In the Matter of the Estate of Fae Doreen Black

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-0814
Filed May 13, 2020

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF FAE DOREEN BLACK, Deceased.

STEVEN JOHNSTON and MICHAEL JOHNSTON,
Appellants.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Van Buren County, Shawn R.

Showers, Judge.

Steven and Michael Johnston appeal the district court order denying their

claim in probate. AFFIRMED.

Patrick W. O’Bryan, Des Moines, for appellants.

Andrew B. Howie of Shindler, Anderson, Goplerud & Weese, P.C., West

Des Moines, for appellees.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ.
2

GREER, Judge.

This case falls into the old farm idiom: “Beating a dead horse.”1 This marks

the third appeal between these parties. See Franklin v. Johnston (Franklin I), No.

15-2047, 2017 WL 1086205, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2017) (deciding, among

other things, whether a right of first refusal was valid); see also Franklin v. Johnston

(Franklin II), No. 18-0613, 2019 WL 2372315, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019)

(resolving, after remand, issues about ownership of a dock and shoreline that are

not pertinent to this appeal). Steven and Michael Johnston (“the Johnstons”) seek

specific performance of an “option to purchase” in a 1962 “Easement and

Agreement.” They claim the terms of that agreement allow them to purchase Van

Buren County land owned by the Black Estate (“the Franklins”—the decedent’s

family name)2 around a shared lake. In Franklin I, the Johnstons elected an

unsuccessful path to the same result they seek in this appeal. Here, the district

court determined this newly crafted claim on an old issue was time-barred under

1 Defined as “to keep talking about a subject that has already been discussed or
decided.” Beat a Dead Horse, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/beat%20a%20dead%20horse (last visited Apr. 22, 2020).
“There is no linguistic evidence, we are happy to report, suggesting that this idiom
has any sort of literal roots; the English-speaking people, so far as we can tell, did
not at any point have a practice of actually beating dead horses.” “Like a Pig in
Mud” and Other Barnyard Idioms, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-
webster.com/words-at-play/a-whole-barnyard-of-farm-idioms (last visited Apr. 22,
2020).
2 We use “Franklin” to refer to the opposing party because the landowner, Fae

Black, formally Franklin, died and two of her six children are co-executors. All of
the previous cases used “Franklin” to refer to the interests of her family.
3

Iowa Code section 633.410 (2018)3 and even if it were not, the doctrine of res

judicata barred further adjudication. We agree and affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

Fae Black, formerly known as Fae Franklin, died on June 12, 2012. The

Johnstons filed a claim in probate of the Black estate on November 15, 2018,

seeking to enforce an Easement and Agreement, which contains what they allege

is an option to purchase a portion of the estate’s land.4 But we addressed earlier

appeals over this same property in Franklin I and II.5 The facts developed in the

first appeal provide a helpful backdrop:

The predecessors in title to the properties entered into the easement
and agreement allowing for the construction of a dam on the
Johnstons’ property that resulted in the creation of a 14-acre lake,
which spilled onto and covered a portion of both properties. After
more than fifty years of enjoyment of the lake by both property
owners, the parties are now disputing the extent of each other’s
rights to access and use the lake, along with disputing the boundary
line between the properties.

Franklin I, 2017 WL 1086205, at *1. The claims made in the first appeal required

that we interpret the language of the 1962 Easement and Agreement. The relevant

portion of the document states,

It is further specifically understood and agreed that in the event [the
Franklins] should at any time elect to sell their premises or in any
other manner dispose of or alienate the title to their lands that they

3 We reference the 2018 code, as that is when the Johnstons first contacted the
court asking for relief in this case. We note the pertinent sections of the Iowa Code
were unchanged in 2019—the year the Johnstons filed their formal claim for relief.
4 On November 15, 2018, the Johnstons wrote a letter captioned “NOTICE OF

INTEREST IN PURSUING RIGHTS ASSIGNED BY LEGAL AGREEMENT” to
Judge Joel Yates asking for relief, but a formal claim in probate was not filed until
March 28, 2019. Both were filed past the Iowa Code section 633.410 deadline for
filing claims in probate.
5 A full recitation of the case history is set out in Franklin II, 2019 WL 2372315, at

*1–3.
4

shall and do hereby grant, sell, and convey unto the [Johnstons’
predecessors in title] their heirs, successors, administrators or
assigns, the first right and option to purchase such overflowed area
together with a strip of land surrounding said overflowed area not to
exceed twenty (20) feet in width from the shoreline of said overflowed
area at and for the same price as [the Franklins] receive by way of a
bona fide offer for the purchase thereof.

