Motors Liquidation Company

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
In re:
MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY,
f/k/a GENERAL MOTORS
CORPORATION, et al.,
Debtors.
FOR PUBLICATION
Chapter 11
Case No. 09-50026 (MG)
(Jointly Administered)
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER APPROVING MOTION FOR AN ORDER
APPROVING STIPULATION OF SETTLEMENT AND OTHER RELIEF
A P P E A R A N C E S:
KRAMER, LEVIN, NAFTALIS & FRANKEL LLP
Attorneys for the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Company, et.
al.
1177 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
By: 	Robert T. Schmidt, Esq.
Jennifer Sharret, Esq.
Jonathan M. Wagner, Esq.
BINDER & SCHWARTZ LLP
Attorneys for the Motors Liquidation Company Avoidance Action Trust
336 Madison Avenue, 6th Floor
New York, New York 10017
By: 	Eric B. Fisher, Esq.
EMMET, MARVIN & MARTIN, LLP
Attorneys for the Motors Liquidation Company Avoidance Action Trust
120 Broadway
New York, New York 10271
By: 	Paul T. Weinstein, Esq.
WESTERMAN, BALL, EDERER, MILLER, ZUCKER & SHARESTEIN, LLP
Attorneys for River Birch Capital, LLC
1201 RXR Plaza
Uniondale, New York 11556
By: 	Richard F. Harrison, III, Esq.
Eric G. Waxman, III, Esq.
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VEDDER PRICE
Attorneys for Export Development Canada
1633 Broadway, 47th Floor
New York, New York 10019
By: 	Michael L. Schein, Esq.
STROOCK & STROOCK & LAVAN LLP
Attorneys for Davidson Kempner Capital Management LP
180 Maiden Lane
New York, New York 10038
By: 	Kristopher M. Hansen, Esq.
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Attorneys for United States Department of Treasury
86 Chambers Street
New York, New York 10007
By: 	David S. Jones, Esq.
MARTIN GLENN,
United States Bankruptcy Judge
Pending before the Court is the Joint Motion of Motors Liquidation Company Avoidance
Action Trust and Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors for Entry of (A) Stipulation and
Agreed Order (I) Settling Disputed Entitlements of Debtor-in-Possession Lenders and Official
Committee of Unsecured Creditors to Potential Term Loan Avoidance Action Proceeds and (II)
Modifying Avoidance Action Trust Agreement to Implement Settlement, and (B) Order (I)
Approving Settlement of the Allocation Dispute, (II) Approving Amendments to the Avoidance
Action Trust Agreement, and (III) Authorizing the Avoidance Action Trust to Grant a Lien to the
DIP Lenders (the “Motion,” ECF Doc. # 13688), filed jointly by the Wilmington Trust
Company, as trust administrator and trustee (the “Trust Administrator”) of the Motors
Liquidation Company Avoidance Trust (the “Trust”), and the Official Committee of Unsecured
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Creditors of Motors Liquidation Company f/k/a General Motors Corporation (the “Committee,”
collectively with the Avoidance Action Trust Administrator, “Movants”).1
Davidson Kempner Capital Management LP (“Kempner”), a general unsecured claimant
and a beneficiary of the Trust, filed an objection to the Motion (the “Kempner Objection,” ECF
Doc # 13704). River Birch Capital LLC (“River Birch”), a private funder under the Private
Litigation Funding Agreement (as defined below), filed a separate objection to the Motion (the
“River Birch Objection,” ECF Doc # 13701).
The United States of America (the “United States”), on behalf of the debtor-in-possession
lender the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”), filed a statement in response
to the Kempner Objection and the River Birch Objection (the “Treasury Response,” ECF Doc #
13713). Export Development Canada (“EDC”) joined the Treasury Response (“EDC Joinder,”
ECF Doc # 13716).
The Trust Administrator filed a reply to the River Birch Objection (the “Trust Reply to
River Birch Objection,” ECF Doc # 13714) and a separate reply to the Kempner Objection (the
“Trust Reply to Kempner Objection,” ECF Doc # 13715). The Committee filed an omnibus
reply (the “Omnibus Reply,” ECF Doc # 13717).2
The Court held a hearing (the “Hearing”) on the Motion on August 10, 2016, after which
the Court took this matter under submission. For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the
Motion.
1 	The Motion is supported by the declaration of Arthur J. Gonzalez, the Trust Monitor of the Trust (the
“Gonzalez Declaration,” ECF Doc # 13689).
2 	The Omnibus reply is supported by the declaration of Thomas Moers Mayer (the “Mayer Declaration,”
ECF Doc # 13718).
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I. 	BACKGROUND
On June 1, 2009 (the “Petition Date”), the Motors Liquidation Company (“Old GM”),
and its affiliated Debtors, filed voluntary petitions for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy
Code. (Mot. ¶ 8.)
On the Petition Date, the Debtor filed a motion (“the DIP Motion,” ECF Doc. # 64)
seeking authority from the Court to obtain $33.3 billion in post-petition financing (the “DIP
Financing”) from the United States Department of the Treasury and Export Development Canada
(collectively, “DIP Lenders”). (Id.) The Court approved three DIP Orders: (1) the Interim DIP
Financing Order, entered on June 2, 2009 (the “Interim DIP Order,” ECF Doc. # 292), (2) the
Final DIP Financing Order, entered on June 25, 2009 (the “Final DIP Order,” ECF Doc. # 2529),
and (3) the modified final DIP financing order, entered on July 5, 2009 (the “Wind-Down
Order,” ECF Doc. # 2969) (all three collectively, the “DIP Orders”).
