Hipolito Dubon Pantaleon v. State of Iowa

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-1254
Filed February 3, 2021

HIPOLITO DUBON PANTALEON,
Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Boone County, Bethany Currie,

Judge.

Hipolito Dubon Pantaleon appeals the denial of his application for

postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.

Benjamin D. Bergmann and Alexander Smith of Parrish Kruidenier Dunn

Boles Gribble Gentry Brown & Bergmann L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sheryl Soich, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Bower, C.J., Greer, J., and Scott, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2021).
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SCOTT, Senior Judge.

Hipolito Dubon Pantaleon (Dubon) appeals the denial of his application for

postconviction relief. He argues the postconviction court abused its discretion in

denying his request for an expert witness on false confessions at state expense

and in rejecting his claims of ineffective assistance of his criminal defense attorney

in plea negotiations and at trial. As to the ineffective-assistance claims, Dubon

argues counsel improperly failed to (1) understand the immigration consequences

of the convictions and organize his defense or reach a plea agreement based on

the immigration consequences, (2) properly challenge the entry of his confession

by proposing a new promissory-leniency standard under the Iowa Constitution and

retaining an expert witness on the issue of false confessions, (3) propose a stricter

standard for confrontation clause issues under the Iowa Constitution, (4) properly

handle evidence allegedly vouching for the victims’ credibility, and (5) pursue a

false memory theory of defense. Lastly, Dubon claims counsel’s mistakes amount

to cumulative error.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

In 2013, Dubon was charged by trial information with two counts of

lascivious acts with a child and one count of indecent contact with a child,

stemming from his alleged conduct with his two daughters. The children had

previously been interviewed at a child protection center, and Dubon had made

inculpatory statements during a police interview, all of which were recorded.

Dubon unsuccessfully moved to suppress all of the video evidence, the confession

as in violation of his Miranda rights, and the children’s interviews on hearsay and

confrontation grounds. The court subsequently granted the State’s motion to
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permit the children to testify at trial through closed-circuit television, pursuant to

Iowa Code section 915.38(1) (2013). Following a bench trial, the court found

Dubon guilty of two counts of lascivious acts with a child.

On appeal, we affirmed Dubon’s convictions, rejecting his challenges to the

court’s admission of the children’s interviews and grant of the State’s section

915.38(1) motion. See generally State v. Pantaleon, No. 15-0129, 2016 WL

740448 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 24, 2016). Dubon filed an application for

postconviction relief, raising various claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in

the criminal proceeding. He subsequently moved for appointment of an expert at

state expense “to prove what the expert would have said if he had been properly

retained by prior counsel” on the issue of false confessions. The court denied the

motion. The matter proceeded to a trial on the merits, the court denied relief, and

this appeal followed.

II. Analysis

A. Appointment of Expert

First, Dubon argues the postconviction court abused its discretion in

denying his motion for an expert witness at state expense on the issue of false

confessions. We review said denial for an abuse of discretion, our most deferential

standard of review. See State v. Leutfaimany, 585 N.W.2d 200, 207 (Iowa 1998);

see also State v. Roby, 897 N.W.2d 127, 137 (Iowa 2017).

In his motion for an expert witness, Dubon claimed he needed an expert “to

prove what the expert would have said if he had been properly retained by prior

counsel” on the issue of false confessions. There must be a reasonable need for

expert services to appoint an expert witness on postconviction relief. Linn v. State,
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929 N.W.2d 717, 749 (Iowa 2019). And, when the party seeking an expert “is

merely embarking on a ‘random fishing expedition’ in search of a defense,”

allowing state funds for experts is discouraged. Id. (quoting Leutfaimany, 585

N.W.2d at 208).

The court found no indication of falsity in relation to Dubon’s confession.

We likewise find no subjective or objective indices of involuntariness or falsity of

the confession and, absent the same, Dubon was “merely embarking on a ‘random

fishing expedition’ in search of a defense,” and because allowing state funds for

experts is discouraged in such a situation, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the request. See Leutfaimany, 585 N.W.2d at 208. We affirm

the denial of Dubon’s motion for appointment of an expert at state expense.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Dubon alleges counsel was ineffective in various respects, as laid out

above. Appellate review of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is de novo.

