In the Interest of B.F., B.L., and B.L., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-0562
Filed September 2, 2020

IN THE INTEREST OF B.F., B.L., and B.L.,
Minor Children,

K.M., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Susan Cox, District

Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her legal relationship with three

children. AFFIRMED.

Shane P. O’Toole, Des Moines, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Kelsey Lynn Knight of Carr Law Firm, PLC, Des Moines, guardian ad litem

for minor children and attorney for Ba.L and Bl.L.

Erin Romar of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney for B.F.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Schumacher, JJ.
2

TABOR, Judge.

A mother, Katie, appeals the juvenile court order ending her parental ties to

three children—ages ten, five, and three.1 Katie was undergoing inpatient

substance-abuse treatment at the time of the termination hearing but still asked for

the return of the children. Her more realistic request was for another six months

to work toward reunification. She renews that request on appeal. She also asserts

the termination of her parental rights will be “far more detrimental to her children

than any danger perceived by not terminating.” After our independent review of

the record, we reject Katie’s claims and affirm the termination order.2

In reaching that result, we focus on the futures of Katie’s two sons, B.F.,

born in 2009, and Ba.L., born in 2014, and one daughter, Bl.L., born in 2016.3 Both

boys have serious mental-health challenges. The older son, B.F., is diagnosed

with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiance

disorder (ODD). He spent nine months in a psychiatric medical institute for

children (PMIC) after the court removed him from Katie’s care. The younger son,

Ba.L., receives therapy for autism sensory processing disorder and takes

1 These ages relate to the date of the combined permanency and termination
hearing in November 2019.
2 We review termination orders de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa

2016). We give weight to the juvenile court’s factual findings, but they do not bind
us. Id. The State has the burden to show by clear and convincing evidence the
grounds to support termination. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110–11 (Iowa 2014).
Our first priority is determining the best interests of the children. See In re J.E.,
723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring specially) (identifying
safety and the need for a permanent home as the “defining elements” in the best-
interests determination).
3 B.F.’s father is Dalton. Brandon is the father of the two younger children. The

juvenile court terminated the parental rights of both Dalton and Brandon, and
neither father appeals.
3

medication for anxiety. His learning skills improved while in foster care, but he

remained unable to communicate orally. The daughter, Bl.L., also attends therapy

for stress-related behaviors.

Much of the children’s trauma, especially B.F.’s distress, stems from

witnessing domestic violence in their home. Between August 2014 and November

2017, the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) launched nine investigations

into either the assaults by Brandon against Katie or parental abuse and neglect of

the children. In February 2018, the juvenile court approved the DHS removal of

B.F. from the home, finding that Katie physically abused him and “[t]he parents’

unresolved domestic violence created ongoing trauma for [B.F.].” After B.F. and

Katie started family therapy in July, the court returned B.F. home. Just two months

later, B.F. found Katie unconscious after she overdosed on cocaine and

methamphetamine while two children were home. After that incident, the court

removed all three children from her custody and placed them in foster care. Later

that fall, B.F. was hospitalized for what his foster family described as “out-of-

control” behavior.

Meanwhile, Katie entered inpatient substance-abuse treatment at the

House of Mercy in October. It was the first of three unsuccessful efforts to

complete inpatient treatment. Throughout 2019, Katie acted erratically during

visitations with the children, vacillating between yelling at them and ignoring them.

Her ongoing use of illicit drugs fueled her instability. During a substance-abuse

evaluation in February, she admitted injecting methamphetamine daily, sometimes

more than three times a day. Based on that evidence, the evaluator determined

Katie met the DSM-V criteria for having a severe substance-related disorder.
4

Again in June, she received another substance-abuse evaluation, where she was

found to be abusing both methamphetamine and heroin two to three times a day

or sometimes more.

At the time of the termination hearing in November, Katie was living at

Clearview Recovery in Prairie City—her fourth try at inpatient treatment.4 She

testified she was doing well and expected to “graduate” to the House of Mercy in

December 2019. She believed all three children could live with her at either facility

until she completed her program. In the alternative, Katie urged the court to defer

permanency for six months so that she could make some difficult transitions to new

living arrangements and new therapists for her children.

The juvenile court declined, granting the State’s petition to terminate Katie’s

parental rights based on Iowa Code section 232.116(1) (2019), paragraph (f) and

(l) for her two sons and paragraphs (h) and (l) for her daughter. To contest the

termination order, Katie filed a timely petition on appeal.

