Discipline of Volesky

#30736-SRJ
2025 S.D. 62

IN THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

****

IN THE MATTER OF THE DISCIPLINE OF
TUCKER VOLESKY
AS AN ATTORNEY AT LAW

****

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

****

THOMAS H. FRIEBERG of
State Bar of South Dakota
Beresford, South Dakota Attorneys for Disciplinary
Board.

MICHAEL F. TOBIN of
Boyce Law Firm, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota Attorneys for respondent.

****

ARGUED
AUGUST 27, 2025
OPINION FILED 11/12/25
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JENSEN, Chief Justice

[¶1.] The Disciplinary Board of the State Bar of South Dakota initiated

formal disciplinary proceedings against Attorney Tucker Volesky after concluding

that his conduct in handling several lawsuits and the management of his law firm

trust account violated the South Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules). The

Board recommended a 30-day suspension of Volesky’s license to practice law.

Volesky denied the allegations and this Court appointed retired circuit court Judge

Craig Pfeifle (Referee) to conduct an evidentiary hearing. The Referee also

determined that Volesky violated the Rules and recommended this Court suspend

Volesky’s license to practice law for 30 days and that he be placed on a probationary

term of no less than six months. After considering the record and the

recommendations of the Board and the Referee, we conclude Volesky violated the

Rules and impose discipline.1

General Background

[¶2.] Volesky is a 2019 graduate of the USD Knudson School of Law and

was admitted to the State Bar of South Dakota in October of the same year. He is a

1. In considering this case, the members of the Court are in the unique position
of addressing Volesky’s conduct, which included commencing a lawsuit
against the members of this Court and alleging the Court had fabricated
evidence. The Judicial Canons require a judicial officer to at all times remain
impartial and avoid even the perception of impartiality, but a judicial officer
“shall also hear and decide matters assigned except those in which
disqualification is required.” The Court, as the regulatory body for attorney
licensing and discipline in South Dakota, “has the responsibility of protecting
the public from the unfit, the incompetent and the dishonest attorney, and
the duty to maintain the high ethical standard of the legal profession.” In re
Discipline of Russell, 2011 S.D. 17, ¶ 39, 797 N.W.2d 77, 87. Each member of
the Court understands these obligations and has no interest in this case
other than to fulfill our responsibility to regulate the Bar.

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solo practitioner with one employee, and he has offices in Mitchell and Huron. He

shares office space with his father and brother, although he maintains a separate

practice. Volesky has a general law practice that focuses on civil and criminal

litigation, including court-appointed criminal defense. Volesky served as a part-

time city attorney for Huron from June 2020 to August 2024 and served as a part-

time tribal judge for the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Tribal Court from October 2020

to October 2024.

[¶3.] The Board began investigating three separate disciplinary complaints

arising from Volesky’s representation of Bret Healy in multiple lawsuits involving

Healy’s family ranch (the Ranch). During the course of the investigation, the Board

also began investigating Volesky’s handling of his law firm trust account.

[¶4.] To provide context for the disciplinary proceedings, we initially review

three related lawsuits Healy filed while represented by other counsel, before

Volesky began representing him. In the first lawsuit against Healy’s mother, Mary

Osborne; his two brothers, Bryce Healy and Barry Healy; the family’s attorney,

Steven Fox; Healy Ranch Partnership (HRP); and Healy Ranch, Inc. (HRI), Healy

claimed to own 50% of the Ranch “pursuant to his interests in [HRP and HRI].”

Healy v. Osborne, 2019 S.D. 56, ¶ 2, 934 N.W.2d 557, 559–60 (Healy I). Healy

asserted claims for conversion, fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud, breach of

contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of

fiduciary duties, negligence, and unjust enrichment, and he requested that the court

pierce the corporate veil of HRI. Id. ¶ 11, 934 N.W.2d at 561. The circuit court

dismissed the action, concluding Healy’s claims were untimely, and awarded

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attorney fees under SDCL 15-17-51, finding the lawsuit was frivolous and

malicious.