Prior to the Petition Date, Old GM obtained a syndicated secured term loan (the “Term
Loan”) of approximately $1.5 billion pursuant to a term loan agreement, dated November 29,
2006, as amended on March 4, 2009 (the “Term Loan Agreement”). (Mot. ¶ 10.) To secure
repayment of the Term Loan, Old GM granted the Term Loan Lenders security interests in a
large number of Old GM’s assets, including all of the equipment and fixtures at Old GM’s
facilities throughout the United States (the “Collateral”). (Id.) JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
(“JPMorgan”), as administrative agent of the Term Loan, caused the filing of twenty-eight UCC-
1 financing statements throughout the United States to perfect the Term Loan Lenders’ security
interests in the Collateral. (Id.) One of the twenty-eight UCC-1 financing statements covered all
of the equipment and fixtures at forty-two of Old GM facilities and was filed with the Delaware
Secretary of State, designated as file number 64168084 (the “Main Lien”). (Id.)
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Through the DIP Motion, the Debtors requested authority to use a portion of the DIP
financing to fully repay the approximately $1.5 billion Term Loan to a syndicate of more than
400 lenders (the “Term Loan Lenders”), including JPMorgan as administrative agent and lender.
(Id. ¶ 11.) On the presumption that the Term Loan Lenders’ claims arising under the Term Loan
Agreement were fully secured, Old GM repaid the Term Loan Lenders in full.
However, before the entry of the Final DIP Order, the Committee learned that the Term
Loan Lenders’ security interests may not have been perfected as of the Petition Date as a result
of the filing of the termination statement relating to the Main Lien (the “2008 Termination
Statement”) months before the Petition Date. (Id. ¶ 12.) Therefore, the Final DIP Order, while
conditionally approving repayment of the Term Loan, expressly preserved the right for the
Committee to investigate and bring actions based upon, among other things, the purported
perfection of the security interests related to the Term Loan. (Id. ¶ 12.)
The Committee determined that JPMorgan had authorized the filing of the 2008
Termination Statement, and that, as a result, the Term Loan Lenders’ security interest with
respect to the collateral secured by the Main Lien was not perfected as of the Petition Date.
Therefore, according to the Committee, the claims of the Term Loan Lenders were substantially
undersecured. (Id. ¶ 13.) To recover amounts that the Committee alleges that Old GM paid to
the Term Loan Lenders after the Petition Date—based on the erroneous assumption that the
Term Loan Lender’s interests were perfected and their claims fully secured—the Committee
commenced an adversary proceeding (the “Term Loan Avoidance Action”). (Id.)
On March 29, 2011, the Court entered an order (the “Confirmation Order,” ECF Doc. #
9941) confirming the plan (the “Plan”), which provided for the creation of the Trust to liquidate
and distribute its non-administrative assets, which would consist entirely of the proceeds, if any,
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of the Term Loan Avoidance Action. (Mot. ¶ 14.) In December 2011, the prosecution of the
Term Loan Avoidance Action was transferred to the Trust. (Id.)
Prior to the confirmation of the Plan, the DIP Lenders took the position that the Wind-
Down Order provided them with a super-priority administrative expense claim for any amounts
not otherwise paid back (subject to certain carve-outs not relevant here), and that the DIP lenders
had not waived the right to be repaid by the estate from funds recovered through the Term Loan
Avoidance Action. (Id. ¶ 15.) The Committee opposed this view and moved, on October 4,
2010, to enforce the Final DIP Order and Wind-Down Order, arguing that the DIP Lenders could
not claim rights to any proceeds of the Term Loan Avoidance Action (the “Allocation Dispute”).
(Id. ¶ 16.) The Court ruled that the Committee’s motion was unripe for judicial administration
but did not foreclose a further application for a ruling to resolve the Allocation Dispute at a later
time. (Id.) As a result of that decision, both the Plan and Avoidance Action Trust Agreement
deferred the issue of whether the DIP lenders would be the beneficiaries of the Term Loan
Avoidance Action and provided that it would be resolved either by mutual agreement between
the DIP Lenders and the Committee or by final order. (Id. ¶ 17.)
On June 6, 2011, further prosecuting the Allocation Dispute, the Committee commenced
an adversary proceeding, seeking a declaratory judgment that: (i) the DIP Lenders were not
entitled to any proceeds of the Term Loan Avoidance Action and had no interests in the Trust,
and (ii) the holders of the allowed general unsecured claims had the exclusive rights to any and
all proceeds of the Term Loan Avoidance Action, and were the exclusive beneficiaries of the
Trust. (Id. ¶ 18.) On December 12, 2011, this Court ruled in favor of the Committee, denying
the DIP Lender’s motion to dismiss and for summary judgment, and granting the Committee’s
motion for summary judgment (the “Decision”). See In re Motors Liquidation Co., 460 B.R. 603
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(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011), vacated sub nom., U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury v. Official Comm. of
Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Co., 475 B.R. 347, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). The DIP
Lenders appealed, and on July 3, 2012, the District Court for the Southern District of New York
vacated the Decision on the grounds that the Allocation Dispute was not ripe and remanded the
matter to the Court with instructions to dismiss the Committee’s complaint without prejudice.
