State of Iowa v. Steven Charles Fuhlman

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-1042
September 27, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

STEVEN CHARLES FUHLMAN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Meghan Corbin,

Judge.

Steven Fuhlman appeals the sentence imposed following his guilty plea.

SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.

Nathan A. Mundy of Mundy Law Office, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Kyle Hanson, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

Considered by Ahlers, P.J., Badding, J., and Doyle, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2023).
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AHLERS, Presiding Judge.

To resolve multiple pending criminal charges and cases, Steven Fuhlman

entered a plea agreement with the State. Pursuant to that agreement, Fuhlman

pleaded guilty to four controlled-substance violations. He received a twenty-five

year sentence (with a mandatory minimum of 4.167 years), a ten-year sentence,

a five-year sentence, and a two-year sentence on the four charges, with the

sentences to be served concurrently. This appeal concerns only the case and

conviction resulting in the ten-year sentence—a sentence imposed for possession

of cocaine with intent to deliver, in violation of Iowa Code

section 124.401(1)(c)(2)(b) (2020).

On appeal, Fuhlman claims the district court considered an improper factor

and did not give adequate reasons for the sentence imposed. He also claims his

counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate facts Fuhlman disputed and for

failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence obtained via a search warrant.

We summarily reject Fuhlman’s claims based on ineffective assistance of

counsel, as we are statutorily precluded from addressing such claims on direct

appeal. See Iowa Code § 814.7 (“An ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a

criminal case shall be determined by filing an application for postconviction relief

pursuant to chapter 822. The claim . . . shall not be decided on direct appeal from

the criminal proceedings.”); State v. Tucker, 982 N.W.2d 645, 653 (Iowa 2022).

We have jurisdiction to address Fuhlman’s sentencing challenges despite his guilty

plea because he is challenging the sentence rather than the plea itself. See Iowa

Code § 814.6(1)(a)(3); State v. Damme, 944, N.W.2d 98, 105 (Iowa 2020).
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We turn to Fuhlman’s sentencing challenges. We review sentencing

challenges for correction of errors at law. State v. Fetner, 959 N.W.2d 129, 133

(Iowa 2021). Sentencing courts are afforded a great deal of latitude in exercising

discretion in sentencing. Id. When, as here, the sentence imposed is within

statutory limits, it “is cloaked with a strong presumption in its favor, and will only be

overturned for an abuse of discretion or the consideration of inappropriate

matters.” State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002).

We start with Fuhlman’s claim that the court considered improper factors.

This challenge stems from statements the prosecutor made during the sentencing

hearing. Those statements included mentioning that Fuhlman first came under

investigation following the death of another man. The prosecutor went on to say

Fuhlman had supplied drugs to the man knowing the man had a heart condition

that could make drug use dangerous. Defense counsel responded by noting

Fuhlman was never charged related to the man’s death, and the prosecutor did

not disagree.

On appeal, Fuhlman argues the court improperly considered the

prosecutor’s unproven implication that Fuhlman contributed to the other man’s

death. Fuhlman’s claim fails because it is not enough to show the district court’s

awareness of a factor it could not consider. Instead, Fuhlman has the burden to

establish that the court relied on the improper factor. See State v. McCalley, 972

N.W.2d 672, 677 (Iowa 2022) (“To overcome the presumption in favor of the

sentence in this case, McCalley must affirmatively demonstrate that the district

court relied on an improper factor.”). The only part of the record to which Fuhlman

points to support his claim that the district court considered the other man’s death
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is the court’s reference to considering the effect Fuhlman’s crime “had upon the

community.” This ambiguous reference does not satisfy Fuhlman’s burden to

affirmatively establish that the court improperly considered Fuhlman’s implied role

in the man’s death. This is especially so in light of the fact that the court expressly

stated it was not considering “any entries in the criminal history section [of the

presentence investigation report] that do not contain an admission or an

adjudication of guilt.” Fuhlman’s contention that the court considered an improper

factor in sentencing him fails.

Fuhlman also argues the district court did not provide sufficient reasons for

his sentence. This challenge originates from Iowa Rule of Criminal

Procedure 2.23(3)(d) (2022), which requires the court to “state on the record its

reason for selecting the particular sentence.” The purpose of this rule is to enable

the reviewing court to assess whether sentencing discretion has been abused.

