Ligus v. USA

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
TAMI LIGUS,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.
Case No. 3:18-cv-000187-TMB
ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION
AND MEMORANDUM FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT REGARDING
NEGLIGENCE/LIABILITY (DKT. 31)
I. 	INTRODUCTION
The matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff Tami Ligus’ “Motion and Memorandum
for Summary Judgment Regarding Negligence/Liability” (the “Motion”).1 Plaintiff filed suit
against the United States for damages under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 2671, et seq.,
the Federal Torts Claims Act (“FTCA”).2 Plaintiff alleges that she suffered bodily injury as a result
of the United States’ negligence.3 In the present Motion, Plaintiff requests the Court grant
summary judgment finding the United States liable for Plaintiff’s injuries.4 The United States
opposes the Motion.5 Neither of the Parties requested oral argument and the Court finds that it
1 Dkt. 31 (Motion).
2 Dkt. 1 (Complaint).
3 Id. at 3–5.
4 Dkt. 31.
5 Dkt. 37 (Opposition).
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would not be helpful. The matter has been fully briefed and is now ripe for resolution.6 For the
reasons discussed below, Plaintiff’s Motion at docket 31 is DENIED.
II. 	BACKGROUND
This case arises out of a slip and fall in a Burger King restaurant on Joint Base Elmendorf-
Richardson (“JBER”) in Anchorage, Alaska.7 The record is largely undisputed and is summarized
below.
On or about January 25, 2018, Plaintiff—a 96-year-old woman—was walking into the
JBER Burger King with her son, Dr. Thomas Ligus.8 After entering the vestibule of the JBER
Burger King, Plaintiff slipped and fell.9 Dr. Ligus requested the JBER Burger King staff to call
the paramedics.10 The paramedics transported Plaintiff to the emergency room on JBER.11 At the
hospital, a CT scan of Plaintiff’s pelvis showed right inferior and superior pubic rami fractures and
a comminuted distal third clavicle fracture.12 On August 15, 2018, Plaintiff filed her Complaint
against the United States.13
6 Dkts. 31, 37, 41 (Reply).
7 Dkt. 1 at 3.
8 Dkts. 23-1 (Ballard Report); 23-2 at 4–5 (Plaintiff Deposition).
9 Dkt. 23-2 at 5–6.
10 Id. at 7–8.
11 Id.
12 Dkt. 23-3 at 1–2 (JBER ER Medical Records).
13 Dkt. 1.
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On February 13, 2020, the Court granted Plaintiff’s Motion and Memorandum for Partial
Summary Judgment filed at docket 23.14 The Court made the following findings:
1. 	Plaintiff had incurred a comminuted distal third clavicle fracture, right inferior and
superior pubic rami fractures, lumbosacral strain, thoracic kyphosis, and neck pain as
a result of her slip and fall.15
2. 	As a direct result of those injuries Plaintiff underwent medical care, hospitalization,
and follow-up medical visits, which were reasonable and appropriate.16
3. 	Assuming Plaintiff proves the United States was negligent, she is entitled to an award
of non-economic damages and economic damages for the injuries she received as a
result of this slip and fall.17
However, the Court made no findings as to whether Plaintiff’s fall and subsequent injuries were
caused by the United States’ negligence or that the United States was otherwise liable for
Plaintiff’s injuries.
On March 18, 2020, Plaintiff filed the present Motion.18 Plaintiff argues that summary
judgment should be granted in Plaintiff’s favor on the issue that the United States was negligent
and is liable for her injuries.19 In response, the United States argues that genuine disputes of
14 Dkt. 29 (Order).
15 Id. at 9.
16 Id.
17 Id.
18 Dkt. 31.
19 Id. at 1–2.
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material fact remain making summary judgment inappropriate.20 The Plaintiff filed a timely
reply.21
III. 	LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate where, viewing the evidence and drawing all reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,22 “the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.”23 Material facts are those which might affect the outcome of the case.24 A genuine issue of
material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party.”25 “There is no genuine issue of fact if, on the record taken as a whole, a rational
trier of fact could not find in favor of the party opposing the motion.”26
A movant’s burden may be met by “‘showing’—that is, pointing out to the district court—
that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”27 Once a movant has
20 Dkt. 37 at 1–2.
21 Dkt. 41.
22 Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007).
23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). See also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986); Jensinger
v. Nev. Fed. Credit Union, 24 F.3d 1127, 1130–31 (9th Cir. 1994).
24 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (“Only disputes over facts that might
affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary
judgment.”).
25 Id. at 248.
26 Mills v. Wood, No. 4:10-cv-00033-RRB, 2015 WL 2100849, at *1 (D. Alaska May 6, 2015),
aff’d in part, 726 F. App’x 631 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)).
27 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325.
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met its initial burden, Rule 56(e) requires the nonmoving party to go beyond the pleadings and
identify facts which show a genuine issue for trial.28 “Where . . . the case turns on a mixed question
of fact and law and the only disputes relate to the legal significance of undisputed facts, the
controversy is a question of law suitable for disposition on summary judgment.”29
IV. 	DISCUSSION
The only question before the Court is whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as
to the United States’ alleged negligence. In support of the Motion, Plaintiff relies on the deposition
testimony of Plaintiff and Dr. Ligus;30 a video that allegedly shows Plaintiff’s fall and the floor
conditions;31 photographs of the vestibule and mat;32 and the opinions of a purported “flooring
expert,” Blair Pruitt.33 Plaintiff argues that there is not a genuine dispute of material fact whether
the United States negligently maintained the floor in the vestibule.34
The United States argues that there are several facts still in dispute and that Plaintiff
exaggerates the conclusiveness of the evidence.35 Specifically, the United States contends that the
video referenced by Plaintiff does not indisputably show the precise cause of Plaintiff’s fall or the
28 Id. at 323–24.
29 Coomes v. Edmonds Sch. Dist. No. 15, 816 F.3d 1255, 1262 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Wash. Mut.