See U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury v. Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation
Co., 475 B.R. 347, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (the “District Court Decision”). (Mot. ¶ 18.) Notably,
in holding that the Allocation Dispute was not ripe, the District Court left untouched the merits
of the Decision. See id.
A. 	The Motion
The initial administrative assets of the Trust consisted of approximately $1.6 million in
cash to be held and maintained by the Trust Administrator for fees and expenses in connection
with trust administration and prosecution of the Term Loan Avoidance Action (the “Avoidance
Action Cash”). (Id. ¶ 22.) However, the Trust maintains that the $1.6 million of Avoidance
Action Cash proved to be insufficient to fund litigation costs related to the Term Loan
Avoidance Action and to satisfy the Trust’s general administrative costs. (Id. ¶ 23.) On January
20, 2012, the Motors Liquidation Company GUC Trust (the “GUC Trust”) filed a motion
seeking, among other things, to liquidate securities to fund additional Trust costs. (Id. ¶ 23.)
The Court granted the GUC Trust’s motion and entered an order, which, among other things,
allocated an additional $13,714,000 to the Trust to satisfy the Trust’s estimated fees, costs and
expenses for 2012, 2013, and 2014. (Id.)
The Trust Administrator, in consultation with the Trust Monitor, determined that the cash
available to the Trust was insufficient to meet its projected fees and expenses. (Id. ¶ 28.) The
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Trust Administrator commenced a competitive bidding process to obtain private funding for the
Trust. (Id.) On April 4, 2016, the Trust reached an agreement in principle with a private funder
(the “Private Funder”) for a $15 million loan in exchange for a return that could be as high as the
greater of 2.25 times the amount of the funds drawn or 4.75% of the aggregate proceeds of the
Term Loan Avoidance Action. (Id. ¶ 30.) On May 19, 2016, the Trust provided the DIP Lenders
with a copy of the executed litigation funding agreement with the Private Funder (the “Private
Litigation Funding Agreement”). (Id.) On June 23, 2016, the Trust sought approval of the
Private Litigation Funding Agreement. (Id.)
The Trust negotiated a provision into the Private Litigation Funding Agreement which
permitted the Trust to terminate the Private Litigation Funding Agreement within a certain
period of time in the event that the DIP Lenders agreed to provide funding to the Trust “on terms
materially more favorable to the Trust than those provided by the [i]nvestors under [the Private
Litigation Funding Agreement].” (Id. ¶ 31.)
The DIP Lenders, the Trust and Committee entered into the stipulation and agreed order
(the “Stipulation and Agreed Order,” Mot. Ex. A). (Id. ¶ 32.) The Committee’s entry into this
Stipulation and Agreed Order was conditioned on the DIP Lenders providing $15 million in
litigation funding (the “Litigation Cost Advance”) to the Trust on terms acceptable to the Trust.
(Id.) The Stipulation and Agreed Order provides that, after repayment of all DIP Lender
Advances (including the Litigation Cost Advance) and the GUC Trust Advances (both, as
defined therein), the DIP Lenders shall be entitled to receive 30% of the remaining net proceeds
resulting from the Term Loan Avoidance Action and unsecured creditors shall be entitled to
receive the remaining 70%, with each such distribution to the DIP Lenders and unsecured
creditors to be made contemporaneously and on a pari passu basis. (Id. ¶ 33.) In addition, the
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Stipulation and Agreed Order approves the litigation cost advance agreement with the DIP
Lenders (the “Litigation Cost Advance Agreement,” and collectively with the Stipulation and
Agreed Order, the “Settlement”), under which the DIP Lenders will advance the $15 million
Litigation Cost Advance to the Trust. (Id. ¶ 34.) The Stipulation and Agreed Order further
grants the DIP Lenders a first priority lien on the Avoidance Action Proceeds and the Funding
Account (as defined in the Litigation Cost Advance Agreement) up to the amount of the
Litigation Cost Advance. (Id.) The Litigation Cost Advance Agreement further provides that
the Trust Agreement shall be amended to reflect the terms of the Stipulation and Agreed Order,
including providing for the Litigation Cost Advance and the relative priority of the Trust’s
obligations to repay the DIP Lenders. (Id.) Having reached an agreement with the DIP Lenders
to provide the Litigation Cost Advance, the Trust seeks to terminate the Private Litigation
Funding Agreement pursuant to its terms. (Id. ¶ 32.)
The Movants request the Court to enter the Stipulation and Agreed Order and approve the
Litigation Cost Advance Agreement. (Id. ¶ 36.)
The Movants contend that the Settlement is fair and reasonable. (Id. ¶ 40.) The Movants
assert that the Allocation Dispute has a long history of litigation, and absent settlement, there is a
strong likelihood of future complex litigation. (Id. ¶ 41.) Settling the Allocation Dispute would
guarantee a distribution to holders of unsecured debt immediately after the Trust receives the
proceeds from the underlying litigation and not potentially multiple years later if the Movants
had to litigate the Allocation Dispute. (Id. ¶ 48.)