State v. Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 407 (Iowa 2015). That said, terse and succinct

statements of reasons are sufficient so long as the brevity does not prevent

appellate review of the sentencing court’s exercise of discretion. Id. at 408. Use

of nonspecific boilerplate language is insufficient, as it “tells us nothing about how

the district court arrived at a particular sentence in a particular case.” Id. at 410;

see also State v. Cooper, 403 N.W.2d 800, 802 (Iowa Ct. App. 1987) (“The present

record, far from articulating the rationale behind the court’s choice of sentence,

states only generalized, vague considerations which we may assume advise every

court in making every sentencing decision: the circumstances of the offense and

the defendant’s background.”). Here is the district court’s recital of the reasons for

the sentence in its entirety:
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Mr. Fuhlman, it’s my duty under the law to review what is available
to me in terms of community resources and an appropriate
rehabilitative plan for you, but also take into consideration the nature
of your crimes and the affect that they have had upon the community,
and what I have available to me to assist you in the rehabilitative
process. I first look at the least restrictive means of rehabilitation,
and then, proceed to the more restrictive means. I’ve reviewed the
information contained in the presentence investigation report and
have taken all of that information into consideration. However, I have
not taken into consideration any entries in the criminal history section
that do not contain an admission or an adjudication of guilt.

We have found thin statements like this one too vague. See State v. Harper,

No. 17-0813, 2018 WL 1433073, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 21, 2018) (concluding

the court’s statement was inadequate when the only reasons given were the

“nature of the offense” and “prior record”); Cooper, 403 N.W.2d at 802 (finding

insufficient “[t]he Court has reviewed the circumstances of the offense, and the

defendant’s prior background” (alteration in original)). Reasoning we uphold tends

to at least state some specific factors, even if it does not elaborate on them or

explain how they affect the sentence. See State v. Mai, 572 N.W.2d 168, 170

(Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (finding sufficient “[t]he nature of the crime committed, age,

past record, recommendations in the substance abuse evaluation, your blood-

alcohol test result and the recommendations and facts included in the presentence

investigation”); see also State v. Adams, No. 21-1756, 2022 WL 3907749, at *1

(Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2022) (finding sufficient “[t]he Court considers the age of

the defendant, the criminal history, the impact a consecutive sentence would have

on employment and also the family situation, and also the Court considers the

need for deterrence, rehabilitation, the nature of the charges and the defendant’s

criminal history”).
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We find the statement of reasons given here to be more similar to those in

cases in which we have found the statements insufficient than to those in which

we have found the statements sufficient. The court’s sparse statement of reasons

could easily have applied to any defendant before it. See Cooper, 403 N.W.2d at

802 (finding generalized, vague statements that could be made in every case

insufficient). While the statement of reasons referenced the presentence

investigation report, it did not specify in even the most general terms which aspects

of the report drove the court’s decision. These statements fail to explain to

Fuhlman the reasons supporting his sentence and fail to provide us with the

necessary information to review the sentence. See Thacker, 862 N.W.2d at 407–

08 (recognizing the value of particularized statements to ensure defendants are

aware of the consequences of their actions).

The State suggests the sentence can be saved by the fact that “Fuhlman

himself accepted prison as inevitable” during his allocution and defense counsel

never expressly asked for a suspended sentence. This implicates the principle

“that a court imposing an agreed sentence pursuant to a plea bargain need not

give additional reasons” for the sentence. See State v. Wilbourn, 974 N.W.2d 58,

68 (Iowa 2022). But we find this principle inapplicable for two reasons. First, the

record from the plea hearing makes it clear that the parties agreed to an “open

plea,” which was expressly confirmed to mean “the parties are free to make any

argument as to disposition at sentencing.” So, there was no agreed-upon

sentence. While both Fuhlman and his attorney made arguments about what they

would like the sentence to be if the court decided to impose a prison sentence,

they never expressly argued against a suspended sentence or exclusively for the
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sentence ultimately imposed. We are unable to conclude on this record that there

was an agreed-upon sentence. Second, even if there was an agreed-upon

sentence, under the principle at issue, when the court imposes an agreed-upon

sentence pursuant to a plea agreement, the court “need not give additional

reasons.” Id. (emphasis added). “Additional reasons” means reasons in addition

to following the plea agreement. But here, the district court did not list “following

the plea agreement” as a reason for the sentence, so the court did not give the

base reason, let alone additional reasons. As this was not an agreed-upon

sentence, and the court did not give “following the plea agreement” as a reason

for the sentence even if it was, the principle in question does not apply.

Having concluded that the district court failed to comply with

rule 2.23(3)(d)’s requirement to cite reasons for the sentence imposed, we vacate

the sentence and remand for resentencing before a different judge. See Thacker,

862 N.W.2d at 409 (“The failure of the district court to adequately cite its reasons

for a sentence on the record is ordinarily reversible error.”). We recognize this

outcome may seem like an unnecessary use of judicial resources, as the sentence

imposed was ordered to be served concurrently to a much longer sentence with a

mandatory minimum and Fuhlman has dismissed his appeal of that case. 1 But

with no way of knowing what the future holds for that case via possible future

postconviction relief or other proceedings, it is necessary to ensure the sentence

1 The State raised this issue via a motion to dismiss Fuhlman’s appeal as moot

and lacking in good cause. The supreme court denied the motion before
transferring this case to our court.
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in this case stands on its own merits. As we do not believe it does, resentencing

is necessary.

SENTENCE VACATED AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.