George E. Gooley v. Danielle L. Fradette

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2024 ME 3
Docket: Cum-22-232
Submitted
On Briefs: February 22, 2023
Decided: January 18, 2024

Panel: MEAD, JABAR, HORTON, CONNORS, and LAWRENCE, JJ.

GEORGE E. GOOLEY

v.

DANIELLE L. FRADETTE

LAWRENCE, J.

[¶1] George E. Gooley appeals, and Danielle L. Fradette cross-appeals,

from the District Court’s (Portland, French, C.J.) judgments on the parties’

post-divorce and post-trial motions. Because we conclude that appellate

review cannot meaningfully be undertaken without specific findings on the

provisions regarding parent-child contact, we vacate those portions of the

judgment and remand for further findings. Similarly, we vacate and remand for

further findings on the computation of Gooley’s income, the determination of

Gooley’s imputed income, and the award of Fradette’s attorney fees. We affirm

the judgments in all other respects.
2

I. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural History

[¶2] On August 19, 2016, the court (Cashman, J.) entered a judgment

granting Gooley and Fradette a divorce and determining parental rights and

responsibilities as to their two minor children. That judgment was modified on

November 14, 2016, changing the schedule of parent-child contact to three days

with one parent and four days with the other parent, on a weekly rotating basis

so as to provide the parents with equal time with the children. On August 18,

2017, the court (J. French, J.) entered a judgment that again modified the divorce

judgment, by, inter alia, allocating to Fradette the right of decision-making for

the children’s education; allocating to Gooley the rights to be informed of the

children’s significant educational issues in advance and to comment on them,

and to have access to the children’s educators; maintaining the rotating,

split-week schedule of parent-child contact; and awarding Fradette attorney

fees.

[¶3] On July 16, 2020, Gooley filed a motion for contempt, alleging that

Fradette was willfully failing or refusing to obey the schedule of parent-child

contact that was set by the November 2016 and August 2017 judgments. On

August 3, 2020, Fradette filed a motion for post-judgment relief, requesting that
3

the court modify the parental rights and responsibilities of the parties and

award Fradette attorney fees associated with her motion. On March 9, 2021,

Fradette moved to amend her motion for post-judgment relief to add her

post-filing decision to move from Maine to Massachusetts as a basis for

modification. The court (French, C.J.) approved the amendment of the motion

for post-judgment relief in an order dated October 5, 2021.

[¶4] On October 5, 2021, the court also issued a scheduling order in this

matter,1 and thereafter held a four-day hearing on the parties’ post-judgment

motions on November 29 and 30, and December 1 and 2, 2021.2 On April 23,

1 The court’s detailed scheduling order provided for a four-day hearing, with regular scheduled
breaks. The court stated that the parties were each permitted ten and a half hours to present their
cases, including direct and cross-examination. The court allocated three hours for the guardian ad
litem to do the same. The court also provided detailed directions for the parties regarding identifying
witnesses and admission of various items of evidence, including depositions of experts. Prior to trial,
the court (Woodman, J.) denied Gooley’s motion for adequate trial time, which asserted that the
scheduled four days of trial was inadequate for Gooley to present evidence and witnesses.
2 At the beginning of the fourth day of trial, Gooley again moved for additional trial time. Gooley

represented that he needed additional time to call the following witnesses: Gooley’s father, two of
Gooley’s therapists, an expert regarding a therapeutic family intervention program for alienated
children, and Gooley himself. Prior to Gooley’s motion, Gooley had allocated a significant portion of
his trial time to the direct and re-direct examination of his expert witness on parental alienation. The
court (French, C.J.) denied Gooley’s motion, reasoning that it had given the parties fair notice about
the time limitations, which it had instituted after considering the nature of the matters before the
court. The court also noted that it had encouraged the parties to discuss the possibility of written
stipulations and that the parties, with no criticism from the court regarding their choices, decided to
go forward with their own strategies. Finally, the court stated that a substantial amount of the
parties’ allocated time had been spent by the parties’ attorneys arguing with one another and that
the court had “done its best to move things along.” Despite its denial of Gooley’s motion, the court
provided each party with an additional fifteen minutes and, separately, additional time to examine
the guardian ad litem. The court later denied Gooley’s January 18, 2022, motion to reopen evidence.
4