The Movants argue that the benefit of settling the Allocation Dispute outweighs the risks
in litigating that issue. (Id. ¶ 52.) According to the Movants, settlement assures holders of
unsecured debt that they would receive 70% of the net distributable proceeds of the Term Loan
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Avoidance Action, ensures adequate funding for the Trust and avoids the potential for complex
and protracted litigation concerning the Allocation Dispute. (Id. ¶¶ 37, 47, 52.) The Movants
also point out that the Settlement was the product of arm’s length negotiations among the
Committee, DIP Lenders and the Trust and that the counsel for the Committee, DIP Lenders and
the Trust are highly experienced practitioners who have been involved in the bankruptcy case
from the beginning and are intimately familiar with the issues and disputes involved in the
Settlement. (Id.)
The Movants also assert that the Stipulation and Agreed Order, the Litigation Cost
Advance and the Avoidance Action Trust Amendments are permitted under the Avoidance
Action Trust Agreement, the Plan and Sections 105(a) and 1142 of the Bankruptcy Code.
B. 	The Kempner Objection
Kempner argues that the Litigation Cost Agreement, under which the DIP Lenders would
receive 30% of the net proceeds from the Term Loan Avoidance Action, is significantly more
expensive than the Private Litigation Funding Agreement. (Kempner Obj. ¶ 7.) Kempner argues
that in order to justify the Settlement, the Committee would have to convince the Court that it
bears a significant enough risk of losing a re-litigation of the Allocation Dispute to justify giving
up 30% of the general unsecured creditor’s recovery from the Term Loan Avoidance Action.
(Id. ¶ 10.) In this vein, Kempner contends that the Movants cannot meet this burden since the
Allocation Dispute had already been litigated on the merits in this Court, which had ruled against
the DIP Lenders in the Decision. (Id. ¶ 11.) Even though the District Court Decision vacated the
Decision, it did so on jurisdictional grounds and not on the merits. See District Court Decision,
475 B.R. at 367. (Mot. ¶ 18.) Kempner argues that any court reviewing the matter again would
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find the Court’s analysis persuasive and would likely rule against the DIP Lenders. (Kempner
Obj. ¶ 17.)
Kempner also argues that since the funding from the DIP Lenders is materially less
favorable to the Trust than that obtained from the Private Funder, the standard set forth in the
Private Litigation Funding Agreement allowing for termination of the agreement cannot be met.
(Id. ¶ 21.) As a result, termination of the Private Litigation Funding Agreement by the Trust
Administrator may lead the Private Funder to commence a separate legal action against the Trust
for breach of contract. (Id.)
Additionally, Kempner argues that because the District Court ruled that this Court does
not have jurisdiction over the Allocation Dispute as there is no justiciable case or controversy,
this Court should not engage in a determination of whether the Settlement is appropriate until
such time as there is a justiciable issue. 	(Id. ¶ 9.)
C. 	River Birch Objection
River Birch contends that the DIP Lender’s Litigation Cost Advance is materially more
expensive, under most recovery outcomes, than the funding under the Private Litigation Funding
Agreement. (River Birch Obj. ¶ 7.) Hence, the Trust is not authorized to terminate the Private
Litigation Funding Agreement because that agreement only permits termination if the DIP
Lenders provide funding “on terms materially more favorable” to the Trust. (See Private
Litigation Funding Agreement § 1.1). Therefore, River Birch warns that termination of the
Private Litigation Funding Agreement could expose the Trust to breach of contract claims.
(River Birch Obj. ¶ 8.)
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D. 	Treasury Response
The United States argues that both the Kempner Objection and the River Birch Objection
should be rejected. (Treasury Response ¶ 19.) According to the United States, the Settlement is
reasonable because, among other things, it avoids the adverse outcome in which a court decides
that unsecured creditors are not entitled to any proceeds from the Allocation Dispute. (Id. ¶ 20.)
The United States further contends that Kempner places unreasonable weight on the Court’s
vacated Decision, in which the Court held that the DIP Lenders were not entitled to any proceeds
from the Allocation Dispute. (Id. ¶ 21.) According to the United States, the Decision is not
entitled to deference both because it has been vacated and also because the controlling issue,
which was decided on summary judgment, is subject to de novo review. (Id.) The United States
maintains that the reasoning in that Decision may not be persuasive to a court in a subsequent
litigation because the DIP Lenders have contentions that have not been conclusively resolved
and the Committee has conceded that one strand of reasoning in the Decision was incorrect. (Id.)
The United States rejects Kempner’s argument that the Settlement is suboptimal for the
Trust. (Id. ¶ 22.) The United States argues that the mandate of the Trust is to obtain the greatest
possible benefit for its beneficiaries, whoever they are. (Id.) The Settlement maximizes the
return to the Trust beneficiaries because, unlike the Private Funder, the DIP Lenders would
provide a no-interest, no-fee advance of litigation costs to the Trust. (Id.) Payment of financing
costs to the Private Funder would reduce the amounts receivable by the beneficiaries of the
Trust. (Id.) The United States argues that the Settlement’s allocation of 30% to the DIP Lenders
should not be viewed as a financing cost; rather, the interest free advance is a benefit that inures
to the Trust as a result of settling the Allocation Dispute. (Id.)