Related to the issue here, in Franklin I, the Franklins sued asserting the

right of first refusal in the 1962 Easement and Agreement was no longer valid. Id.

at *2. The Johnstons argued that the contract provided them a “right of first refusal”

to purchase the Franklin property encompassing the lake and twenty feet of

shoreline. Id. We determined that the right of first refusal violated the rule against

restraints on the alienation of land and consequently was unenforceable. Id. at *8.

While that first appeal theme focused on a “right of first refusal” claim, this

third appeal addresses a claim to the same property under an “option to purchase”

contract right. But under each theory, the overall relief sought by the Johnstons is

the right to obtain the Franklin property. The question now is how many times do

the Johnstons get to develop their theme of recovery for the same requested

result? The answer is once.

II. Scope of Review.

The Johnstons suggest our review is de novo; the Franklins assert the

correct standard is for correction of errors at law. We review a trial court’s ruling

on a contested claim in probate for correction of errors at law. See Iowa Code

§ 633.33; In re Estate of Melby, 841 N.W.2d 867, 871 (Iowa 2014).

If the parties challenge the district court’s interpretation of the applicable

statutes, our review is for the correction of errors at law. See Van Sloun v. Agans
5

Bros., Inc., 778 N.W.2d 174, 182 (Iowa 2010) (“The court reviews issues involving

the interpretation of statutes for correction of errors at law.”)

III. Analysis.

A. Res Judicata. “The doctrine of res judicata embraces the concepts of

claim preclusion and issue preclusion.” Spiker v. Spiker, 708 N.W.2d 347, 353

(Iowa 2006) (quoting Colvin v. Story Cty. Bd. of Review, 653 N.W.2d 345, 348

(Iowa 2002)). “When used in the sense of claim preclusion, res judicata means

that further litigation on the claim is barred.” Bennett v. MC # 619, Inc., 586 N.W.2d

512, 516 (Iowa 1998). “When used in the sense of issue preclusion, res judicata

means that further litigation on a specific issue is barred.”6 Id. Here the district

court did not identify which specific doctrine it applied. Finding claim preclusion

applicable, we focus on that doctrine.

Under the doctrine of claim preclusion, the party must establish three

elements: “(1) ‘the parties in the first and second action were the same’; (2) ‘the

claim in the second suit could have been fully and fairly adjudicated in the prior

case’; and (3) ‘there was a final judgment on the merits in the first action.’” Spiker,

708 N.W.2d at 353 (quoting Arnevik v. Univ. of Minn. Bd. of Regents, 642 N.W.2d

315, 319 (Iowa 2002)).

The finality purpose of claim preclusion is well established:

Claim preclusion, as opposed to issue preclusion, may foreclose
litigation of matters that have never been litigated. It does not,
however, apply unless the party against whom preclusion is asserted
had a “full and fair opportunity” to litigate the claim or issue in the first
action. A second claim is likely to be barred by claim preclusion

6 Because claim preclusion operates to dispose of the case, we do not address the
law on issue preclusion.
6

where the “acts complained of, and the recovery demanded are the
same or where the same evidence will support both actions.” A
plaintiff is not entitled to a second day in court by alleging a new
ground of recovery for the same wrong.

Arnevik, 642 N.W.2d at 319 (citations omitted). The general rule is that “[w]hen a

valid and final personal judgment is rendered in favor of the plaintiff[,] . . . the

defendant cannot avail himself of defenses he might have interposed, or did

interpose, in the first action,” in a later action. Restatement (Second) of Judgments

§ 18, at 151–52 (Am. Law Inst. 1982); see Spiker, 708 N.W.2d at 354 (concluding

that claim preclusion barred a party’s defense that could have been raised in an

earlier action); Robbins v. Daniel, 284 N.W. 793, 798 (Iowa 1939) (concluding

when party did not assert affirmative defense, res judicata barred raising the issue

in later suit).

I. Same parties in each action. The first prong of claim preclusion is met

here. The Franklins and the Johnstons are parties in each case. While there were

other named parties from each family in the boundary-dispute case that are not a

part of this litigation, the overriding family interests are the same and are

represented in each case. Both cases are still the Franklins against the Johnstons.

II. Precluded claim could have been fully adjudicated in the prior case. The

second prong is also met. The Johnstons again ask us to interpret their rights to

the Franklin property under the 1962 Easement and Agreement. Yet the

Johnstons argue that “the court of appeals did not address whether or not the 1962

easement agreement afforded the Appellants additional rights in addition to their

right of first refusal.” They maintain they still have an “option to purchase.”
7

Believing they have other theories of recovery, the Johnstons assert their case

must go forward.

But the general rule of claim preclusion is that a valid and final judgment on

a claim bars a second action on the adjudicated claim or any part of that claim.