2022, the court entered its findings of facts, conclusions of law, and judgment

on the parties’ post-judgment motions. The court denied Gooley’s motion for

contempt after finding that he had failed to establish by clear and convincing

evidence that Fradette had not complied with the contact schedule under the

existing court order. The court found that Fradette met her burden of

demonstrating that there had been a substantial change in circumstances due

to, inter alia, Fradette’s plan to relocate to Massachusetts, and granted, in part,

her motion for post-judgment relief. The court also awarded Fradette primary

residency of the children and the right of final decision-making for the

children’s education, and awarded the parties shared parental rights and

responsibilities in all other respects. The court awarded Gooley contact with

both children on the first, third, and, when applicable, fifth weekends of each

month; on Wednesday evenings from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.; and on Father’s

Day weekend. The court also provided Gooley with additional contact time

with the younger child on the fourth weekend of every month. The court

further ordered that if Fradette lived in the greater Portland area, she would be

responsible for transporting the children to Gooley at the beginning of his

contact period and Gooley would be responsible for transporting the children

back to Fradette at the end of his contact period. However, if Fradette relocated
5

outside of the greater Portland area, the court ordered that she would be solely

responsible for transporting the children to and from Gooley for his scheduled

parent-child contact. Finally, the court ordered Gooley to pay Fradette attorney

fees of $30,000.

[¶5] On May 3, 2022, Fradette filed a motion to alter or amend the

divorce judgment, pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 59(e), which sought clarity on, inter

alia, whether she was permitted to relocate with the children to Massachusetts

and, if she does relocate, whether the court-ordered schedule of parent-child

contact and the transportation obligations for that contact would still apply. In

her motion, Fradette also requested, inter alia, that the court modify its April

2022 judgment by eliminating the Wednesday evening parent-child contact if

Fradette relocates to Massachusetts; requiring that Fradette provide all

transportation necessary for Gooley’s scheduled parent-child contact only if

she relocates somewhere that is over fifty miles away from Portland; and

eliminating Gooley’s separate fourth-weekend contact and week-on, week-off

summer contact with the younger child so that the children are always together
6

when with Gooley. On May 6, 2022, Gooley filed a motion for additional

findings of fact and conclusions of law.3

[¶6] On June 20, 2022, the court (J. French, J.) entered its order on the

parties’ post-trial motions. The court clarified that, regardless of whether

Fradette resides in Massachusetts or Maine, it was in the children’s best

interests to primarily reside with Fradette and to have frequent and continuing

contact with Gooley, including on Wednesday evenings. The court also clarified

that the schedule of Wednesday evening parent-child contact remains in effect

regardless of whether Fradette relocates to Massachusetts.4 The court’s post-

trial order denied all of the parties’ other post-trial motions and all other

requests for relief that were not expressly addressed in the order.5

3Gooley’s motion requested that the court make 220 additional findings of fact and conclusions
of law, which included additional findings regarding Gooley’s income.

The court noted that Gooley’s summer contact schedule with the younger child superseded the
4

weekend and Wednesday evening contact schedule that is in effect during the school year.
5The court’s order on the parties’ post-trial motions thus, in effect, denied Fradette’s motion to
alter or modify the divorce judgment and Gooley’s motion for additional findings of fact and
conclusions of law.
7

[¶7] Gooley appealed,6 and Fradette cross-appealed.7 See 19-A M.R.S.

§ 104 (2023); M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(2)(B), 2C(2). On November 7, 2022, Fradette

moved, pursuant to M.R. App. 3(b), to permit the District Court to enter a

judgment on her motion for an award of prospective attorney fees in

anticipation of this appeal. We granted Fradette’s motion on November 8,

2022, and denied Gooley’s motion to reconsider our order. The District Court

awarded Fradette $4,000 in prospective attorney fees on January 3, 2023.

B. Factual Findings

[¶8] The factual findings below are taken from the District Court’s

judgments on the parties’ post-judgment motions and order on the parties’

post-trial motions. The court’s findings, except where indicated, are supported

by competent evidence in the record. See Boyd v. Manter, 2018 ME 25, ¶¶ 5-6,

9, 179 A.3d 906.

