May et al v. Great Lakes Water Authority et al

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
LARRY MAY, et al.,
Plaintiff,
Case No. 21-cv-10911
v. 	Hon. Matthew F. Leitman
GREAT LAKES
WATER AUTHORITY, et al.,
Defendants.
__________________________________________________________________/
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (ECF No. 77)
Plaintiffs Maura Davis, Kimberley Garza, Joe Kimbrough, and Harold
Robinson Sr. at all relevant times were members of Defendant AFSCME Local 2920
(the “Union”). 	In this action, Plaintiffs allege that the Union breached its duty of
fair representation under Michigan’s Public Employment Relations Act, Mich.
Comp. Laws § 423.201 et seq. (the “PERA”).
Now before the Court is the Union’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and/or for summary judgment under Rule
56. (See Mot., ECF No. 77.) The Union argues, among other things, that Plaintiffs’
claims are not timely under the PERA and that the claims fail on the merits. While
Plaintiffs have addressed the portion of the Union’s argument seeking dismissal
under Rule 12(b)(6), Plaintiffs have not provided any substantive response to the
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Union’s summary judgment arguments. Nor have Plaintiffs identified any evidence
that their claims are timely or meritorious under the PERA. 	Thus, for the reasons
explained below, the Court GRANTS the Union’s motion for summary judgment
and DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ PERA claims.
I
A
Plaintiffs are current or former employees of the Great Lakes Water Authority
(the “GLWA”). 	In April 2021, twenty-seven named Plaintiffs filed this action
against the GLWA and the Union. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.) The operative pleading
is Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint. (See Sec. Am. Compl., ECF No. 47.) In
that 	pleading, 	Plaintiffs 	alleged 	that 	the 	GLWA 	engaged 	in 	“workplace
discrimination and harassment based upon the protected classes of race, age, national
origin, and sex.” (Id. at ¶ 1, PageID.1941.)
In addition to bringing claims against the GLWA, seventeen of the Plaintiffs
brought claims against the Union under the PERA. 	Those claims arose out of (1)
the 	Union’s 	alleged 	“failure 	to 	adequately 	investigate” 	grievances 	that 	the
represented Plaintiffs had against the GLWA and (2) the Union’s “failure to
collectively bargain in good faith, resulting in damage to Plaintiffs by way of lost
perks.” (Resp., ECF No. 79, PageID.3514.)
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B
In April 2023, the GLWA moved to compel Plaintiffs to arbitrate all of their
claims against the GLWA. (See Mot., ECF No. 50.) 	The Court granted that relief
and stayed the proceedings as to the claims brought against the GLWA. (See Order,
ECF No. 64.) The Union was not a party to the arbitration, and the Plaintiffs’ claims
against the Union were not arbitrated.
The arbitrator ultimately issued an arbitration award in favor of the GLWA
and against the Plaintiffs (the “Award”). 	The Court confirmed the Award and
dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims against the GLWA on September 8, 2025. (See Order,
ECF No. 85.)
C
On April 30, 2023, the Union moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims. (See Mot.,
ECF No. 51.) The Court granted that motion in part and denied it in part. (See Order,
ECF No. 63.) More specifically, the Court dismissed the claims brought against the
Union by all of the Plaintiffs except for Plaintiffs Davis, Garza, Kimbrough, and
Robinson Sr. (See id.) The parties then engaged in a period of discovery related to
the PERA claims by those remaining Plaintiffs.
D
Following the arbitration and motion practice described above, the only
remaining claims in this action are the PERA claims against the Union by Plaintiffs
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Davis, Garza, Kimbrough, and Robinson Sr. On April 25, 2025, the Union filed a
motion to dismiss and/or for summary judgment with respect to those remaining
claims. (See Mot., ECF No. 77.) The Court has reviewed the motion and Plaintiffs’
responses (see Resps., ECF Nos. 79, 80), and it is now prepared to rule on the
motion.
