State of Iowa v. Denise Susanna O'Brien

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0114
Filed October 11, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

DENISE SUSANNA O’BRIEN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,

Joel Dalrymple, Judge.

A defendant appeals two convictions for murder in the first degree, claiming

the evidence is insufficient. AFFIRMED.

Christopher A. Clausen of Clausen Law Office, Ames, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Richard J. Bennett, Special Counsel,

for appellee.

Heard by Greer, P.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ.
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BADDING, Judge.

At 5:21 a.m. on April 22, 2018, Denise O’Brien texted her cheating

boyfriend, Willie Traymone Phillips: “Karma comin 4 u. Hope u redy n i hope it

hurt. . . . MONSTER.” By 6:30 a.m., the house where Phillips was sleeping with

his new girlfriend, Teryn, was engulfed in flames. Phillips and Teryn escaped, but

a mother and child who lived in the home did not.

A jury found O’Brien guilty of two counts of first-degree murder for their

deaths. O’Brien appeals, claiming the evidence is insufficient to support the

convictions because it was “circumstantial in nature.” We affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

A. Prologue

The murder charges against O’Brien stemmed from a house fire at 536

Dawson Street in Waterloo on April 22, 2018. The home was occupied by Teryn,

her best friend Ashley, and Ashley’s two children—nine-year-old J.S. and twelve-

year-old A.S. Ashley and J.S. perished in the fire, though they weren’t its intended

targets.

O’Brien had been in a relationship with Phillips since 2014. About six weeks

before the fire, Phillips started sleeping with Teryn. He was at her home daily,

including the morning of the fire and the night before. Although Phillips and O’Brien

lived together, Phillips described their relationship as “[u]p and down” and testified

he saw other women. While Teryn was the only other woman he was seeing at

the time of the fire, O’Brien knew that a third woman was pregnant with Phillips’s

child. And just nine days before the fire, on April 13, O’Brien knew that Phillips

was at Teryn’s place.
3

Teryn testified that on the morning of April 13, she was in bed with Phillips

when she heard loud banging at her front door. As Teryn cracked the door open,

O’Brien said, “This is Denise,” and swung something metal at her. Teryn pushed

the door shut and yelled for Phillips to call the police. O’Brien then busted out the

front four windows to the home. According to Phillips, this all happened because

Teryn—in an effort to “stir up the pot”—told O’Brien that Phillips was with her.

B. The Night Before the Fire

Despite that drama, Phillips kept seeing Teryn and living with O’Brien. On

April 21, the day before the fire, Phillips was hanging out with O’Brien at their

shared apartment, along with his friend Chuck Newman. Phillips and Newman

were drinking and using marijuana and cocaine. Texting O’Brien that he would

“[b]e back in 20,” Phillips and Newman went to Teryn’s just after 10:00 p.m., where

they continued drinking and using drugs with Teryn. Ashley and her kids were in

bed sleeping.

Once it became clear that Phillips was not coming “back in 20,” O’Brien

walked to Teryn’s house. According to Phillips, O’Brien texted him at

around 12:30 a.m. on April 22, telling him that she was outside. There was

conflicting evidence about what happened next, but what is clear is that there was

a contentious altercation. Without saying anything to Teryn, Phillips went outside

to talk to O’Brien and calm her down. But then Teryn came outside, and O’Brien

tried to take a swing at her. Phillips stepped in between the two women, pushing

O’Brien and telling her to “get the fuck away from here.” O’Brien kept trying to get

at Teryn, hitting Phillips in the process. So Phillips testified that he “popped her

ass back.” Neighbors who were woken up by the argument said that Phillips did
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more than just “pop” O’Brien. One recalled seeing “a woman on the ground and a

man punching her and kicking her and they were yelling and screaming,” while

another woman was standing on the side of the street nearby. Another neighbor

testified that Phillips was “beating the crap out of” O’Brien. That neighbor said

when the fight was over, O’Brien told Phillips, “I hope this bitch can take care of

you better than I did.” The other neighbor remembered O’Brien saying, “You will

never find somebody like me.”

After the altercation, Newman drove O’Brien back to the apartment she

shared with Phillips. O’Brien was not happy about going home, according to

Phillips, because he wouldn’t go with her. She repeatedly called Phillips’s phone,

but he blocked her number because he didn’t want to talk to her. Newman

described O’Brien as “still very upset, screaming. She was punching my

dashboard, just very upset” during the ride home. According to Newman, after

O’Brien threatened to kill herself several times, she “said that she should go up

there and kill everyone at the house.”