After filing his notice of appeal, Gooley personally, and not through counsel, filed multiple
6

motions, which we strike as improper briefing. See M.R. App. P. 7A(a)-(d).
7 Gooley’s appeal was timely as he filed his motion for post-judgment relief within the time

permitted by the standing order pertaining to the Family Division Rules. See Standing Order
Regarding Motions for Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in Family Matters (clarifying
M.R. Civ. P. 120 effective Mar. 10, 2023) https://www.courts.maine.gov/rules/text/mr_civ_p_120_
standing_order_2023-03-09.pdf. Fradette’s cross-appeal was also timely filed.
8

1. The Children’s Best Interests

[¶9] The court made competent findings to support its conclusion that

there has been a substantial change in circumstances that is sufficient to justify

a modification of the custody arrangement, and the following findings provide

a sufficient basis for the court’s determination that it is not in the children’s best

interests to award the parties shared primary residence of the children.8

See Kelly v. McKee, 2019 ME 155, ¶ 7, 218 A.3d 753.

[¶10] There is conflict between Gooley and Fradette, and the older child

has expressed a meaningful preference to have limited contact with Gooley and

to not stay overnight at Gooley’s home. The parents have very different

communication styles and have not followed their agreement or the court’s

order to use a parent-communication application. Fradette is highly anxious

regarding her interactions with Gooley. Gooley can be overbearing and is

relentlessly demanding of Fradette and the professionals involved with the

family. Gooley has a problem respecting and recognizing boundaries with the

children and Fradette, and he is loud and intense in communicating with them.

8In its finding of additional facts, the court stated that it had fully considered each best interest
factor and that the most important factors to this matter were 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(3)(A)-(E), (G)-(I),
(L) (2023).
9

[¶11] The children are doing well and thriving in Maine; however,

Fradette intends to relocate to Massachusetts. The children are appropriately

and emotionally attached to Fradette and obtain their emotional and physical

stability in her home. Gooley lacks insight into how his behavior has affected

the children and his relationship with them.

2. Imputed Income and Attorney Fees

[¶12] The court found that Fradette is a registered nurse and is

voluntarily unemployed. Because no evidence of employment available to

Fradette was offered, the court, looking to the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the

median income for registered nurses in Maine, imputed her income to be

$69,510. Fradette has real estate valued at $462,000, with a mortgage of

$106,395, and a retirement plan with a value of $178,313.9 Fradette submitted

an affidavit from her attorney stating the anticipated fees in this litigation

would exceed $56,000. The record also contains an updated fee affidavit from

Fradette’s attorney that sets forth an amount in excess of $120,000. The court

found Fradette’s attorney fees in this post-judgment litigation were $69,084.

9 Fradette’s updated child support affidavit indicates that the value of her retirement plan is
$183,000. Fradette did introduce in evidence her social security earnings; however, it is not apparent
from where in the record the court obtained its assigned value of $178,313.
10

Ultimately, the court awarded Fradette attorney fees in the amount of

$30,000.10

[¶13] The court did not find Gooley’s testimony regarding his financial

circumstances to be credible, found that Gooley is voluntarily underemployed,

and imputed an annual income of $137,000.11 The court found that, in 2020,

Gooley had an income of $208,000, which comprised his earnings of $68,000

from his employment and a $137,000 payment from selling his business. As a

result of selling his business, Gooley received a payment of $137,000 in 2021

and is scheduled to receive payments of $80,000 annually in 2022, 2023, and

2024. The court also found that Gooley sold real estate during the pendency of

the post-judgment motions and received cash proceeds of at least $80,000,

owns other real estate valued at $170,000 with a mortgage of $59,862, has a

retirement account with a value of $403,326, and incurred $137,925 in

attorney fees in this matter.

10 The court did not explain its reasoning or which evidence it relied on to determine the award

of attorney fees to Fradette.

The court did not explain its reasoning or which evidence it relied upon to impute Gooley’s
11

income to be $137,000.
11

II. DISCUSSION

A. Fradette’s Relocation and Gooley’s Wednesday Evening
Parent-Child Contact

[¶14] In her cross-appeal, Fradette argues that the court abused its

discretion by denying her motion to alter or amend the judgment and thereby

requiring contact between Gooley and the children on Wednesday evenings

even if Fradette relocates to Massachusetts. Fradette argues that such parent

child contact would require hours of driving to facilitate, limiting Fradette’s

Wednesday work availability; would interfere with the children’s homework

assignments; and would interfere with the children’s ability to participate in

after-school activities.

[¶15] We review for an abuse of discretion a “court’s grant or denial of a

motion seeking clarification and amendment of a judgment.” Theberge v.