II
A
In its motion, the Union moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and for summary judgment under Rule 56. 	The
Court will focus only on the Union’s request for summary judgment. The standard
for granting that relief is well established. 	Under Rule 56, a movant is entitled to
summary judgment when it “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact.” SEC v. Sierra Brokerage Servs., Inc., 712 F.3d 312, 326-27 (6th Cir. 2013)
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56). When reviewing the record, “the court must view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable
inferences in its favor.” Id. 	But “the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in
support of the [non-moving party’s] position will be insufficient; there must be
evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for [that party].” 	Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). 	Summary judgment is not
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appropriate when “the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require
submission to a jury.” Id. at 251–52.
B
As noted above, Plaintiffs’ claims against the Union arise under the PERA.
“The PERA was adopted by the Michigan legislature to regulate the labor relations
between Michigan’s public employers and employees.” 	Chisolm v. Michigan
AFSCME Council 25, 218 F.Supp.2d. 855, 869 (E.D. Mich. 2002) (citing Grandville
Municipal Executive Ass’n v. City of Grandville, 553 N.W.2d 917 (Mich. 1996)).
The PERA was “modeled after the National Labor Relations Act.” Rogers v. Bd. of
Educ. of Buena Vista Schools, 2 F.3d 163, 166 (6th Cir. 1993). 	Thus, “[i]n
construing and applying PERA, the Michigan Supreme Court has held that the
Michigan 	legislature 	intended 	Michigan 	courts 	to 	rely 	on 	analogous 	federal
precedent.” Id.
To prevail against the Union on their PERA claims, Plaintiffs must show both
that (1) the GLWA “breach[ed the parties’] collective bargaining agreement” and
(2) “the [U]nion breached its duty of fair representation.” Chisolm, 218 F.Supp.2d
at 869. 	“The rationale for this rule is that the two constituent claims are
interdependent-the first claim is anchored in the [GLWA’s] breach of the collective
bargaining agreement, the second claim is anchored in the [U]nion[’]s failure to
properly represent [Plaintiffs].” Id. “To determine if the Union breached its duty of
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fair representation, [the Court] ask[s] whether the Union’s conduct in representing
[Plaintiffs] was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Roeder v. American Postal
Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 180 F.3d 733, 738 (6th Cir. 1999). “Mere negligence on
the part of a union does not satisfy this requirement. 	For liability to attach, [the
Union’s] conduct must be so far outside a wide range of reasonableness as to be
irrational.” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 	Finally, a PERA
claim must be filed within six months of the alleged unfair labor practice. See Mich.
Compl. Laws § 432.216(a) (“[N]o complaint shall issue upon any unfair labor
practice occurring more than 6 months prior to the filing of the Charge”).
III
In its motion for summary judgment, the Union argues, among other things,
that (1) Plaintiffs’ PERA claims are barred by PERA’s six-month statute of
limitations and (2) Plaintiffs cannot establish the second element of their PERA
claims, namely that the Union breached its duty of fair representation. 	The Court
agrees on both scores.
A
Before turning to the merits of the Union’s arguments, there is a separate and
independent basis for granting the Union’s motion: Plaintiffs have forfeited their
PERA claims. Here, the Union filed a motion for summary judgment and supported
that motion with record evidence. For example, the Union identified evidence in the
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record that the claims brought by each remaining Plaintiff were not timely filed
under PERA’s six-month statute of limitations described above. (See Mot., ECF No.
77, PageID.3124-3129.) The Union also argued, with references to both supporting
case law and evidence in the record, that Plaintiffs had not presented, and could not
present, evidence that the Union breached its duty of fair representation. (See id.,
PageID.3130-3138.) 	Plaintiffs responded to neither argument in their response to
the Union’s motion. 	They did not identify any evidence in the record that could
establish that their claims are timely, and they did not present evidence that the
Union’s actions were arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.
As the Sixth Circuit has explained, “[w]hen a litigant fails to address a claim
in response to a motion for summary judgment, that claim is deemed abandoned or
forfeited.” Bennett v. Hurley Medical Ctr., 86 F.4th 314, 324 (6th Cir. 2023). That
is exactly what has happened here. 	By presenting no substantive response to the
Union’s arguments, Plaintiffs have abandoned and forfeited their PERA claims. 1
That alone justifies granting the Union’s motion.