Newman went back to Teryn’s after dropping O’Brien off. After doing some

more drugs, Phillips, Teryn, and Newman went to a party at around 2:00 a.m.

Newman left after about thirty minutes, but Phillips and Teryn stayed until 4:30 or

5:00 a.m. Teryn didn’t remember leaving the party because she drank too much.

Newman testified that he picked Phillips and Teryn up from the party and drove

them back to Teryn’s place on Dawson Street. He remembered that Teryn had

her shoes in her hand. Data extracted from O’Brien’s cell phone shows that at

5:19 a.m., which would have been around the time Newman dropped Teryn and

Phillips off, O’Brien texted Phillips: “Why that nasty bitch got her ass fucked up
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outside walkin around barefeet. Lol u nasty.” Phillips testified that once he and

Teryn got home, they went to bed in Teryn’s room, which was on the second floor

in the northwest corner of the house. With no response from Phillips, O’Brien

texted him again at 5:21 a.m.: “Karma comin 4 u. Hope u redy n i hope it hurt oms

u aint the traymone I fell in luv wit.” And then seconds later, “MONSTER.”

C. The Fire

As Phillips was “dozing off,” he noticed “[i]t started getting smokey.” All of

a sudden, the bedroom door blew open and black smoke came billowing into the

room. Phillips said that he kicked the door shut and climbed out the bedroom

window onto the roof of the back porch. All Teryn remembered was waking up to

the fire and Phillips yelling at her to get out the window. A.S., the twelve-year-old

child in the room next to them upstairs, testified that she woke up to the sounds of

smoke alarms, her mother’s voice, and her brother screaming. Teryn, Phillips, and

A.S. all made it out of their second-story windows in the back of the house and to

the ground without serious injury.

A neighbor was driving home at about 6:30 a.m. when he saw the fire on

Dawson Street, roughly two blocks away from where he lived. He called 911 and

reported the fire, noting “it’s burning bad.” Video and photographic evidence taken

by another witness who lived nearby shows the front of the house was engulfed in

flames. The neighbor who called 911 reported that people were in the house,

including kids, and three individuals jumped out the back window. A responding

firefighter found Ashley and J.S. in their south bedroom—which overlooked the

front porch of the house—while he was searching the upstairs. It was apparent

their injuries were not compatible with life.
6

Phillips testified that he went back to the apartment that he shared with

O’Brien about twenty minutes after the fire. She was sleeping on the couch.

Suspicious, Phillips smelled O’Brien’s hands and looked around the apartment for

any signs that she may have been involved in the fire. But he didn’t find anything.

O’Brien told officers later that day that Phillips had come home, told her about the

fire, showered, and then left to get cigarettes at around 8:30 a.m.1 The officers

collected Phillips’s clothes, plus a pair of jeans and white tennis shoes from

O’Brien, though she was not a suspect until the next day when their investigation

revealed more details about the fire.

D. The Investigation

Waterloo Fire Marshall Christopher Ferguson conducted a fire investigation

and concluded “this was a what’s known as an incendiary or intentionally set fire

which means that somebody had intended for there to be a fire there where there

normally otherwise should not have been.” Ferguson explained the fire had two

origins, one on the front porch on the south side of the home, and another on the

steps to a back door on the northwest corner of the home. These were the only

exits out of the home. Ferguson testified that the fire at the front porch was fueled

by a couch and made its way into the house and up to the second story. The fire

that started in the rear did not last long, “was not a very intense fire,” and didn’t go

the inside the house. According to Ferguson, the south side of the home, where

Ashley and her son slept, suffered the most extensive damage. Three samples of

1 Their interaction with O’Brien was captured by one of the officer’s body-cams.
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wood taken from the rear steps of the home tested positive for the presence of

gasoline.

