but he did not

4
answer.2

Mays’s uncle, known as “J-Bone,” testified that he was also a

Crips member and that on the night of the shooting he received a

message from Jackson around 8:30 p.m., stating, “Your people in the

house on the south side got my guns, and I’m telling you because

you’re my homie. I knocked on the door and they were talking

through the door.” He did not know that Jackson was referring to

Mays until he got a call from his sister that Mays had been shot.

Jones testified that around 7:00 p.m. that evening, a man

knocked loudly on her door, demanding that she open the door. The

man would not tell her who he was or what he wanted. Jones was

home alone at the time and refused to open the door. She then heard

the man talking to someone else in the yard, cursing and saying,

“I’m not going to be talking to this lady through no door.” She saw

2 McDonald also testified pursuant to his plea agreement. According to

McDonald, the conversation between Jackson and Mays seemed normal at
first, but then there were multiple gunshots. McDonald ran back to the car,
and Hardy, Rhodes, and Flowers followed. Everyone was “hyped up about
shooting,” and Hardy said, “I just let the whole clip run.” He saw Rhodes fire
first, followed by Hardy.

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about five men outside, but only one on the porch. They eventually

stopped knocking and left. When Mays arrived home later that

evening, the knocking began again. The person knocking again

refused to respond to their inquiries. After a time, the knocking

stopped, and Jones went to her bedroom. While in her room, she

heard Mays open the back door and a man say that he was coming

to get something. Mays told the man, “We ain’t got none of that.”

The man then said, “I know your uncle.” Mays told him, “We don’t

have it.” Then there was a pause and a gunshot. Mays ran into

Jones’s bedroom and said, “They shot me, Mama.” When she looked

out the back door, it looked like someone was coming up the steps,

so she locked her bedroom door, and she and Mays hid beside her

bed while she called 911. She heard several more gunshots as they

hid. She also heard the sound of crunching glass and someone say,

“We got to finish him off.” Mays died in her arms before law

enforcement officers arrived. In the days after Mays’s death, Jones

saw a Facebook post by Rhodes, wherein he referenced killing:

“Now’s it’s like [Lucifer] the only person that understands my pain,

6
he understands that black hole in my soul . . . he understands why

I kill, he understands why I rob.”

Law enforcement officers observed multiple gunshot holes in

and around Jones’s house and recovered ten shell casings — three

.40-caliber casings, six .380-caliber casings, and one 9mm casing —

and five projectiles — four .40-caliber projectiles and one .380-

caliber projectile. Lieutenant Cedric Penson testified as an expert in

gang crimes and explained that a higher ranking gang member,

such as Jackson in this situation, would not normally carry a

weapon because he would have risen to the point where he did not

have to take that risk anymore. And because of Jackson’s influence

and control over the others, there would have been repercussions if

they had not gone along with Jackson. An autopsy revealed that

Mays died as a result of a bullet that traveled through his upper

thighs, severing his left femoral vein, before lodging in his upper left

thigh. A GBI firearms examiner identified the bullet recovered from

Mays’s autopsy as a .40-caliber projectile.

Jackson testified in his own defense at trial. According to

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Jackson, he was just trying to help Hollingshed find his gun. After

Mays told him that J-Bone was not home and that he did not have

the gun, Jackson thanked Mays and turned to leave. He then heard

three to four gunshots and took cover behind a truck. He saw

someone running down the street, shooting, and believed it was

either Hardy, Flowers, or Rhodes. He wanted to call 911, but his cell

phone battery had died. He admitted that he initially told

responding officers that he did not see the shooters’ faces and did

not identify the other four men until he was interviewed later that

night. He denied knowing that anyone had a gun, denied that they

went to Mays’s house with the intent to shoot him, and denied giving

a signal to shoot Mays. Jackson admitted that he had been

previously convicted of selling cocaine, criminal trespass, and

obstruction of government property, and, on cross-examination, the

State impeached Jackson’s testimony that he had not previously

been accused of shooting at anyone.

1. Jackson asserts that the trial court erred in failing to

instruct the jury that an accomplice’s testimony must be

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corroborated.