1 The Court acknowledges that in one paragraph of Plaintiffs’ response to the
Union’s motion, Plaintiffs contend that they “gathered additional documents to
support their [PERA] claims.” (Resp., ECF No. 79, PageID.3518.) 	And Plaintiffs
then cite the Court to several exhibits attached to their response that purportedly
include those documents. (See id.) But none of those documents appear responsive
to the Union’s summary judgment arguments as described above, and the Plaintiffs
have not provided any explanation as to how the documents are relevant to the
arguments before the Court. Simply put, the Court does not regard the attachment
of documents, unaccompanied by any explanation concerning how the documents
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Instead of providing any substantive response to the Union’s motion for
summary judgment, Plaintiffs argue that the Court should not consider the motion at
all because it is “premature.” (Resp., ECF No. 79, PageID.3514.) Plaintiffs say that
the motion is “untimely and inappropriate” because at the time the motion was filed,
a motion by the GLWA to confirm the arbitrator’s Award was pending before the
Court. (Id.) 	Plaintiffs seem to suggest that the Union should not have moved for
summary judgment on the PERA claims because that motion was somehow
dependent upon the Court’s resolution of the motion to confirm the Award. It was
not.
The Union sought summary judgment on two grounds that had nothing to do
with the Award, and thus there was no need for the Union to await a ruling on the
motion to confirm the Award before filing its motion for summary judgment. Here’s
why the motion to confirm the Award was unrelated to the Union’s motion for
summary judgment. 	As noted above, in the Award, the arbitrator dismissed (as
untimely) Plaintiffs’ claims that the GLWA breached the collective bargaining
agreement. 	But the Union’s motion for summary judgment did not depend on
whether the arbitrator had correctly dismissed the contract claims against the GLWA
(a different party). Instead, as noted above, the Union argued that it was entitled to
relate to the Union’s summary judgment arguments, as a response to the Union’s
request for summary judgment.
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summary judgment because (1) Plaintiffs’ claims against the Union were untimely
and (2) Plaintiffs had failed to show that the Union’s conduct was arbitrary,
discriminatory, or in bad faith. These arguments, if correct, would have entitled the
Union to summary judgment even if the arbitrator had erred in ruling that Plaintiffs’
separate claims against the GLWA should be dismissed. 	Simply put, whether the
Union was entitled to summary judgment on the bases set forth in its motion did not
turn on any issue decided by the arbitrator in the Award or before the Court in the
motion to confirm the Award. 	Thus, the Union properly moved for summary
judgment even though the motion to confirm the Award was pending.
Finally, taking up the Union’s motion for summary judgment now is proper
because Plaintiffs have had a full and fair opportunity to conduct discovery.
Plaintiffs have not shown otherwise. They have not submitted a declaration under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) outlining the discovery they have been unable
to take and still need. See Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(d) (“If a nonmovant shows by
affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to
justify its opposition [to a motion], the court may: (1) defer considering the motion
or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or
(3) issue any other appropriate order”). 	Plaintiffs thus have no basis to complain
about a lack of discovery.
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For all of the reasons explained above, Plaintiffs have forfeited their PERA
claims, and the Union is entitled to summary judgment on that basis alone.
B
Even if Plaintiffs had not forfeited their PERA claims, the Union would still
be entitled to summary judgment.
1
The Court begins with the Union’s statute of limitations argument. 	As
explained above, a claim under the PERA must be filed within six months of the
alleged unfair labor practice. See Mich. Compl. Laws § 423.216(a). “If the alleged
breach of duty occurs in the grievance procedure, then a claim accrues …when the
claimant 	discovers, 	or, 	in 	the 	exercise 	of 	reasonable 	diligence, 	should 	have
discovered the acts which constitute the alleged violation.” Berry v. United Auto.
Aerospace and Agr. Implement Workers of Am., 1986 WL 15570, at *2 (E.D. Mich.
Oct. 31, 1986). See also McCluseky v. Womack, 470 N.W.2d 443, 445 (Mich. App.
1991) (“The six-month limitation period begins to run from the time a final decision
regarding the employees’ grievance has been made or from the time the employees
discovered, or in the exercise of reasonable care should have discovered, that no
further action would be taken with respect to their grievance”). 	If the identified
unfair practice arises from a union’s negotiations of a labor contract, that six-month
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period begins to run from the date the contract was ratified. See Berry, 1986 WL
15570, at *3.
Here, Plaintiffs filed this action on April 22, 2021. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.)