A Kwik Star is located roughly two blocks southeast of 536 Dawson. The

MidAmerican building in Waterloo is located about five blocks south and then one

block to the west of the Kwik Star. And a home surveillance system was in use in

the 800 block of Broadway Street just north of the Kwik Star. Officer Thomas Frein

of the Waterloo Police Department’s investigation unit obtained surveillance

footage from all of these locations.2 The following aerial map, admitted at trial as

exhibit A-5, shows the locations of 536 Dawson Street (marked with a red icon in

the upper left) and the Kwik Star (dark blue roof in lower right):

The home surveillance video shows a grayish silhouette wearing white

shoes walking eastbound in an alley just to the north of the Kwik Star not long after

2 Dawson Street intersects with Broadway Street just to the east of 536 Dawson

Street. The Kwik Star is located on Broadway Street a little more than a block to
the south of that intersection.
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6:30 a.m.3 Based on the evidence, the alley we are talking about is the east-west

thoroughfare located just south of Dawson Street. The video shows the individual

walking toward Broadway Street between the two buildings directly to the north of

the Kwik Star. Cutting to exterior video from the Kwik Star, at 6:32 a.m., an

individual is walking southbound on the west sidewalk of Broadway Street.

That person is wearing a gray sweatshirt, loose gray sweatpants, white

shoes, and a black stocking cap put on as the person approached the Kwik Star.

The interior camera on the entrance to the Kwik Star shows the person going into

the store with the stocking cap pulled down over their eyes at 6:32 a.m. Officer

Frein identified that person as O’Brien. Footage from other interior cameras shows

her getting a fountain drink with a yellow lid. And in a closer shot, a camouflage

shirt can be seen underneath the sweatshirt. O’Brien left the store at 6:34 a.m.,

walking south. One minute later, two fire trucks race by toward Dawson Street.

The next aerial map, admitted at trial as exhibit A-3, shows the location of

the MidAmerican Building (red icon bottom left) in relation to the Kwik Star (blue

icon top center):

3 The time-stamp on the video says 5:37 a.m. Officer Frein testified this time-
stamp was behind by roughly fifty-five minutes.
9

Video footage from the MidAmerican building shows a woman holding a cup

with a yellow lid and wearing a camouflage shirt, blue jeans, and white shoes walk

by the building, travelling southbound—in the direction of O’Brien’s apartment—at

6:45 a.m. Officer Frein identified this person as O’Brien. Finally, footage taken by

a traffic camera owned by the Iowa Department of Transportation, located further

south and closer to O’Brien’s apartment, captured a person with white shoes

walking on a path to O’Brien’s apartment at 7:03 a.m.

Officer Frein testified that a walk from Kwik Star to MidAmerican would take

less than five minutes. Law enforcement canvassed the area but did not find any

of the gray clothing O’Brien was wearing at the Kwik Star but then not wearing

when she passed MidAmerican. However, Officer Frein testified that law

enforcement did not have the video evidence until after those discarded clothes

could have been gone.
10

Once they viewed that video evidence, law enforcement obtained a search

warrant for O’Brien’s apartment and interviewed her at the police station. During

this interview, O’Brien told an investigator that she was on board with Phillips

having relations with other women, noting she can’t have any more kids and it’s

not her “place to stop him from being able to have kids.” She even said that she

and Teryn became friends after she found out Phillips was seeing her. At the end

of the interview, an investigator seized O’Brien’s cell phone and another pair of

white tennis shoes she was wearing. None of the items taken from O’Brien,

including jeans, gray sweatpants, and two black stocking hats, tested positive for

gasoline. But data extraction from O’Brien’s cell phone shows that O’Brien sent

Phillips thirty-six text messages between 1:27 a.m. and 5:21 a.m., then the

messages abruptly stopped.4 The theme of those messages was O’Brien’s

displeasure with Phillips not coming home and her feeling of being betrayed

despite her loyalty to Phillips. The calls logs show that O’Brien also tried to call

Phillips four times between 3:02 a.m. and 5:19 a.m.

Then there was a more than two-hour gap in contact. O’Brien did not try to

call Phillips again until 7:36 a.m., and she did not send him any more text

messages until 7:39 a.m. From there, O’Brien incessantly called and sent Phillips

texts throughout the rest of the morning and into early afternoon. One text

at 8:34 a.m. indicates Phillips came home around that time, accused O’Brien of

4 Phillips sent O’Brien two messages in this window as well.
In one, at 2:26 a.m.,
he stated: “Naw when the old D come back hml until then I can’t be with this new
D I can’t stand her she ain’t what I want or need.”
11

being involved, and then left.5 In another, at 10:24 a.m., O’Brien stated, “I aint do

no bs. I knew there was kids.” Two minutes later, she stated, “If I aint have bad

luck id have nun at all.” She made a similar statement to an officer who talked to

her the afternoon of the fire after learning someone had died.