[¶5.] On appeal, this Court affirmed, concluding Healy’s claims were time-

barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. The Court also upheld the circuit

court’s imposition of attorney fees, writing that “[Healy] filed the lawsuit for the

purpose of preventing the sale of the property, not because he believed his

partnership interest remained enforceable.” Id. ¶ 37, 934 N.W.2d at 567. In

support of the latter conclusion, the Court referred to and quoted a portion of a June

2016 email from Healy to Barry in which Healy purportedly stated: “I owned 25% of

the place – mom insisted on 1/3 to everyone – so yes I did put all my chips back in

for 8%. . . .” Id. ¶¶ 29, 37, 934 N.W.2d at 565, 567.

[¶6.] While Healy I was pending on appeal, Healy filed a notice of claim for

marketable title under SDCL 43-30-5, part of the South Dakota Marketable Title

Act (SDMTA), asserting HRP held an interest in the Ranch. Healy Ranch, Inc. v.

Healy, 2022 S.D. 43, ¶ 1, 978 N.W.2d 786 (Healy II).2 Healy’s notice of claim listed

the parcels that constitute the Ranch—the same property that was at the heart of

Healy’s principal claims in Healy I. In response to Healy’s notice of claim, HRI

brought a quiet title action against Healy and HRP, seeking to establish

“marketable title” under the SDMTA. Healy filed a counterclaim to quiet title of the

Ranch in HRP. The circuit court quieted title to the subject property in favor of HRI

2. Chief Justice Jensen was disqualified from both Healy I and Healy II, and
circuit court Judge Jon Sogn sat by designation in both of those cases.

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and determined Healy had not timely filed his claim under the governing twenty-

two-year statutory period.

[¶7.] On appeal, this Court disagreed with the circuit court’s conclusion

regarding timeliness. We nevertheless concluded that res judicata barred Healy’s

“counterclaim seeking to quiet title in HRP.” We explained:

[Healy’s] quiet title counterclaim in this case is an overt effort to
litigate the same cause of action that he litigated in [Healy I].
Although the specific legal theories advanced in the two cases
are different, of course, [Healy] is again addressing the same
wrong he identified in [Healy I]—the alleged wrongful conduct
by members of his family to vest HRI with ownership of the
Ranch. The underlying facts are the same, as is [Healy’s]
principal argument that HRI does not truly own the Ranch.

Id. ¶ 49 (emphasis added).

[¶8.] The third lawsuit brought by Healy before Volesky was retained was

Healy Ranch P’ship v. Mines, 2022 S.D. 44, 978 N.W.2d 768 (Mines). HRP, through

Healy, filed a quiet title action against Larry and Sheila Mines (and others),

regarding a parcel of the Ranch commonly known as RH-2. This Court affirmed the

circuit court’s entry of summary judgment, dismissing Healy’s quiet title action

based on judicial estoppel and SDCL 15-3-15. We stated: “Under the circumstance

presented here, the application of judicial estoppel is appropriate. [Healy] may not,

in the name of HRP, re-fashion his claim regarding RH-2 into a quiet title action

that contemplates the land was never transferred and, instead, has been

permissively used for the past thirty years by others who have farmed it and paid

the taxes.” Id. ¶ 60, 978 N.W.2d at 784.

[¶9.] In January 2021, Volesky entered into an “EMPLOYMENT

CONTRACT– HOURLY FEE” with Healy. Healy agreed to employ Volesky to

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represent him in pursuing an action under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt

Organizations Act (RICO) at a rate of $220 per hour with a $7,500 retainer. Shortly

thereafter, Volesky filed a complaint in federal district court on behalf of Healy

and/or HRP against Healy’s mother Mary, Healy’s brother Bryce, and attorney Fox,

alleging mail fraud, bank fraud, and conspiracy to engage in a pattern of

racketeering. Healy v. Fox, 572 F. Supp. 3d 730, 734–35 (D.S.D. 2021) (Fox), aff’d,

46 F.4th 739 (8th Cir. 2022). The district court dismissed Healy’s suit based on res

judicata, explaining:

[Healy] claimed injury in the state court action from the 1995
transfer from the partnership to HRI because it deprived him of
his interest held by the partnership. In the Amended
Complaint, [Healy] claims injury from the 1995 transfer from
the partnership to HRI because it was part of an illegitimate
stock issuance that ultimately provided the vehicle for the RICO
conspiracy. Therefore, the “underlying facts” which give rise to
each cause of action are the same.