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The United States also rejects Kempner’s contention that the Court should not determine
whether the Settlement is appropriate because the matter is unripe. (Id. ¶ 23.) The United States
argues that there is nothing in Bankruptcy Rule 9019 or any other provision that precludes the
Court from approving negotiated agreements resolving disputed issues, whether or not they are
fully ripe for Article III purposes. (Id.) The United States argues that equity supports accepting
the Settlement because rejecting the Settlement would lead to the inequitable result that the Trust
either would have to accept costly funding from the Private Funders to the financial detriment of
the trust beneficiaries, or it would run out of funds and thus, fail to achieve any recovery. (Id.)
Additionally, the United States argues that Kempner’s objection does not give any weight
to the judgment of the Committee and its counsel, who have been involved in the bankruptcy
from its inception. (Id. ¶ 21.)
E. 	Trust Administrator’s Reply to River Birch Objection
The Trust Administrator argues that River Birch lacks standing under section 1109 of the
Bankruptcy Code because it is not a “party in interest.” (Trust Reply to River Birch Obj. ¶ 8.)
Furthermore, according to the Trust Administrator, the risk of litigation arising from a potential
breach of the Private Litigation Funding Agreement is not a factor that should be considered by
the Court in reviewing the Motion. (Id. ¶ 10.)
The Trust Administrator argues that the Private Litigation Funding Agreement was
properly terminated because the Settlement provides funds on terms that are materially more
favorable to the Trust. (Id. ¶11.) The Settlement provides funds without any interest or other
costs while under the Private Litigation Funding Agreement, the cost of the funds, according to
the Trust Administrator, would range from approximately $18.75 million to $56 million. (Id. ¶
13.) The Trust Administrator further argues that River Birch Capital mischaracterizes the
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allocation of 30% of the Avoidance Action Proceeds to the DIP Lenders as a cost of the
Settlement. (Id. ¶ 14.)
In a similar vein, the Trust Administrator notes that the mandate of the Trust is to
maximize the proceeds for the beneficiaries of the Trust, who are either the unsecured creditors
or the DIP Lenders or both. (Id. ¶ 15.) The Settlement achieves that goal, because unlike the
Private Litigation Funding Agreement, it provides funds to the Trust free of cost. (Id. ¶ 18.)
The Trust Administrator argues that the Settlement is consistent with the Trust’s requirement to
deal impartially with all of its beneficiaries because all beneficiaries, the unsecured creditors as
represented by the Committee and the DIP Lenders, agree that the Settlement is materially more
favorable to the Trust. (Id.)
F. 	Trust Administrator’s Reply to Kempner Objection
The Trust Administrator rejects Kempner’s argument that funding under the Private
Litigation Funding Agreement is more favorable to the Trust than that under the Settlement.
(Trust Reply to Kempner Obj. ¶ 6.) The Trust Administrator argues that the Settlement, by
providing cost-free funds to the Trust, maximizes the proceeds available collectively to the
beneficiaries of the Trust. (Id.) The Trust Administrator notes that it has not participated in the
Allocation Dispute because it remains neutral with respect to the allocation of the proceeds
between the DIP Lenders and the unsecured creditors. (Id. ¶ 8.)
G. 	Omnibus Reply
The Committee argues that the issue before the Court is not whether the Private
Litigation Funding Agreement is better than the Litigation Cost Advance; rather, the issue is
whether the Court should approve the Settlement in which the DIP Lenders and unsecured
creditors get 30% and 70% of the proceeds, respectively. (Omnibus Reply ¶¶ 2–3.)
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The Committee discusses at length the seven non-exclusive factors that a court should
consider in deciding whether to approve a bankruptcy settlement, set forth in the Second
Circuit’s decision in Motorola, Inc. v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (In re Iridium
Operating LLC), 478 F.3d 452 (2d Cir. 2007) (the “Iridium factors”). According to the
Committee, the Iridium factors establish that the Settlement is reasonable and should be
approved. (Omnibus Reply ¶ 9.) The Committee argues with respect to the first Iridium
factor—“the probability of success versus the concrete benefits of settlement”—that the
Settlement provides the concrete benefit that unsecured creditors would receive 70% of the
Avoidance Action proceeds. Litigation of the Allocation Dispute carries the risk that the
Committee would get a lower proportion of proceeds from a successful outcome of the Litigation
Trust Avoidance Action. Furthermore, the Committee argues that the issues raised in the appeal
of the Decision illustrate that winning in the Allocation Dispute is not a forgone conclusion. (Id.
¶¶ 10–22.)
With respect to the second Iridium factor—“the likelihood of complex and protracted
litigation”—the Committee argues that, because of the District Court Decision, it may be unable
to restart litigation of the Allocation Dispute until after it the completion of the Term Loan
Avoidance Action. (Id. ¶ 26.) The Committee contends that full resolution of the Allocation
Dispute may take a long time and delay payment to the unsecured creditors. (Id.) The proposed
Settlement, on the other hand, would, by avoiding that litigation, bring finality and certainty.
(Id.)
With respect to the third and fourth Iridium factors—“the paramount interests of the
creditors” and “whether other parties in interest support the settlement”—respectively, the
Committee contends that the Settlement should be approved since the Committee, which is
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charged with the paramount interest of creditors, itself negotiated the Settlement. (Id. ¶ 27.)
Furthermore, the Committee argues that the objections of Kempner and River Birch should be
discounted because both have financial interests in the Private Litigation Funding Agreement. 3
(Id.) The Committee argues that the absence of objections to the Settlement by any other
creditors speaks in favor of the Settlement. (Id.)