Theberge, 2010 ME 132, ¶ 21, 9 A.3d 809. In doing so, we consider “(1) whether

factual findings, if any, are supported by the record pursuant to the clear error

standard; (2) whether the court understood the law applicable to its exercise

of discretion; and (3) given the facts and applying the law, whether the court

weighed the applicable facts and made choices within the bounds of

reasonableness.” Violette v. Violette, 2015 ME 97, ¶ 30, 120 A.3d 667 (quotation

marks omitted).
12

[¶16] To start, we conclude, as noted supra, that the court correctly

applied the best interest analysis in this case, and that there is competent

evidence in the record to support nearly all of the court’s findings. The court

also evidently understood the law applicable to its exercise of discretion and

“evaluated the evidence with the best interest factors in mind,” cf. In re Paige L.,

2017 ME 97, ¶¶ 35-39, 162 A.3d 217 (explaining that “the court [is] not

required to address each best interest factor in its decision”).

[¶17] Turning to the final prong of our review for an abuse of discretion,

we recognize that Fradette intends to relocate to Massachusetts and

acknowledge that requiring Fradette to transport the children from

Massachusetts to Portland each Wednesday could negatively impact the

children’s best interests. For example, pursuant to the court’s judgments, if

Fradette moves outside of the greater Portland area, Fradette must transport

the children to and from Gooley for two hours of parent-child contact from

5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. each Wednesday. Requiring that Fradette make these

midweek trips from Massachusetts to Portland could impact Fradette’s

employment opportunities; the stability of Fradette’s housing, especially if

economic constraints result from her employment opportunities being limited

by the contact and transportation obligations; the children’s adjustment to
13

their new community and their schooling; the parties’ capacity to communicate

and co-parent; and the parties’ capacity to encourage and maintain Gooley’s

parent-child contact. See, e.g., 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(3)(E), (H), (I), (N); see also

supra n.8. The court’s factual findings, however, are silent as to these

considerations, and we cannot determine from the record before us whether

the court considered them. We therefore conclude that the findings are

insufficient to reasonably support the decision to couple Gooley’s midweek,

evening parent-child contact with Fradette’s obligation to provide all of the

interstate transportation required by that contact.

[¶18] We appreciate the daunting challenge before the court and

recognize its efforts to provide Gooley with regular parent-child contact while

maintaining the children’s supportive primary residence with Fradette;

however, given the court’s limited factual findings, we are unable to review the

basis for its decision. We therefore vacate the portion of the court’s post-trial

order, and the court’s underlying determinations, requiring that Fradette

transport the children to Gooley for his Wednesday parent-child contact even

if she relocates to Massachusetts; and we remand for the court to, in its

discretion, either make additional findings to support its conclusion or modify

the parent-child contact.
14

B. Imputed Income and Attorney Fees

[¶19] Gooley argues that the court erred by imputing his income to be

$137,000 and by awarding Fradette $30,000 in attorney fees. We review for

clear error a court’s determination of a party’s income in a post-divorce

judgment proceeding, see Ehret v. Ehret, 2016 ME 43, ¶ 14, 135 A.3d 101, and

review for an abuse of discretion a court’s decision to award attorney fees,

Atkinson v. Capolodo, 2021 ME 27, ¶ 10, 250 A.3d 1099.

[¶20] We have consistently required a clear explanation of the factual

basis for imputing income or awarding attorney fees. See, e.g., Ehret, 2016 ME

43, ¶ 14, 135 A.3d 101; Capolodo, 2021 ME 27, ¶ 10, 250 A.3d 1099. For

example, if a “court finds that a party is voluntarily underemployed, the court

may impute income to that party” but “its judgment should contain findings

regarding the amount of and basis for the income imputed.” Ehret, 2016 ME 43,

¶ 14, 135 A.3d 101 (emphasis added). Likewise, the court has statutory

authority to award reasonable attorney fees, see 19-A M.R.S. § 105 (2023), but

it “must provide a concise but clear explanation of its reasons for grant or denial
15

of the attorney fee award,” Capolodo, 2021 ME 27, ¶ 10, 250 A.3d 1099

(emphasis added) (quotation marks and alteration omitted).

