Marsha Philemond v. Diony Rejouis.

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

24-P-361

MARSHA PHILEMOND

vs.

DIONY REJOUIS.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

Following a trial, a Probate and Family Court judge entered

a modification judgment awarding the father continued sole legal

and physical custody of the parties' son and suspending the

mother's parenting time. The mother appeals, arguing that the

judge abused his discretion in denying her requested

modification and that the suspension of her parenting time was

clear error. We affirm.

Background. The parties are the never married parents of a

child born in September 2015. During childbirth, the child

suffered a nerve injury causing paralysis to his right hand that

has required "extensive and on-going physical therapy and

occupational therapy" and necessitates future surgery. "Without
question," the father has been the child's primary caretaker

since he was three months old, along with significant assistance

from the father's live-in partner since 2017. The mother had no

contact with the child between 2017 and 2021, during which time

she was intermittently living in Haiti, New York, North

Carolina, and Massachusetts with her three other children.1

On May 21, 2019, the mother filed a complaint for custody,

support, and parenting time. Based on an oral agreement between

the parties, the judge issued a judgment dated January 27, 2021

(January 27 judgment), incorporating the parties' agreement to,

as relevant here, award the father sole legal and physical

custody of the child and virtual parenting time to the mother

every other week with weekly telephone calls. On January 4,

2022, the mother filed a complaint for modification seeking sole

legal and physical custody of the child, alleging that the

father had denied her parenting time on two occasions, that her

housing conditions had improved since the January 27 judgment,

and that she wanted her other children to build a relationship

with the child. The father filed an answer and counterclaim

1 The father has no biological relationship to the mother's
other children and these children are not the subject of this
appeal.

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seeking, among other things, to have all the mother's future

parenting time supervised.2

On September 20, 2022, the judge appointed a guardian ad

litem (GAL) to investigate and report on the issues of custody

and parenting time. The GAL issued a report, and as relevant

here, recommended that the mother's parenting time be suspended

until she engaged in reunification psychotherapy to work on

establishing a relationship with the child, followed by

therapist-guided reintroduction to parenting time. The GAL

noted that while the father encouraged the child to meet and

engage with the mother, the child was fearful of and

uncomfortable around the mother and would not meet with her

without the GAL remaining present. The child voiced to the GAL

that the mother "grabbed [him] like a kidnapper," and that if he

had to see her, he wanted it to be "at a big place. Not small

like here because [he] can't get away." The GAL's report was

admitted in evidence without objection, and, following a trial

on the modification complaint and counterclaim, the judge found

2 On April 6, 2022, the judge found the father in contempt
for "having repeatedly neglected and refused to allow [the]
Mother parenting time," and ordered gradual monthly increases in
the mother's in-person parenting pending trial on the
modification complaints. Following conflicts over pick-up times
and locations for visitation, and "mutual derogatory accusations
and acrimonious exchanges," two further temporary orders issued
specifying the time and place for scheduled parenting time with
the mother.

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that the mother had not met her burden, adopted the GAL's

recommendation, and issued a judgment suspending the mother's

parenting time pending progress with reunification therapy.

This appeal followed.3

Discussion.4 1. Modification judgment. To obtain a

custody modification, the requesting party "must first establish

that a material and substantial change in circumstance has

occurred to warrant a change in custody, and that the change is

in the child's best interests." E.K. v. S.C., 97 Mass. App. Ct.

403, 408 (2020). "'We review the judgment and the subsidiary

findings of fact for abuse of discretion or other error of law,'

. . . giv[ing] due regard to the judge's assessment and

determination of credibility of the witnesses and the weight of

the evidence" (citation omitted). Id. at 409.

The mother argues that it was an abuse of discretion for

the judge to find no material or substantial change in

circumstances warranting modification where the mother's living

3 The father did not appeal from the judgment on his
counterclaim for modification.

4 In a footnote in his brief, the father contends that the
mother's notice of appeal does not comport with Rules of
Appellate Procedure. See Mass. R. A. P. 3 (c), as appearing in
481 Mass. 1603 (2019). As "[a]rguments relegated to a footnote
do not rise to the level of appellate argument," we decline to
address this argument. Glass v. Lynn, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 352,
358 (2000), quoting Commonwealth v. Lydon, 413 Mass. 309, 317-
318 (1992).

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situation improved from a two-bedroom apartment to a four-

bedroom apartment, she extended her local support system, and

she obtained a license in early childhood education and care.

We disagree.

Here, the judge found that the mother's "testimony only

established that she is now caring for her three other children,

and that she has moved into a four-bedroom apartment." The

mother's testimony did not focus on the issue of changed

circumstances, and while she stated that she had a plan to care

for the child and to cultivate a relationship between him and

her other children, she did not elaborate on what that plan

would be and ultimately conceded that it was "not there yet."

Where the overarching issue regarding custody was the mother's

long absence from the child's life and the child's resulting

discomfort and reluctance to engage with her, we discern no

abuse of discretion in the judge's determination that having

more space in her home for the child was not sufficiently

material to warrant a transfer of full custody to the mother.

See Tolos v. Tolos, 11 Mass. App. Ct. 708, 710 (1981) ("The

uprooting of a child . . . should be done only for compelling

reasons" [citation omitted]); Haas v. Puchalski, 9 Mass. App.

Ct. 555, 557 (1980) (change in circumstances must be relevant).

Moreover, the judge found that the "[m]other failed to

present any credible evidence that a change in the current

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custody arrangement would be in the child's best interest." "In

custody matters, the touchstone inquiry [is] . . . what is best

for the child" (quotation omitted). Malachi M. v. Quintina Q.,

483 Mass. 725, 740 (2019), quoting Hunter v. Rose, 463 Mass.

488, 494 (2012). "[T]he best interests analysis is a child-

centered one that focuses on the specific needs and interests of

a child and how these might best be met" (citation omitted).