Arnevik, 642 N.W.2d at 319. “Therefore, a party must litigate all matters growing

out of the claim, and claim preclusion will apply ‘not only to matters actually

determined in an earlier action but to all relevant matters that could have been

determined.’” Penn v. Iowa State Bd. of Regents, 577 N.W.2d 393, 398 (Iowa

1998) (quoting Shumaker v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 541 N.W.2d 850, 852 (Iowa

1995)); accord Leuchtenmacher v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 460 N.W.2d 858,

860 (Iowa 1990). And claim preclusion may preclude litigation on matters the

parties never litigated in the first claim. Arnevik, 642 N.W.2d at 319. The

Restatement (Second) of Judgments teaches

Among the factors relevant to a determination whether the facts are
so woven together as to constitute a single claim are their
relatedness in time, space, origin, or motivation, and whether, taken
together, they form a convenient unit for trial purposes. Though no
single factor is determinative, the relevance of trial convenience
makes it appropriate to ask how far the witnesses or proofs in the
second action would tend to overlap the witnesses or proofs relevant
to the first. If there is a substantial overlap, the second action should
ordinarily be held precluded.

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. b, at 199; see Pavone v. Kirke, 807

N.W.2d 828, 837 (Iowa 2011).

The Johnstons do not explain why they failed to raise this new theory in the

previous litigation. Alternatively, the Johnstons concede that

they had in fact asserted the option to purchase throughout litigation,
not only outside the courtroom with ongoing bona fide offers relative
to their 2012 exercised option, but also in the litigation process on
8

Appeal to the Supreme Court from the Court of Appeals 2017
decision, their application for further review;[7] and again at the 2018
remand trial.

See B & B Asphalt Co., v. T.S. McShane Co., 242 N.W.2d 279, 286 (Iowa 1976)

(“An adjudication in a former suit between the same parties on the same claim is

final as to all matters which could have been presented to the court for

determination.”).

The courthouse door does not remain open to test alternative theories in

the same case on different days. Claim preclusion requires that all “eggs in the

basket” be tested at one time otherwise, as in this case, litigation would never end.

Thus the courts have resolved the Johnstons’ quest to enforce their rights to the

Franklin property.

III. Final judgment on the merits in the first action. In Franklin I, we

interpreted the 1962 Easement and Agreement to not allow the Johnstons a

purchase right to the Franklin property. 2017 WL 1086205 at *6–8. The Johnstons

appealed to the Iowa Supreme Court, and further review was denied. The law of

the case is established. Bahl v. City of Asbury, 725 N.W.2d 317, 321 (Iowa 2006)

(finding once further review is denied and the appellate court decision is final, that

decision is the law of the case). Further steps to interpret the easement are futile.

B. Statute of Limitations. Finally, because the case is barred under the

doctrine of claim preclusion, we do not extensively address the Johnstons’ statute-

7 In the November 2018 letter to Judge Yates, with regard to the Iowa Supreme
Court denying further review of Franklin I, the Johnstons note, “[W]e are also
convinced that the Supreme Court declined to review our appeal only because the
OPTION had not yet been timely argued in litigation prior to that appeal.”
(Emphasis added.)
9

of-limitations arguments. The Johnstons argue the statute of limitations in Iowa

Code section 633.410 does not apply to their claim because the option to purchase

is “akin to a mortgage, pledge or lien” upon the property so that Iowa Code section

633.414 applies to allow the claim. See Iowa Code § 633.414 (“Nothing in sections

633.410, 633.412, and 633.413 shall affect or prevent any action or proceeding to

enforce any mortgage, pledge, or other lien upon property of the estate.”). But we

note that the Johnstons’ failure to cite any supporting authority related to the

application of Iowa Code section 633.414 to these facts prohibits our review of that

issue. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3) (“Failure to cite authority in support of

an issue may be deemed waiver of that issue.”). And they concede that their claim

in probate, if treated as such, would be barred under Iowa Code section 633.410.8

IV. Conclusion.

We affirm the district court ruling dismissing the Johnstons’ claim in probate

based on the doctrine of claim preclusion.

AFFIRMED.

8Iowa Code § 633.410(1) provides,
All claims against a decedent’s estate, other than charges, whether
due or to become due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or
unliquidated, founded on contract or otherwise, are forever barred
against the estate, the personal representative, and the distributees
of the estate, unless filed with the clerk within the later to occur of
four months after the date of the second publication of the notice to
creditors or, as to each claimant whose identity is reasonably
ascertainable, one month after service of notice by ordinary mail to
the claimant’s last known address.
The affidavit of second publishing of the notice was filed July 27, 2012. On
December 12, 2012, the Johnstons received notice of probate.