Id. at 743.

[¶10.] On appeal, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed based upon

res judicata. The court concluded, “[Healy] is again addressing the same wrong he

identified in [Healy I]—the alleged wrongful conduct by members of his family to

vest HRI with ownership of the Ranch.” Healy v. Fox, 46 F.4th 739, 744 (8th Cir.

2022) (second alteration in original) (citation omitted).

[¶11.] In August 2023, Volesky, on behalf of Healy and HRP, filed a second

federal court action against this Court, HRI, Mary, Barry, Bryce, Fox, and Mines,

alleging a due process violation by this Court, fraud, misrepresentation, and other

misconduct. Healy v. Sup. Ct. of S.D., No. 4:23-CV-04118-RAL, 2023 WL 8653851,

at *1 (D.S.D. Dec. 14, 2023) (Healy III), reconsideration denied, No. 4:23-CV-04118-

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RAL, 2024 WL 2150336 (D.S.D. Apr. 11, 2024). In an amended complaint filed

March 24, 2024, Healy also named the South Dakota Supreme Court justices and

circuit court Judge Jon Sogn in their official and individual capacities, claiming a

deprivation of his civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id.

[¶12.] The amended complaint signed by Volesky referenced a “fake email”—

the email chain between Healy and his brother Barry from June 2016, in which

Healy purportedly stated: “I owned 25% of the place – mom insisted on 1/3 to

everyone – so yes I did put all my chips back in for 8% . . . .” Although Healy did not

deny authoring the email, he claimed the email chain the Court referred to in Healy

I was “altered, truncated, and misleading.” Healy alleged that in Healy I, the Court

“quotes the altered email as ‘telling’ on the issue of whether [Healy] had notice of

the 1995 warranty deed” and that “the Supreme Court utilized the fake email to

nullify [Healy’s] on the record dispute of when he discovered the 1995 warranty

deed.”

[¶13.] The amended complaint in Healy III also alleged, among other claims,

that this Court in Healy II, “conducted fact finding and weighed evidence;” “denied

[Healy] and HRP an opportunity to respond;” “denied [Healy] and HRP the

opportunity to be heard regarding ownership of Healy Ranch real property;” and

“ignored the Healy II record . . . , which contained evidence regarding the fake

email.” The amended complaint signed by Volesky asserted a cause of action under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Healy was deprived of his right and the equal

protection of law when the “Supreme Court pretended that [Healy] did not dispute

the June 28, 2016 email, the November 2001 confidential financial statement, or

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that they did not dispute the defendants’ statements of undisputed material facts in

Healy I.”

[¶14.] The district court dismissed the action against the members of the

Court, determining it lacked subject matter jurisdiction under the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine and that the claims against the Court would also be barred by the Eleventh

Amendment and judicial immunity. The district court dismissed the claims against

the other defendants because “[r]es judicata on several levels now bars the

extraordinary relief Plaintiffs seek from this Court—reversal or vacating of the

Eighth Circuit final decision from the prior litigation and reversal and vacating of

three final decisions of the Supreme Court of South Dakota.” Healy III, 2023 WL

8653851 at *12. In addition, the district court granted a motion for sanctions under

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, filed by the defendants other than

the members of the Court, concluding that the claims were not warranted under

“existing law or a good faith, nonfrivolous argument for some modification or

extension of existing law.” Id.