Thus, any claims that accrued prior to October 22, 2020, would not be timely. In its
motion, the Union has presented evidence that for each of the remaining Plaintiffs,
their claims accrued before (and in most cases, well before) October 22, 2020. For
example, the Union presented evidence that:
 	The relevant collective bargaining agreement was ratified in April 2019.
(See ECF Nos. 34-2, 34-3.) 	Thus, any claim based on a shortcoming in
connection with the negotiation of that agreement would have accrued in
October 2019.
 	With respect to Plaintiff Garza, she said that she was aware of alleged
“racial, 	age, 	and 	general 	discrimination” 	regarding 	her 	pay 	and
advancement as early as June 8, 2018; she claimed that the Union “always
knew” about that discrimination but took no action; and she acknowledged
that the only grievance she filed with the Union regarding her pay was
dated February 22, 2017. (See ECF No. 77-2, PageID.3144-3148; ECF No.
77-3, PageID.3238.)
 	With respect to Plaintiff Kimbrough, the Union served him with a
discovery request in which it asked him to identify when he became aware
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that the Union allegedly failed to bargain on his behalf and/or failed to
address his grievances about the conduct of the GLWA, but he failed to
respond. (See ECF Nos. 77-15, 77-16.)
 	With respect to Plaintiff Robinson Sr., he said that he became aware of the
alleged “discriminatory practices” referenced in the Complaint in “June
2020” and informed the Union about that conduct in “August 2020.” (ECF
No. 77-4, PageID.3315-3316.)
 	Finally, as to Plaintiff Davis, he responded in discovery that the latest he
raised complaints with the Union regarding “issues” at the GLWA was
October 15, 2020. (ECF No. 77-17, PageID.3462.) Davis also said that he
brought complaints to the Union about workplace suspensions that were
levied against him, but those suspensions took place in 2018 and August
2020 respectively. (See id.)
All of this evidence supports the Union’s contention that Plaintiffs’ claims
accrued more than six months before Plaintiffs filed this action. 	And, as noted
above, in response, Plaintiffs have not produced any counter-evidence that could
create a genuine issue of material fact about when their claims accrued for purposes
of the PERA’s statute of limitations. 	Indeed, Plaintiffs have not identified any
evidence that any event that could give rise to their claims against the Union
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occurred within six months of the filing of this action. 	Accordingly, Plaintiffs’
claims are time barred.
2
Plaintiffs’ claims also fail on the merits. As explained above, in order to show
that the Union breached its duty of fair representation, Plaintiffs would need to
establish that the Union’s conduct was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith. See
Roeder, 180 F.3d at 738. To show that a Union’s conduct was arbitrary, a plaintiff
“has the difficult task of showing that the union’s actions were wholly irrational.”
Garrison v. Cassens Transport, Co., 334 F.3d 528, 538-39 (6th Cir. 2003) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Plaintiffs have not met that demanding standard here. In the Union’s motion,
the Union identified evidence that it (1) filed group grievances on behalf of its
members 	(including 	Plaintiffs) 	related 	to 	disparities 	in 	pay, 	shift 	premiums,
involuntary transfers, and merit pay (See ECF No. 77-6); (2) successfully negotiated
resolutions related to those issues (see ECF No. 77-7); and (3) represented Plaintiff
Davis in proceedings related his suspensions and discharges from the GLWA (see
ECF Nos. 77-12, 77-19.) 	And in response, Plaintiffs have not identified any
evidence that could show that any of those actions – or any other actions or omissions
by the Union – were arbitrary, discriminatory, or taken in bad faith. 	All Plaintiffs
have done is rely on the conclusory allegations in their Second Amended Complaint.
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But they have not come forth with any actual evidence that could create a genuine
issue of material fact for trial on this element of their PERA claims.
IV
For all of the reasons explained above, the Union’s motion for summary
judgment (ECF No. 77) is GRANTED. 	As this Order resolves the last pending
claims in this action, this case is now CLOSED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Matthew F. Leitman
MATTHEW F. LEITMAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated: December 3, 2025
I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was served upon the
parties and/or counsel of record on December 3, 2025, by electronic means and/or
ordinary mail.
s/Holly A. Ryan
Case Manager
(313) 234-5126
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