E.K., 97 Mass. App. Ct. at 408. "The determination of which

parent will promote a child's best interests rests within the

discretion of the judge" (citation omitted), J.S. v. C.C., 454

Mass. 652, 656 (2009), who may consider such factors as

"which parent has been the primary caretaker of, and formed
the strongest bonds with, the child, the need for stability
and continuity in the child's life, the decision-making
capabilities of each parent to address the child's needs,
and the living arrangements and lifestyles of each parent
and how such circumstances may affect the child."

El Chaar v. Chehab, 78 Mass. App. Ct. 501, 506 (2010).

Here, the judge carefully considered the child's physical

and emotional needs, including the child's ongoing "significant

medical issues" which the father had appropriately addressed

throughout the child's life without help from the mother. See

Williams v. Massa, 431 Mass. 619, 636 (2000) (considering which

parent "would more likely be able to make appropriate decisions

to address the child['s] special needs"). The judge also gave

weight to the parties' respective relationships with the child,

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noting the "stark difference" in the child's interactions with

the father as compared to the mother. The judge credited the

GAL's findings that the child "appears well cared for and showed

comfort with and affection for [the] Father and [the father's

partner], who he identified as his mother"; while the mother

"had little, if any, familiarity with [the child's] preferences

and developmental level." See Custody of Kali, 439 Mass. 834,

842 (2003) ("stability and continuity with the child's primary

caregiver is itself an important factor in a child's successful

upbringing"). Moreover, the judge acknowledged that the child

"does not wish to have any contact with the Mother or his half-

siblings," and was resistant to spending time with the mother

without the GAL remaining physically present. See Bak v. Bak,

24 Mass. App. Ct. 608, 617 (1987) (preference of older child "is

a factor to be considered," although it "is not given decisive

weight").

To the extent the mother contends that the "tumultuous

relationship" between the parties was dispositive of the judge's

custody decision, this is belied by the record. The judge

determined that "[n]ot only did [the] Mother fail to meet [her]

burden" to demonstrate a material and substantial change in

circumstances, "but the trial testimony clearly demonstrated

that [the] Mother and Father are unable to communicate and make

major life decisions regarding the child's welfare." Thus, in

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addition to the absence of evidence of relevant material changed

circumstances discussed supra, the judge appropriately

considered the effect of the parties' relationship on their

ability to jointly parent the child. See Smith v. McDonald, 458

Mass. 540, 553 (2010), quoting Carr v. Carr, 44 Mass. App. Ct.

924, 925 (1998) ("Joint custody is inappropriate for parents

whose relationship to date has been 'dysfunctional, virtually

nonexistent, and one of continuous conflict'").

2. Suspension of parenting time. The mother contends that

the judge erred in suspending her parenting time where the judge

failed to consider how the father's actions contributed to her

inability to foster a relationship with the child. We are not

persuaded.

"[A] judge is authorized not only to order sole legal and
physical custody with one parent when it serves the best
interests of the child, . . . but also . . . to impose
conditions and restrictions on and to suspend any
visitation by the other parent when it is determined that
visitation would not be in the best interests of the
child."

Schechter v. Schechter, 88 Mass. App. Ct. 239, 247-248 (2015).

In determining the child's best interests, the judge may

"consider the widest range of permissible evidence, including

the reports and testimony of a [GAL], [and] evidence of the

history of the relationship between the child and each parent."

Ardizoni v. Raymond, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 734, 738 (1996).

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Here, the judge credited the GAL's findings and adopted the

recommendation to suspend the mother's parenting time given the

child's reluctance to be alone with the mother and the mother's

inability to accept "responsibility for how her actions and

absence may have contributed" to her fraught relationship with

the child. While the mother contends that "the child's

reluctance to see [her] is due to the ongoing lack of

visitation," which the judge credited was due in part to

conflicts with the father, the mother demonstrated a lack of

insight into how her years-long absence from the child's life

predating the conflicts over visitation affected their

relationship. See Schechter, 88 Mass. App. Ct. at 248 ("whether

a parent is able to separate his or her needs and interests from

those of the minor child[]" is relevant in custody

determinations [citation omitted]). Indeed, the judge noted

that the prior attempts to foster a relationship between the

mother and the child through gradual increases in parenting time

had proved unsuccessful without therapeutic intervention where

the child expressed that he did not want to have any contact

with her, he would not attend a meeting with her without

promises of safety and support from the GAL, and he resisted her

attempts at connection and physical affection. Consequently, we

discern no error in suspending the mother's parenting time where

the judge determined, and the record reflects, that

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reunification therapy and guided reintroduction to parenting

time would serve the child's best interests.5

Judgment dated July 5, 2023,
on mother's complaint for
modification and father's
counterclaim for
modification affirmed.

By the Court (Blake, C.J.,
Hodgens & Toone, JJ.6),

Clerk

Entered: May 2, 2025.

5 The mother additionally contends that it was clear error
for the judge not to credit her testimony that the father had
physically abused her during their relationship. As "it is the
trial judge who, by virtue of his firsthand view of the
presentation of evidence, is in the best position to judge the
weight and credibility of the evidence," we defer to the judge's
assessment of the mother's credibility. Cerutti-O'Brien v.
Cerutti-O'Brien, 77 Mass. App. Ct. 166, 169 n.3 (2010), quoting
Edinburg v. Edinburg, 22 Mass. App. Ct. 199, 203 (1986).

6 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

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