State v. Gordon, 943 N.W.2d 1, 3 (Iowa 2020). To succeed on his ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claims, Dubon must establish “(1) that counsel failed to

perform an essential duty and (2) that prejudice resulted.” State v. Kuhse, 937

N.W.2d 622, 628 (Iowa 2020); accord Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687

(1984). We “may consider either the prejudice prong or breach of duty first, and

failure to find either one will preclude relief.” State v. McNeal, 897 N.W.2d 697,

703 (Iowa 2017) (quoting State v. Lopez, 872 N.W.2d 159, 169 (Iowa 2015)).

1. Plea negotiations

Dubon claims his trial counsel “was ineffective by failing to understand the

immigration consequences of the convictions and by failing to organize his defense
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based on the immigration consequences.” The general argument appears to be

that counsel should have effectuated a plea agreement with the State that would

not be accompanied by immigration consequences. But, on appeal, Dubon does

not provide us with a specific plea agreement that counsel should have pursued

or what specific tactics counsel should have engaged in. “When complaining about

the adequacy of an attorney’s representation, it is not enough to simply claim that

counsel should have done a better job. The applicant must state the specific ways

in which counsel’s performance was inadequate and identify how competent

representation probably would have changed the outcome.” Dunbar v. State, 515

N.W.2d 12, 15 (Iowa 1994) (internal citations omitted). While Dubon opines if

counsel was effective, he “would have come up with a different immigration-friendly

plea offer,” “Dubon would have accepted it, the State would have accepted it, the

court would have accepted it, and the judgment would have been less severe,” all

of those opinions are mere speculation. We are unable to address this claim. See

id.

In any event, as the State points out, trial counsel testified in his deposition

that pleading guilty or being convicted of the crimes, aggravated felonies, would

subject Dubon to removal from the country. And counsel testified he was forced

to take the matter to trial because the prosecution refused to enter any plea deal

that would result in anything less than Dubon pleading guilty to a felony and being

subject to removal. Counsel explored options that would negate removal, but the

State was unwilling to agree. We find no breach of duty or prejudice.
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2. Confession

Next, Dubon argues his “counsel was ineffective by failing to properly

challenge the entry of his confession.” He alleges counsel was ineffective on this

point by failing to get the confessionary statements suppressed by proposing a

new standard under the Iowa Constitution and failing to retain an expert witness

on the issue of false confessions. On the first point, he claims counsel was under

a duty to propose the following standard under the Iowa Constitution as to

statements of promissory leniency during confessions: “The State must prove that

it did not allow there to be a false promise of leniency by omission by not correcting

the defendant’s misconception about what will happen should he confess.”

Upon our de novo review of the record, we find no compelling reason to

expand existing law. See State v. Storm, 898 N.W.2d 140, 148 (Iowa 2017). We

leave the issue to the supreme court to address should it choose to do so. And

we agree with the district court the claim under the Iowa Constitution was not one

worth raising under the circumstances of this case. At the commencement of the

interview resulting in Dubon’s confession, the detective advised Dubon he was not

in custody and he would walk out at the end of the interview just as he walked in

before it. During the interview, Dubon reported if he is “guilty of something” he

needs “help.” The detective advised, “that’s what we’re here to find out.” Dubon

advised several times, he would need “help” if he was guilty. On appeal, Dubon

seems to imply the detective was under a duty to advise he would be subject to

criminal punishment as opposed to mere therapeutic “help” if he was guilty. But

the detective never made an express promise of leniency, and we do not view the

detective’s failure to advise Dubon he would be looking at criminal punishment as
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a promise of leniency or that it bore on the voluntary nature of Dubon’s confession.

We find counsel was under no duty to argue for a new heightened standard and

counsel was therefore not ineffective as alleged. Nor do we find a reasonable

probability of a different outcome had the issue been raised. Even if the confession

was suppressed, the remaining evidence of guilt against Dubon was overwhelming

and he was not prejudiced. See State v. Lorenzo Baltazar, 935 N.W.2d 862, 872–

73 (Iowa 2019).

We turn to Dubon’s claim trial counsel was ineffective in failing to retain an

expert witness on the issue of false confessions. On our de novo review, as noted

above, we find no objective or subjective indices of involuntariness or falsity in

relation to Dubon’s confession; counsel was under no duty to retain an expert on

the issue; even if counsel had pursued an expert at State expense, the request

would have properly been rejected; and Dubon therefore suffered no prejudice.