Under Georgia law, “[t]he testimony of a single witness is

generally sufficient to establish a fact.” OCGA § 24-14-8. However,

in “felony cases where the only witness is an accomplice, the

testimony of a single witness shall not be sufficient.” Id. Thus, when

witnesses testify at trial who may be considered accomplices,

corroborating evidence is required to support a guilty verdict. See

Edwards v. State, 299 Ga. 20, 22 (1) (785 SE2d 869) (2016).

Here, the trial court charged the jury, in relevant part:

The testimony of a single witness, if believed, is
sufficient to establish a fact. Generally, there is no legal
requirement of corroboration of a witness, provided you
find the evidence to be sufficient.

The trial court did not charge the jury on the statutory corroboration

requirement. Jackson concedes that because he neither requested

an accomplice charge nor objected to the single-witness charge as

given, we only review this claim for plain error. See OCGA § 17-8-58

(b) (“Failure to object in accordance with subsection (a) of this Code

section shall preclude appellate review of such portion of the jury

9
charge, unless such portion of the jury charge constitutes plain error

which affects substantial rights of the parties.”); Munn v. State, 313

Ga. 716, 722 (3) (873 SE2d 166) (2022) (“Where a defendant does not

request that the trial court give a jury instruction, . . . this Court

only reviews for plain error.”).

To establish plain error, Jackson must meet each of the

following four prongs:

First, there must be an error or defect — some sort of
deviation from a legal rule — that has not been
intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e.,
affirmatively waived. . . . Second, the legal error must be
clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable
dispute. Third, the error must have affected the
appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case
means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome
of the trial proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above
three prongs are satisfied, the appellate court has the
discretion to remedy the error — discretion which ought
to be exercised only if the error seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.

Munn, 313 Ga. at 722 (3) (citation and punctuation omitted).

It is well settled that “the failure to give an accomplice-

corroboration charge [is] clear and obvious error where the trial

10
included purported accomplice testimony but the jury was

instructed that facts could be established based on the testimony of

a single witness.” Palencia v. State, 313 Ga. 625, 628 (872 SE2d 681)

(2022). See also Stanbury v. State, 299 Ga. 125, 129 (2) (786 SE2d

672) (2016) (holding that “the trial court’s failure to provide a jury

charge regarding accomplice corroboration was clear error not

subject to reasonable dispute”). Thus, Jackson is able to meet the

first two prongs of the plain error test.

However, Jackson’s claim fails on the third prong of this test

because any error did not likely affect the outcome of the proceeding,

given that there was so much corroborating evidence presented at

trial that the jury — if properly instructed — was unlikely to have

returned a different verdict. See Rice v. State, 311 Ga. 620, 624 (1)

(857 SE2d 230) (2021). To satisfy OCGA § 24-14-8 and support a

guilty verdict, an accomplice’s testimony at trial must be

corroborated, and the amount of corroborating evidence need only

be slight. See Goodman v. State, 313 Ga. 762, 767-68 (2) (a) (873

SE2d 150) (2022). Moreover, “[i]t is well settled that an accomplice’s

11
testimony may be corroborated by the testimony of another

accomplice.” Bedford v. State, 311 Ga. 329, 332 (1) (857 SE2d 708)

(2021) (citation and punctuation omitted).

Here, multiple witnesses, including Jackson, corroborated

that Jackson participated in the crimes, and the State presented

expert testimony that as an elder in the gang, Jackson would have

had the authority to order others to commit the crimes. The

testimony of McDonald, Flowers, and Hardy showed that Jackson

directed the group to return to Jones’s house and park in a nearby

alley and that Jackson then took the lead in asking Mays about the

gun. And both Flowers and Hardy testified that when Mays said

that he did not have the gun, Jackson gave Rhodes a look that meant

Rhodes should shoot Mays. Lieutenant Penson, an expert in gang

crimes, explained that “[t]ypically . . . the elders or the older

individual get somebody like a juvenile or a younger generation to

do the criminal act for them, so, you know, they can all — they can

have the deniability of being involved.” Lieutenant Penson was

familiar with Jackson and knew him to have a significant status

12
among the younger generation of gang members, including Rhodes

and his co-indictees. In his expert opinion, because of Jackson’s

influence and control over the others, there would have been

repercussions if they had not followed Jackson’s instructions.