E. Proceedings

O’Brien was charged by trial information with two counts of first-degree

murder. The case was submitted to the jury under a felony-murder theory, with

first-degree arson serving as the predicate forcible felony. See Iowa Code

§§ 702.11(1), 707.2(1)(b), 712.2. (2018). The jury found O’Brien guilty as charged,

and she appealed following the imposition of sentence.

II. Standard of Review

We review challenges to the sufficiency of evidence for correction of errors

at law, giving high deference to the verdict. State v. Burns, 988 N.W.2d 352, 370

(Iowa 2023). In doing so, we view “the evidence ‘in the light most favorable to the

State, including all reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the

evidence.’” State v. Ortiz, 905 N.W.2d 174, 180 (Iowa 2017) (citation omitted). We

will uphold a conviction if the evidence can convince a rational jury that the

defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Wickes, 910 N.W.2d 554,

563 (Iowa 2018). “Evidence is not insubstantial just because it might support a

different conclusion; the only question is whether the evidence supports the finding

actually made.” State v. Maldonado, 993 N.W.2d 379, 389 (Iowa Ct. App. 2023).

5 This text said, “So u jus came home 2 accuse me of sum bs. N leave. U don’t
know dee at all then.”
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III. Analysis

For her challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, O’Brien does not start

with a specific attack on what the State failed to prove. Instead, she complains

about the big picture. She points out that the evidence was circumstantial,

suggests the State’s case was riddled with gaps in the evidence, faults the State

for not presenting eyewitnesses or physical evidence tying her to the crime, and

tries to poke other holes in the State’s theory of the case.

Turning first to O’Brien’s complaint about the circumstantial nature of the

evidence, the jury was properly instructed that it “should not be concerned about

whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial,” and “[t]he law makes no

distinctions between the weight you may give to either direct or circumstantial

evidence.” Accord State v. Brimmer, 983 N.W.2d 247, 256 (Iowa 2022)

(“[C]ircumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence.”). True, the State’s

case consisted mainly of circumstantial evidence but, here, “there was a lot of it.”

See State v. Miller, No. 22-0832, 2023 WL 4759452, at *7 (Iowa Ct. App.

July 26, 2023). And the abundance of circumstantial evidence filled in the gaps in

the evidence that O’Brien complains about.

To begin, O’Brien argues the State provided no evidence of “a motive to

wish either Phillips or Teryn harm” because she knew Phillips had relations with

other women, including one that he got pregnant, and she did not take any action

against those women. See State v. Hoffer, 383 N.W.2d 543, 549 (Iowa 1986)

(“Although motive is not a necessary element of murder, lack of motive may be

considered in determining whether an assailant acted with malice aforethought.”).

The evidence, however, overwhelmingly paints a picture of a woman scorned by
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Phillips’s unfaithfulness with Teryn. See State v. Newell, 710 N.W.2d 6, 21

(Iowa 2006) (“[T]he prior relationship between the defendant and the victim,

including bad feelings, quarrels, and physical acts, is a circumstance that may be

shown to prove the defendant’s state of mind and motivation at the time of the

crime.”). O’Brien damaged Teryn’s home just nine days before the fire. Like the

fire, this also occurred in the early morning and involved O’Brien swinging

something metal at Teryn before busting out the front windows of the home. And

a few weeks before that incident, Teryn testified that O’Brien tried to chase her and

Phillips down in a vehicle.

Then, shortly after midnight the day of the fire, an aggressive O’Brien

showed up at Teryn’s house, suspecting correctly that Phillips was there. After

Phillips “beat the crap out of her,” O’Brien was taken home, arriving there around

2:00 a.m. But the evidence showed she didn’t stay there. When Newman gave

Phillips and Teryn a ride home after they got done partying around 5:00 a.m., he

recalled that Teryn was carrying her shoes in her hand. And then O’Brien texted

Phillips at 5:19 a.m. about “that nasty bitch” “outside walkin around barefeet.”