With respect to the fifth Iridium factor—the “competency and experience of counsel
supporting [the Settlement]”—the Committee explains that the counsel for the Committee has
been involved for six years in the Allocation Dispute while this is the first appearance in this
matter for counsels for River Birch and Kempner. (Id. 28.) With respect to the sixth Iridium
factor—“the extent to which the settlement is the product of arm’s length bargaining”—the
Committee demonstrates that it negotiated the Settlement, at arm’s length, over a period of
months. (Id. ¶ 29.)
The Committee rejects Kempner’s argument that the Court does not have authority to
approve the Settlement and argues that ripeness has no bearing on whether the Court can approve
the Settlement. (Id. ¶ 31.)
II. 	DISCUSSION
Settlements and compromises are favored in bankruptcy as they minimize costly
litigation and further parties’ interests in expediting the administration of the bankruptcy estate.
Myers v. Martin (In re Martin), 91 F.3d 389, 393 (3d Cir. 1996). Under Rule 9019 of the
Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (the “Bankruptcy Rules”), the court has the authority to
“approve a compromise or settlement.” FED. R. BANKR. P. 9019(a). A court must determine that
a settlement under Bankruptcy Rule 9019 is fair, equitable, and in the best interests of the estate
3 	Kempner has acknowledged during the Hearing that, in addition to being an unsecured claimant, it holds a
25% interest in the Private Litigation Funding Agreement.
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before it may approve a settlement. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp., Inc., 134 B.R. 493,
496 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1991) (citing Protective Comm. for Indep. Stockholders of TMT Trailer
Ferry, Inc. v. Anderson, 390 U.S. 414, 424 (1968)); see also Topwater Exclusive Fund III, LLC
v. SageCrest II, LLC (In re SageCrest II), Nos. 3:10cv978 (SRU), 3:10cv979 (SRU), 2011 WL
134893, at *8–9 (D. Conn. Jan. 14, 2011); Cousins v. Pereira (In re Cousins), No. 09 Civ.
1190(RJS), 2010 WL 5298172, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2010); In re Chemtura Corp., 439 B.R.
561, 593–94 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2010); In re Lehman Bros. Holdings, 435 B.R. 122, 134
(S.D.N.Y. 2010).
A court’s responsibility is to “canvass the issues and see whether the settlement falls
below the lowest point in the range of reasonableness.” Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594 (quoting In
re W.T. Grant, Co., 699 F.2d 599, 608 (2d Cir. 1983)) (internal quotations omitted). But the
court is not required to go so far as to conduct a trial on the terms to approve a settlement.
See id. Before making a determination, however, the court must inform itself of “all facts
necessary for an intelligent and objective opinion of the probabilities of ultimate success should
the claim be litigated.” O’Connell v. Packles (In re Hilsen), 404 B.R. 58, 70 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y.
2009) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting TMT Trailer Ferry, 390 U.S. at 424). Although
courts have discretion to approve settlements, the business judgment of the debtor in
recommending the settlement should be factored into the court’s analysis. See JP Morgan Chase
Bank, N.A. v. Charter Commc’ns Operating LLC (In re Charter Commc’ns), 419 B.R. 221, 252
(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009). “At the same time, a court may not simply defer to a debtor in
possession’s judgment, but must independently evaluate the reasonableness of the settlement.”
In re Rosenberg, 419 B.R. 532, 536 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2009) (citations omitted). In addition,
courts may give weight to the opinion of bankruptcy counsel supporting the settlement. See id.
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(“In [approving the settlement agreement], the court is permitted to rely upon ‘opinions of the
trustee, the parties, and their attorneys.’”); Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594.
To that end, courts have developed standards to evaluate if a settlement is fair and
equitable and identified factors for approval of settlements based on the original framework
announced in TMT Trailer Ferry, Inc., 390 U.S. 414 (1968). The Second Circuit outlined the
test for consideration of settlements under the Bankruptcy Rules in Iridium Operating LLC, 478
F.3d at 462. The factors to be considered are interrelated and require the court to evaluate:
(1) the balance between the litigation’s possibility of success and
the settlement’s future benefits; (2) the likelihood of complex and
protracted litigation, “with its attendant expense, inconvenience,
and delay,” including the difficulty in collecting on the judgment;
(3) “the paramount interests of the creditors,” including each
affected class’s relative benefits “and the degree to which creditors
either do not object to or affirmatively support the proposed
settlement;” 	(4) 	whether 	other 	parties 	in 	interest 	support 	the
settlement; 	(5) 	the 	“competency 	and 	experience 	of 	counsel”
supporting, 	and 	“[t]he 	experience 	and 	knowledge 	of 	the
bankruptcy court judge” reviewing, the settlement; (6) “the nature
and breadth of releases to be obtained by officers and directors;”
and (7) “the extent to which the settlement is the product of arm’s
length bargaining.”
Id. (internal citations omitted).
A. 	Approval of the Settlement Maximizes Recovery to Trust Beneficiaries
At the outset, it is important to focus on what is and what is not before the Court. The
Court here is asked to approve the Settlement which would, among other things, bring the
Allocation Dispute to a final resolution. Approval of the Settlement also results in the DIP
Lenders providing an interest-free $15 million Litigation Cost Advance to fund the Trust, the
Committee’s required condition for entering into the Settlement. The Court is not asked to
choose the better deal as between the Private Litigation Funding Agreement and the Settlement.