In her first appellate issue, she contends the juvenile court erred in refusing

to grant “an additional six months to work toward recovery and return her children

to her care.” To grant an extension, a juvenile court must decide “that the need for

removal of the child[ren] from the child[ren]’s home will no longer exist at the end

of the additional six-month period.” Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). This record does

not support an extension. Katie highlights the progress she made with sobriety,

substance-abuse treatment, and mental-health counseling leading up to the

termination hearing. While we applaud Katie’s persistence, her repeated struggle

4 Before entering Clearview, Katie was at the Polk County jail on convictions for
theft and attempted burglary.
5

to succeed in a series of inpatient treatment programs does not instill confidence

in her ability to provide a secure and stable environment for her three children

within six months. See In re N.F., 579 N.W.2d 338, 341 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998)

(“[W]e must consider the treatment history of the parent to gauge the likelihood the

parent will be in a position to parent the child in the foreseeable future.”).

We share this opinion expressed by the children’s guardian ad litem (GAL):

Katie has not only not completed Clearview’s program, she has had
no time to prove she can remain sober in society. There is also the
issue that Katie consistently has struggled to parent all 3 children at
a time. She’s currently only having one visit with the children every
week and hasn’t progressed past supervised visits. Under the
circumstances and the amount of time this case has already been
open, Katie’s progress is just too little too late. The undersigned
cannot recommend a return of the children or an extension of time.

Katie next challenges two of the three statutory grounds for termination.

She argues the State failed to meet its burden of proof under paragraphs (f) and

(h). She does not contest the State’s proof under paragraph (l). “When the juvenile

court orders termination of parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we

need only find grounds to terminate on one of the sections to affirm.” In re T.S.,

868 N.W.2d 425, 435 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). Katie’s failure to advance an argument

under paragraph (l) waives any claim of error related to that ground.5 In re N.S.,

5 Section 232.116(1)(l) applies when the evidence shows:
(1) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96 and custody has been
transferred from the child’s parents for placement pursuant to section
232.102.
(2) The parent has a severe substance-related disorder and
presents a danger to self or others as evidenced by prior acts.
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s
prognosis indicates that the child will not be able to be returned to
the custody of the parent within a reasonable period of time
considering the child’s age and need for a permanent home.
6

No. 14-1375, 2014 WL 5253291, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2014) (citing Hyler

v. Garner, 548 N.W.2d 864, 870 (Iowa 1996) (“[O]ur review is confined to those

propositions relied upon by the appellant for reversal on appeal.”)). Lacking any

challenge to that alternative basis, we affirm the juvenile court’s order finding clear

and convincing evidence to terminate under paragraph (l).

Finally, we turn to Katie’s claim that termination of her parental rights was

not in the children’s best interests. She contends termination poses a greater

detriment to the children’s welfare than the “perceived danger” of preserving

parental rights. She also argues the danger of not terminating could be addressed

“through continued individual therapy and counseling and permanency could be

achieved through another planned living arrangement.”

Starting at that last reference, we assume Katie’s attorney means “another

planned permanent living arrangement” or APPLA, which Iowa Code section

232.104(2)(d)(4) provides as a placement option for children who are at least

sixteen years old. Given the young ages of B.F., Ba.L., and Bl.L., APPLA is not

appropriate for these three children. See In re V.B., No. 17-0077, 2017 WL

1095074, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 22, 2017); see also In re C.W., No. 13-0129,

2013 WL 2146237, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 15, 2013) (discussing APPLA as “the

least preferred permanency plan”).

The rest of Katie’s argument melds the best-interests framework under Iowa

Code section 232.116(2) with the exception in section 232.116(3)(c). Section

232.116(2) requires courts to give primary consideration to the children’s safety,

Although Katie waived her challenge to this ground, we find clear and convincing
evidence in the record to support each element.
7

to the best placement to further their long-term nurturing and growth and to their

physical, mental, and emotional needs. Section 232.116(3)(c) allows a juvenile

court to deny a petition to terminate if the parent presents “clear and convincing

evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to

the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467,

476–77 (Iowa 2018) (holding parent resisting termination bears burden to establish

exception under section 232.116(3)).

These children, especially B.F., have not been safe or nurtured while in

Katie’s home. She has not met their emotional needs. Katie contends she and

the children have a “close and loving relationship.” But the record belies that claim.

As for B.F., the DHS worker testified that he loves Katie and she loves him but

described their relationship as “unhealthy” given his anger and frustrations with his

mother’s inconsistency. The younger children have also suffered from the

uncertainty of their situation. Their GAL noted both were doing well in their foster

homes, though Bl.L. sometimes displays “emotional dysregulation” surrounding

visits with Katie and Ba.L “occasionally demonstrates unsafe behaviors.” And as

the juvenile court found, Katie “has negatively impacted her bond with the children

by her repeated incarcerations, erratic behaviors during visits and general

instability.” Neither section 232.116(2) nor section 232.116(3)(c) compels reversal

of the termination order.

AFFIRMED.