Moreover, Jackson testified at trial and admitted that he rode

to Jones’s house with Hardy, Flowers, Rhodes, and McDonald to

retrieve Hollingshed’s gun and that he was the one who confronted

Mays about the gun. Although Jackson denied knowing that the

other four men were armed and denied going to Jones’s house with

the intent to shoot anyone, the jury was free to disbelieve this

testimony, particularly where Jackson admitted that he initially

lied to the responding police officers and where the State impeached

Jackson’s testimony that he had not previously been accused of

shooting at anyone. See Howard v. State, 308 Ga. 574, 576 (842 SE2d

12) (2020). The State also introduced evidence of Jackson’s text

message to J-Bone from which the jury could infer that Jackson was

warning or threatening J-Bone’s family regarding the return of the

gun.

13
Thus, even if the jury had been given an accomplice-

corroboration instruction, it likely would have determined that the

testimony of any accomplice was sufficiently corroborated by either

independent evidence or the testimony of another accomplice. See

Bedford, 311 Ga. at 332 (1); Montanez v. State, 311 Ga. 843, 849 (1)

(b) (860 SE2d 551) (2021) (“The necessary corroboration may consist

entirely of circumstantial evidence, and evidence of the defendant’s

conduct before and after the crime was committed may give rise to

an inference that he participated in the crime.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Accordingly, Jackson cannot show that the

trial court’s failure to give the accomplice-corroboration charge

likely changed the outcome of the trial. See Payne v. State, 314 Ga.

322, 327 (1) (877 SE2d 202) (2022) (“Given the number of witnesses

who implicated [Appellant] in the shooting, it is not likely that the

jury convicted him based on the uncorroborated testimony of a single

witness who was an accomplice.”); Rice, 311 Ga. at 624 (1) (because

the testimony of a co-defendant and another potential accomplice

could be found mutually corroborating, trial court’s clear error in not

14
giving an accomplice-corroboration charge likely did not change the

outcome of the trial).

2. Jackson also asserts that the trial court abused its discretion

by initially refusing to excuse Juror Number 22 for cause. We

disagree.

Under Georgia law, the trial court has broad discretion to

replace a juror with an alternate at any point during the proceedings

where it is shown that the juror is unable to perform his or her duty

or other legal cause exists. See OCGA § 15-12-172; Morrell v. State,

313 Ga. 247, 263 (3) (869 SE2d 447) (2022). “[T]he trial court’s

determination in matters such as this is based on the demeanor and

credibility of the juror in question, which are peculiarly in the trial

court’s province.” State v. Arnold, 280 Ga. 487, 490 n.2 (629 SE2d

807) (2006). We review a trial court’s decision in this regard for an

abuse of discretion. See Cummings v. State, 280 Ga. 831, 835 (6) (632

SE2d 152) (2006).

After the jury was empaneled, Juror Number 22 asked the

bailiff why she had been selected when she had told the attorneys

15
that she knew the victim.3 The following morning, the trial court

questioned Juror Number 22 on the record, and she told the court

that she had gone to school with Mays, explaining, “I don’t think we

ever had any classes together . . . but just like having little

conversations with him.” She responded that she did not know Mays

“outside of school or anything like that.” She also confirmed that she

had honestly responded during voir dire that she could be fair and

impartial in this case. When Jackson’s counsel asked Juror Number

22 why she had “hesitated” when answering the trial court’s

question about being fair and impartial, she responded:

Well, at first I said I didn’t know, but he told me that
he needed me to be . . . more specific on if I could do it or
not, and I just told him that I could, it’s just I know I’m
an emotional person on anything, so it’s just — that was
just my issue, it’s not basically as if I’m knowing him or I
feel anybody’s wrong, it’s just seeing different stuff, it’s
just like — it just makes me emotional, because I
remember when he was like that you will see like wounds
and gun wounds and all that, like it just automatically

3 Voir dire was not transcribed by a court reporter. However, it appears

from other parts of the record that Juror Number 22 did disclose that she knew
the victim. When the trial court announced Juror Number 22’s later question
to the bailiff, the prosecutor responded that he had asked the potential juror
during voir dire if she could be fair and impartial, to which she had presumably
responded yes.
16
makes me emotional about it.