Rather, the Court’s task is to determine the reasonableness of the Settlement. While the terms of
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the Private Litigation Funding Agreement do inform the Court’s assessment of the
reasonableness of the Settlement, the Court’s task is to determine whether the Settlement is
within the “range of reasonableness.” On this score, the Court’s conclusion is a clear yes.
Moreover, as explained below, the Trust’s decision to terminate the Private Litigation Funding
Agreement in favor of pursuing interest-free funding from the DIP Lenders is sound.
The function of the Trust is to maximize recoveries for distribution to creditors with
entitlements to distributions of the Trust’s assets. The allocation of those proceeds, determined
in accordance with the confirmed Plan, is not an issue for the Trust Administrator. The Trust
Administrator acts as the fiduciary for all creditors who have claims on the proceeds from the
Term Loan Avoidance Action. Maximizing the Trust’s assets depends on recovery, if any, from
the Term Loan Avoidance Action, less any of the Trust’s administrative expenses. One of those
expenses is the cost of prosecuting the Term Loan Avoidance Action.
Because the Trust’s assets available to pay expenses are projected to be insufficient to
prosecute the Term Loan Avoidance Action, the Trust has concluded that it needs to borrow
funds to accomplish its objective. (See Gonzalez Decl. ¶ 4.) The Trust conducted an auction
process to obtain litigation funding on the best possible terms. At the conclusion of the process,
the Trust entered into the Private Litigation Funding Agreement, entitling the Trust to borrow up
to $15 million. The Private Litigation Funding Agreement permitted the Trust to terminate the
agreement if it obtained funding from the DIP Lenders on more favorable terms. Funding on
better terms became available when the Committee negotiated the Settlement of the long
standing Allocation Dispute with the DIP Lenders. The Settlement, if approved, enables the
Trust to borrow at no cost—clearly better terms than those in the Private Litigation Funding
Agreement that requires the Trust to pay the Private Funder a return that is the greater of 2.25
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times the amount of the funds drawn or 4.75% of the aggregate proceeds of the Term Loan
Avoidance Action. (See Private Litigation Funding Agreement § 1.1 at 5, 6.) 4 Therefore, the
Trust fulfilled its fiduciary duty when it terminated the Private Litigation Funding Agreement.
Terminating that agreement may or may not result in litigation with the Private Funder, but even
considering that risk, the Trust acted prudently in opting for the DIP Lender’s funding at no cost
to the Trust.
The Court rejects Kempner’s argument that the Settlement imposes a cost of 30% of the
proceeds from the Term Loan Avoidance Action on the Trust. (See Kempner Obj. ¶¶ 7, 21.)
The Trust takes no position on the allocation issue between the DIP Lenders and the Committee,
explaining that its fiduciary duty is to all claimants entitled to Trust distributions. (See Trust
Reply to Kempner Obj. ¶ 15.) The Trust cannot take sides on who has the right to what
entitlement. From the Trust’s standpoint, though, the issue is which funding arrangement
provides better terms for the Trust. The DIP Lender’s funding is clearly superior for the Trust
because it is costless while the Trust would have to pay interest and other fees to the Private
Lender if it borrowed under the Private Litigation Funding Agreement. The Trust does not have
to impute some portion of the allocation settlement to the funding cost because the Trust is
neutral as to how the Allocation Dispute is resolved—the Trust’s focus is obtaining funding at
the lowest cost to it.
B. 	The Settlement is within the “Range of Reasonableness”
The Court finds that the Settlement, which, among other things, allocates 30% of the net
proceeds from the Term Loan Avoidance Action to the DIP Lenders and 70% to the unsecured
creditors, is “within the range of reasonableness.”
4 	Under the Private Litigation Funding Agreement, the cost of the funds, according to the Trust
Administrator, would range from approximately $18.75 million to $56 million. (Trust Reply to River Birch Obj. ¶
13.)
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The Iridium factors guide this Court’s analysis. Not all factors must point in the same
direction, and not all factors must be given the same weight. The Court considers each of these
factors, in turn, below.
The first factor requires the Court to consider “the balance between the litigation’s
possibility of success and the settlement’s future benefits.” Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462 (citation
omitted). This factor presents the closest question in the required analysis. The starting point is
Judge Gerber’s Decision—now vacated—granting the Committee summary judgment
determining that the DIP Lenders were not entitled to any proceeds from any recovery in the
Term Loan Avoidance Action. The District Court Decision vacated the Decision on
jurisdictional grounds but not on the merits. See Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of
Motors Liquidation Co., 475 B.R. at 367. Reviewing the Decision, the Court concludes that
Judge Gerber’s Decision is persuasive but not preclusive. But if this Court reached the same
decision again, once the issues are properly presented for decision, this Court’s decision would
be far from the last word.
Kempner argues that in order to justify the Settlement, the Committee would have to
convince the Court that it bears a significant enough risk of losing a re-litigation of the
Allocation Dispute to justify giving up 30% of the general unsecured creditor’s recovery from
the Term Loan Avoidance Action. (Kempner Obj. ¶ 10.)
However, the role of this Court is not to second-guess the business decision of the
Committee; rather, the Court is only to “see whether the settlement falls below the lowest point
in the range of reasonableness.” Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594. The Settlement was negotiated by
very experienced counsel, at arm’s length, and approved by the Committee’s members after due
deliberations. (See Mayer Decl. ¶¶ 4–27.)