3. Confrontation

Next, Dubon argues his criminal counsel was ineffective in failing “to

propose a stricter Iowa standard for confrontation clause issues.” Trial counsel

objected to the closed-circuit testimony of Dubon’s daughters on confrontation

grounds, but he did not request application of a heightened standard under the

Iowa Constitution. He proposes that the Iowa Constitution mandate “an absolute

right for face to face meeting with witnesses against defendants at trial.” But

attorneys are not expected to anticipate changes in the law and will not be found

ineffective for want of clairvoyance. Milliam v. State, 745 N.W.2d 719, 722 (Iowa

2008). If a legal issue is not clear, the issue is whether an attorney of normal

competence would find no worth in raising the issue. Id. Similar to Dubon’s claim
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relating to his confession, we find no compelling reason to expand existing law.

See Storm, 898 N.W.2d at 148. We also leave this issue to the supreme court to

address should it choose to do so. And given the lack of case law representing a

departure from the federal approach to confrontation, we agree with the district

court the claim was not one worth raising and counsel did not breach an essential

duty resulting in prejudice.

4. Vouching

Dubon next argues his counsel was ineffective because he “had no strategy

on vouching” and “opened the door to vouching evidence.” Assuming without

deciding counsel failed to perform an essential duty in relation to evidence

impermissibly vouching for the victims’ credibility, Dubon must still meet the

prejudice prong of his ineffective-assistance claim. Dubon only complains about

his counsel eliciting testimony from an expert regarding her opinion about whether

Dubon groomed his daughters, and the State’s redirect examination on the subject.

First of all, Dubon’s trial was to the court, and the court pointedly advised during

the testimony by defense counsel that the expert’s testimony on whether Dubon

engaged in grooming behavior “invades the province of the court as the factfinder”

and “for her to say that Dubon was engaged in grooming behavior is something

that this court needs to decide, not her.” We are convinced the court knew to

disregard the vouching evidence as impermissible, and Dubon therefore suffered

no prejudice.

In addition, we again find no reasonable probability of a different outcome

had the challenged evidence not been placed before the court. Even without the

testimony, and as noted above, the remaining evidence of guilt against Dubon was
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overwhelming and he was not prejudiced. See Lorenzo Baltazar, 935 N.W.2d at

872–73.

5. False memory theory

Dubon claims his counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to

pursue a false memory theory—that the “children were simply mistaken” as to their

allegations of abuse “because the memories had been put into their heads through

suggestible interviews.” But counsel did pursue a coaching theory of defense, that

the children’s mother coached the children and convinced them of abuse that

never took place actually occurred. While counsel did not put forward a theory that

the allegations were derived from false memories flowing from the interviews of

the children, our supreme court has directed that we not “assume the role of

Monday morning quarterback” in judging counsel’s defensive tactical decisions,

and we find counsel performed within the normal range of competence. State v.

Newman, 326 N.W.2d 788, 795 (Iowa 1982). And we agree with the State that the

distinction between the coaching and purported false memory theories “is so subtle

as to be insignificant.” Counsel attempted to put forth evidence that false

allegations were implanted in the children’s heads. We find no breach of an

essential duty or prejudice.

6. Cumulative Error

Finally, Dubon argues, “The prejudice caused by prior counsel’s errors

added up to create cumulative error.” “[I]f a claimant raises multiple claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel, the cumulative prejudice from those individual

claims should be properly assessed under the prejudice prong of Strickland.” State

v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488, 501 (Iowa 2012). Where, as here, “the court is assessing
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multiple claims and assumes without deciding counsel breached an essential

duty,” as we have done in relation to Dubon’s vouching claim, “then the reviewing

court should consider whether the assumed breaches, cumulatively, resulted in

Strickland prejudice.” State v. Jones, No. 16-1828, 2018 WL 1858296, at *7 (Iowa

Ct. App. Apr. 18, 2018); accord Clay, 824 N.W.2d at 501–02.

We have only assumed counsel breached a duty in relation to one claim,

which we concluded did not result in prejudice. The assumed breach does not

undermine our confidence in the outcome, see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, so we

reject Dubon’s claim of cumulative error.

III. Conclusion

Finding no cause for reversal on the issues presented for our review, we

affirm the denial of Dubon’s application for postconviction relief.

AFFIRMED.