The trial court denied Jackson’s motion to remove her from the jury

at that point, finding “there’s been no bias that’s been proved.”

After the first day of trial, Juror Number 22 sent an e-mail to

the trial court and the clerk, and the court spoke with her again on

the record. Juror Number 22 explained that she had gone to school

with many of the witnesses who had testified the first day, that she

had dated Flowers’s brother, and that she did not “feel safe having

anything to do with this case.” She responded that she did not feel

she could remain impartial, given the circumstances. The trial court

confirmed that Juror Number 22 had not talked about her concerns

with any of the other jurors and then granted Jackson’s motion to

remove her as a juror; an alternate became the twelfth juror.

Jackson contends that the trial court erred by failing to remove

Juror Number 22 for cause after his motion even though the record

shows that Juror Number 22 was ultimately excused.4 In a similar

4 Jackson mistakenly states in his appellate brief that Juror Number 22

sat on the jury through the conclusion of the trial.
17
situation in which a trial court refused to remove a juror for cause

and the defendant then exercised a peremptory strike on the

challenged juror, we held that the defendant must show harm to

prevail on his claim that the challenged juror should have been

removed for cause. See Willis v. State, 304 Ga. 686, 702, 707 (11) (a)

(820 SE2d 640) (2018) (overruling cases which had held that

“causing a defendant to unnecessarily use a peremptory strike on a

juror that should have been excused for cause is per se harmful

error”) (citation and punctuation omitted). In that context, we

explained that harm resulting from the denial of a request to excuse

a juror for cause is shown by demonstrating that one of the

challenged jurors who served on the jury was unqualified. See id. at

707 (11) (a). Here, Jackson ultimately obtained the relief that he

requested from the trial court — that the juror be excused for cause.

Thus, Jackson cannot demonstrate any harm from the trial court’s

initial failure to excuse Juror Number 22, and his claim fails. See id.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

18
Decided October 4, 2022.

Murder. Bibb Superior Court. Before Judge Simms.

Shein Brandenburg & Schrope, Elizabeth A. Brandenburg, for

appellant.

Anita R. Howard, District Attorney, Daniel P. Bibler, Assistant

District Attorney; Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, Patricia B.

Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior

Assistant Attorney General, Emily R. Polk, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the
opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any
prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and
official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: October 4, 2022

S22A0764. JACKSON v. THE STATE.

MCMILLIAN, Justice.

Following a jury trial in September 2018, Curtis Jackson was

convicted of malice murder in connection with the shooting death of

Vernard Mays. 1 On appeal, Jackson asserts that the trial court erred

Mays was killed on October 27, 2015. On April 12, 2016, a Bibb County
1

grand jury jointly indicted Jackson; Jadarien Flowers; Michael Hardy, Jr.;
Drayson McDonald; and Addonis Rhodes for malice murder (Count 1), felony
murder predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (Count 2),
violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act (“Gang
Act”) (Count 3), and felony murder predicated on violation of the Gang Act
(Count 4). Prior to trial, Flowers, Hardy, and McDonald entered negotiated
guilty pleas to aggravated assault as a lesser-included offense of Count 2, with
the remaining counts to be nolle prossed following their truthful testimony
against Jackson and Rhodes; Hardy also entered a guilty plea to Count 3. At a
joint jury trial held from September 11 to 18, 2018, a jury found Jackson and
Rhodes guilty of all four counts. The trial court sentenced Jackson to serve life
in prison without the possibility of parole for malice murder; the remaining
counts were either merged for sentencing purposes or vacated by operation of
law. Rhodes’s conviction is not at issue in this appeal. Jackson timely filed a
motion for new trial, which he amended through new counsel on November 19,
2019. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion for new trial on
January 28, 2022. Jackson timely appealed. The case was docketed to the April
2022 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
(1) in failing to instruct the jury that it must find corroboration for

an accomplice’s testimony and (2) in failing to excuse Juror Number

22 for cause. Because we conclude that the trial court did not commit