[¶21] Here, there is competent evidence in the record to support the

court’s finding that Gooley is voluntarily underemployed and the court,

therefore, acted within its discretion in imputing Gooley’s income. It is unclear,

however, what factual basis the court used to impute Gooley’s income to be

$137,000. For example, the court may have based Gooley’s imputed income on

the fact that he received a payment of $137,000 in 2021 due to the sale of his

business. Yet this basis is contradictory to the court’s finding that, due to the

sale of his business, Gooley is entitled to further payments of only $80,000 in

2022, 2023, and 2024. Because Gooley’s motion for further findings of fact and

conclusions of law on this issue was denied, see supra n.3 and accompanying

text, we cannot infer that the court intended to base Gooley’s imputed income

on the $137,000 payment he received in 2021. See Capolodo, 2021 ME 27, ¶ 10,

250 A.3d 1099. We therefore vacate the portion of the post-trial order

determining Gooley’s income and the underlying findings, and remand for the

court to make sufficient findings that inform the parties of the amount12 of and

basis for his imputed income.

12 The court may, in its discretion, adjust Gooley’s imputed income on remand.
16

[¶22] Given our conclusion that Gooley’s imputed income must be

vacated, and because Gooley’s motion for further findings of fact and

conclusions of law on this issue was denied, we must also vacate the court’s

award of Fradette’s attorney fees. A party’s income constitutes a necessary

factual basis that the court must consider when it awards attorney fees.

Cf. Ehret, 2016 ME 43, ¶¶ 17-18, 135 A.3d 101. Because the court did not

provide the parties with a sufficient factual basis for its imputed income for

Gooley, the factual basis supporting the award of Fradette’s attorney fees is also

insufficient. Similarly, our conclusion applies to the court’s January 3, 2023,

order awarding Fradette prospective attorney fees in anticipation of this

appeal. On remand, after determining the amount of and basis for Gooley’s

imputed income, the court should consider what attorney fees, if any, are

appropriate to award Fradette and provide a clear explanation of its reason for

its determination.13

[¶23] We affirm the judgments in all other respects.14

13 We wish to make clear that the court need not resolve all disputes regarding its factual findings

or conclusions of law in this case; it correctly denied most of Gooley’s 220 requests for factual
findings. See supra n.3, infra n.14; but see infra ¶¶ 19-22. The court therefore need make only the
additional findings called for in this opinion. Cf. Cyr v. Cyr, 432 A.2d 793, 797 n.2 (Me. 1981).
14 The remainder of Gooley’s arguments are unpersuasive. We conclude that Gooley had an

opportunity to be heard that was adequate to safeguard his parental rights. Compare supra nn.1-2,
with Geary v. Stanley, 2007 ME 133, ¶ 12, 931 A.2d 1064, and Bank of Am., N.A. v. Camire, 2017 ME 20,
¶¶ 7-8, 155 A.3d 416; cf. In re Child of Brooke B., 2020 ME 20, ¶¶ 2, 4, 224 A.3d 1236 (holding that the
17

The entry is:

Judgment on post-divorce motions and order on
post-trial motions vacated in part as indicated in
this opinion. Judgment and order affirmed in all
other respects. Remanded to the District Court
to make further findings of fact and conclusions
of law consistent with this opinion and to amend
the judgment or order, or both, as it deems
appropriate based on the further findings and
conclusions.

Gene R. Libby, Esq., Libby O’Brien Kingsley & Champion, LLC, Kennebunk, for
appellant George E. Gooley

Kenneth P. Altshuler, Esq., Childs Rundlett & Altshuler, Portland, for cross-
appellant Danielle L. Fradette

Portland District Court docket number FM-2015-955
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY

court did not violate a party’s due process rights by imposing a time limitation on the parties after it
made clear “to all parties throughout the hearing that the time available was limited, . . . interjected
at several points to remind all parties of the need to focus their presentations,” and equally split the
two-day hearing between the parties). Further, the remaining factual findings that Gooley challenges
are all supported by competent evidence in the record. See Boyd v. Manter, 2018 ME 25, ¶ 5,
179 A.3d 906; Ehret v. Ehret, 2016 ME 43, ¶ 9, 135 A.3d 101. With respect to the court’s other findings
and conclusions regarding children’s best interests, the court “articulated the specific best interest
factors that were important to this case . . . and made findings as to each that are supported by
substantial record evidence.” Riemann v. Toland, 2022 ME 13, ¶ 18, 269 A.3d 229. Finally, we
conclude that the court did not err by denying Gooley’s motion for contempt of the court-ordered
schedule of parent-child contact. See Harshman v. Harshman, 2019 ME 48, ¶ 8, 206 A.3d 297; Ames
v. Ames, 2003 ME 60, ¶¶ 22-24, 822 A.2d 1201.