From that message, a rational juror could reasonably infer that O’Brien was back

at Dawson Street just over an hour before the fire started and saw Teryn come

home barefoot with Phillips. A rational juror could also find that O’Brien’s text

message to Phillips two minutes later wished him harm: “Karma comin 4 u. Hope

u redy n I hope it hurt oms u aint the traymone I fell in luv wit.” Then she went

radio silent until roughly 7:30 a.m.

During that gap in messaging, the State presented evidence of O’Brien

leaving the scene around the time the home became engulfed in flames and
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returning to the area of her own apartment—from the gray-sweatsuit-and-stocking-

cap clad figure with white shoes moving east from the crime scene to Broadway

street as shown on the home-surveillance footage, to that same individual then

seen wearing a camouflage undershirt and getting a yellow-lidded fountain drink

at Kwik Star, to O’Brien proceeding south past the MidAmerican building wearing

a camouflage shirt and white shoes while carrying a yellow-lidded fountain drink,

to a person with those same characteristics walking by an interstate camera near

O’Brien’s apartment at 7:03 a.m.

That brings us to O’Brien’s suggestions that the video and photographic

evidence does not depict her. She “contends the difference in the photographs

should cause a reasonable person to be cautious about concluding they are

photographs . . . of one and the same person.” The jury was instructed to consider

the evidence based on its observations, common sense, and experience.

Following that guidance, the jury could rationally conclude the photographs and

videos placed O’Brien at the crime scene. See State v. Shorter, 893 N.W.2d 65, 74

(Iowa 2017) (“[T]he strength of the identity evidence . . . is a question for the jury.”);

see also State v. Doolin, 942 N.W.2d 500, 511 (Iowa 2020) (“Juries are not so

susceptible that they cannot measure intelligently the weight of identification

testimony that has some questionable features.”). The camouflage shirt and

yellow-lidded fountain drink shown in the videos from the Kwik Star and

MidAmerican building served as substantial evidence from which the jury could

conclude the individuals in those two videos were the same person. And the jury

was able to compare a still photo of the person who walked by the MidAmerican

building with a still photo of O’Brien from an officer’s body-cam the afternoon of the
15

fire—both showing her body, face, and hair. Cf. State v. Martinez,

No. 17-1373, 2018 WL 3060270, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 20, 2018) (“Because

the only evidence placing Martinez at the scene was an identification by police

officers from a surveillance video that did not show the burglars’ faces or any other

distinctive features, we find insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions.”).

While it’s true that law enforcement did not recover the clothing that O’Brien shed

on her way home from the scene, that does not render the evidence insubstantial.

It’s just more evidence that O’Brien tried to conceal her identity and cover her

tracks.

Next, O’Brien submits the evidence was insufficient because she

cooperated with law enforcement and turned over items of clothing to be taken for

testing, none of which tested positive for gasoline or another accelerant. But,

based on the evidence discussed above, O’Brien clearly lied to law enforcement

when she told them that she didn’t care about Phillips being with Teryn. See State

v. Cox, 500 N.W.2d 23, 25 (Iowa 1993) (“A false story told by a defendant to explain

or deny a material fact against him is by itself an indication of guilt.”). And it was

up to the jury to decide whether the lack of inculpatory information that resulted

from the seizure of clothing overcame the strong evidence of O’Brien’s motive and

her being at the crime scene when it happened. See State v. Shanahan, 712

N.W.2d 121, 135 (Iowa 2006) (“The function of the jury is to weigh the evidence

and ‘place credibility where it belongs.’” (citation omitted)). Spilling gasoline or

another accelerant on one’s clothes or getting it on their hands is not a prerequisite

to starting a fire, as O’Brien suggests.
16

In all, while this was mostly a circumstantial case, there was an abundance

of circumstantial evidence to fill in the evidentiary gaps O’Brien complains about

when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State.6

IV. Conclusion

We affirm O’Brien’s convictions as supported by substantial evidence.

AFFIRMED.

6 O’Brien suggests—in passing and without argument or supporting authority—

that “[t]here is no showing of the requisite intent of arson in the first degree or
murder in the first degree even when pursued under the felony murder rule.” We
find she waived this bare-bones argument. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3);
State v. Louwrens, 792 N.W.2d 649, 650 n.1 (Iowa 2010) (“[P]assing reference to
an issue, unsupported by authority or argument, is insufficient to raise the issue on
appeal.”).