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The DIP Lenders identify several legal and factual issues that they argue were incorrectly
resolved in the Decision, and which may allow them to prevail on a re-litigation of the
Allocation Dispute. (See Treasury Response ¶ 21.) It is entirely possible that the Committee
will lose the Allocation Dispute. The DIP Lenders estimated during the Hearing that the unpaid
balance of the DIP Loans is $814 million. If the DIP Lenders prevail in the Allocation Dispute,
that balance would have to be repaid in full from the proceeds of any recovery from the Term
Loan Avoidance Action before the unsecured creditors can recover anything. That this Court
might assess the Committee’s possibility of success as greater than 70% does not determine the
outcome of the Motion. The issue here is whether the Settlement is “below the lowest point in
the range of reasonableness.”5 Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594.
The Settlement offers the concrete benefit that it would resolve a long standing dispute
between the DIP Lenders and the Committee. Additionally, as a result of the Settlement, the
Trust would obtain a costless litigation advance, which is clearly better than the funding under
the Private Litigation Funding Agreement that it would otherwise have had to rely upon. On
balance, while it is a very close question, the Court concludes that the first Iridium factor weighs
slightly in favor of approving the Settlement.
The second Iridium factor, requiring the Court to consider “the likelihood of complex and
protracted litigation,” weighs in favor of the Settlement. Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462 (citation
omitted). As explained above, in the absence of the Settlement, the Committee would need to re-
litigate the Allocation Dispute. Even if this Court (and an appellate court) were to find Judge
Gerber’s Decision persuasive, the DIP Lenders are committed litigants—the $814 million
remaining unpaid balance on the DIP Loans is a lot of money to fight about. There would likely
5 	The Committee may well have pegged the possibility of success as greater than 70%. The other factors,
particularly the likelihood of complex litigation, may have lowered the range of reasonableness.
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be a lengthy trial and appeals process in the Allocation Dispute, which could very well delay
payment to the unsecured creditors, assuming a successful outcome in the Term Loan Avoidance
Action. Furthermore, the Committee argues that there may be further delays in paying the
unsecured creditors; because of the District Court Decision, the Committee might be unable to
restart the Allocation Dispute litigation until after the Term Loan Avoidance Action is resolved.
(Omnibus Reply ¶ 26.) The Settlement avoids all of these re-litigation risks.
The third Iridium factor, requiring the Court to consider “the paramount interests of the
creditors,” is inconclusive. Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462 (quotations and citations omitted). Under
the Settlement, the unsecured creditors would give up 30% of the net proceeds from the Term
Loan Avoidance Action to the DIP Lenders. Although the DIP Lenders would provide interest-
free funding to the Trust under the Settlement, if instead the Committee prevails again in the
Allocation Dispute, the net cost of the Settlement to unsecured creditors is higher than if there is
no Settlement and the litigation funding is provided under the Private Litigation Funding
Agreement. (See Kempner Obj. ¶ 7.) Of course, the DIP Lenders are creditors as well, still
owed $814 million, with a legitimate interest in recovering the unpaid balance of the DIP Loans.
The Trust correctly takes no position on entitlements, viewing its proper role as maximizing the
recovery for all creditors entitled to receive a share of any recovery from the Term Loan
Avoidance Action. On the other hand, for the Creditors Committee, the Settlement avoids both
the delay and the risk of losing a re-litigation of the Allocation Dispute. Furthermore, the fact
that the Committee, which is charged with guarding the paramount interests of the creditors,
itself negotiated the Settlement supports the view that the Settlement is in the best interests of
unsecured creditors. (Omnibus Reply ¶ 27.)
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The fourth Iridium factor, requiring the Court to consider “whether other parties in
interest support the settlement,” weighs in favor of the Settlement. Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462
(citations omitted). 	The fact that no creditor other than Kempner, which has a private financial
interest against the Settlement, opposes the Settlement supports approving it. The Court credits
the Mayer Declaration which demonstrates that the Settlement was the result of a fair and
reasonable process that involved arm’s length bargaining. (Mayer Decl. ¶¶ 4–27.) As such, the
only objections are from parties that have a private financial interest in the Private Litigation
Funding Agreement.
The fifth and seventh Iridium factors, respectively, require the Court to consider the
“competency and experience of counsel supporting [the Settlement] and the experience and
knowledge of the bankruptcy court judge,” and the “extent to which the settlement is product of
arm’s length bargaining.” Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462 (quotations and citations omitted). Based on
the representations in the Motion and the Mayer Declaration, these factors support approving the
Settlement. (See Mot. ¶ 52; Mayer Decl. ¶¶ 4–27.) The Committee and DIP Lenders are both
represented by excellent counsel who have been involved in this matter for over six years and the
Settlement is the result of arms’ length bargaining and thoughtful deliberations over a period of
months.
The sixth Iridium factor, concerning “the nature and breadth of releases to be obtained by
officers and directors,” is irrelevant in the instant case. Iridium, 478 F.3d at 462 (quotations
omitted).
The Court concludes that the Movants have established that the Settlement is within the
range of reasonableness and should be approved by the Court.
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III. 	CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS the Motion.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: 	August 24, 2016
New York, New York
_____Martin Glenn____________
MARTIN GLENN
United States Bankruptcy Judge
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