Inc. v. United States, 636 F.3d 1207, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011)).
30 Dkt. 31-3 (Ligus Deposition).
31 Plaintiff did not submit the video for the Court to review. Instead, the video is referenced
throughout Mr. Pruitt’s report and deposition. Dkt. 31-1 (Pruitt Report); 31-2 (Pruitt Deposition).
32 The only photographs contained in the record are contained within Pruitt’s report.
33 Dkt. 31-1; 31-2.
34 Dkt. 31 at 6.
35 Dkt. 37 at 3–4.
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location of the floormat.36 Moreover, the United States’ expert, Susan Evans, reviewed the same
evidence as Mr. Pruitt yet arrived at opposing conclusions.37
Pursuant to the principle of negligence under Alaska law, “[a] landowner or other owner
of property must act as a reasonable person in maintaining his property in a reasonably safe
condition in view of the circumstances, including the likelihood of injury to others, the seriousness
of the injury, and the burden on the respective parties of avoiding the risk.”38 However, the Alaska
Supreme Court has cautioned that questions of negligence are generally “not susceptible to
summary determination and are better left to the trier of fact because of the question of
reasonableness.”39
Here, there is conflicting evidence on the reasonableness of the United States’ conduct.
Plaintiff argues that the United States was negligent because: (1) the floormat was not placed close
enough to the entryway door, (2) the floormat was saturated with water, (3) the matless floor was
not cleared of water, and (4) there was insufficient warning of the hazards.40
36 Id.
37 Id. at 5. Dkt. 37-1 (Evans Report).
38 Burnett v. Covell, 191 P.3d 985, 990 (Alaska 2008) (quoting Webb v. City & Borough of Sitka,
561 P.2d 731, 733 (Alaska 1977) superseded on other grounds by AS 09.65.200, as recognized in
Univ. of Alaska v. Shanti, 835 P.2d 1225, 1228 n.5 (Alaska 1992)).
39 Edenshaw v. Safeway, Inc., 186 P.3d 568, 570 (Alaska 2008) (citing Webb, 561 P.2d at 735)
(internal quotations omitted).
40 Dkt. 31 at 4–8. The allegations are supported by the conclusion contained in Mr. Pruitt’s report.
Dkt. 31-1.
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However, 	after 	reviewing 	the 	evidence, 	the 	United 	States’ 	expert 	has 	expressly
contradicted each of these claims.41 Rebutting Plaintiff’s first and second assertions, Ms. Evans
claims “[f]loor mats placed in the vestibule were of a suitable style, placed suitably, and were
properly maintained.”42 As to Plaintiff’s third assertion, Ms. Evans opined the flooring in the
vestibule “appears consistent with commercial flooring” that tends to be more slip resistant when
wet than dry.43 Finally, in response to Plaintiff’s allegation that there was no visible warning
outside the entryway, Ms. Evans opines that “Burger King provided sufficient notification to
patrons that the floor might be wet and to use caution.”44 Ultimately, Ms. Evans states that she
disagreed “that the walking surface at the vestibule walkway constituted a slip and fall hazard” or
“that the circumstances created the unsafe conditions.”45
Plaintiff argues that Ms. Evans’ conclusions do not create genuine issues of material fact.
Plaintiff contends that Ms. Evans’ opinions regarding the conditions in the vestibule are irrelevant
because they are solely based on photographs that were not taken on the day Plaintiff fell.46
However, that is not the case. Ms. Evans’ report indicates that her opinions were based on several
materials including: the photographs of the vestibule, the video that shows a portion of the floormat
and vestibule at the time of Plaintiff’s fall, the Complaint, the Liguses’ depositions, and other
41 Dkt. 37-1 at 4–8. In preparing their respective reports, Ms. Evans and Mr. Pruitt reviewed much
of the same material. Compare Dkt. 31-1 with Dkt. 37-1.
42 Dkt. 37-1 at 5.
43 Id. at 6.
44 Id. at 4.
45 Id.at 8.
46 Dkt. 41 at 3.
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documents.47 Having reviewed these materials, Ms. Evans—like Plaintiff’s own expert—drew a
conclusion about the probable conditions in the vestibule at the time of Plaintiff’s fall.48 The Court
finds that Ms. Evans’ conclusions are relevant to the issue of negligence.
Accordingly, viewing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, a jury could find that the United States “act[ed] as a reasonable
person in maintaining [its] property in a reasonably safe condition.”49
V. 	CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion at docket 31 is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated at Anchorage, Alaska, this 30th day of July, 2020.
/s/ Timothy M. Burgess
TIMOTHY M. BURGESS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
47 Dkt. 37-1 at 3.
48 Compare Dkt. 31-1 with Dkt. 37-1.
49 See Burnett, 191 P.3d at 990.
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