[¶15.] Following the dismissal and sanctions order, Volesky, on behalf of

Healy, filed a motion for reconsideration and a motion for leave to file a second

amended complaint. In addition to the above allegations, the proposed second

amended complaint alleged, inter alia, that the members of this Court: “fabricated

evidence in Healy I, and then used the fabricated evidence to decide the case, which

was used in deciding Healy II and [Mines];” “fabricated the fake email evidence by

quoting only part of the text and omitting material language;” “fabricated evidence

that was material and used the said fabricated evidence without providing notice to

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Healy that they intended to use evidence that the Supreme Court Defendants

themselves fabricated;” and “utilized the decision based on fabricated evidence in

deciding subsequent cases.” The district court in Healy III denied the motion for

reconsideration and motion for leave to file second amended complaint.3

[¶16.] Volesky next represented Healy and HRP in challenging a dissolution

action brought by HRI, which sought court supervised dissolution of the

corporation—In re Dissolution of Healy Ranch, Inc., First Judicial Circuit, Civ. No.

23-000058. In that action, Volesky, on behalf of Healy and/or HRP, sought

dismissal of the petition for dissolution, claiming in essence that Healy and/or HRP

owned a majority interest in HRI. The circuit court, Judge Patrick Smith,

presiding, dismissed the action and issued an order to show cause as to why Healy

and Volesky should not be sanctioned for violating SDCL 15-6-11(b). Ultimately,

the circuit court concluded Healy and Volesky violated SDCL 15-6-11(b) and

imposed a monetary sanction against Healy in the amount of $240,000 and against

Volesky in the amount of $10,000. In addition to the monetary sanction, the circuit

court indicated it was “duty bound” to report Volesky’s conduct to the disciplinary

board of the State Bar of South Dakota. Healy, appearing pro se, has appealed the

circuit court’s sanction against him and that appeal is pending before the Court,

Appeal No. 30666. Volesky did not appeal the sanction issued against him.

3. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, without opinion, the district
court’s order dismissing his action and imposing sanctions against him.
Healy v. Sup. Ct. of S.D., No. 24-1996, 2025 WL 999468, at *1 (8th Cir. Apr.
3, 2025) (per curiam).

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[¶17.] Thereafter, Volesky represented Healy for a final time in a lawsuit in

federal district court against Judge Smith and the Brule County clerk of courts,

claiming the issuance of the sanction violated his due process rights and violated 42

U.S.C. 1983. Healy v. Miller, No. 4:24-CV-04053, 2024 WL 3823097 (D.S.D. Aug.

14, 2024) (Miller). After disciplinary proceedings were instituted against Volesky,

he withdrew from representation of Healy in both of the then-pending federal

actions—Healy III and Miller. Healy acted pro se in Miller until dismissal of that

action. Healy then appealed to the Eighth Circuit, which affirmed without an

opinion.

Disciplinary Board Proceedings and Decision

[¶18.] Three separate disciplinary complaints were filed against Volesky.

The complaints were filed by two of the attorneys who represented the Healy family

members as defendants in the Healy lawsuits and by Judge Smith. The complaints

centered around the litigation commenced by Volesky on behalf of Healy, and

particularly focused on the proposed second amended complaint and brief in support

of leave to file the second amended complaint filed by Volesky in Healy III. One of

the disciplinary complaints alleged that Volesky’s accusations against members of

the Court, including that they fabricated evidence and knowingly made a false

statement, violated Rule 8.2(a), which states in part: “A lawyer shall not make a

statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its

truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge.”

[¶19.] The Board began investigating the complaints and reviewed Volesky’s

law firm trust account records during the course of the investigation. At a hearing

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before the Board, Volesky personally appeared, with counsel, and was questioned

concerning the Healy lawsuits and the handling of his trust account. The Board

filed its written formal accusation with this Court, including findings of fact,

conclusions of law, and recommendation, as follows:

24. After Judge Lange entered his Opinion and Order
Dismissing Case and for Sanctions, Volesky filed a Motion
for Reconsideration and, just over a month later, on
February 12, 2024, a motion requesting leave to file a
second amended complaint. The proposed second
amended complaint alleged in numerous paragraphs that
defendants Justice Janine Kern, Justice Mark Salter,
sitting justice Judge Jon Sogn, Justice Patricia Devaney,
Justice Scott Myren, and Chief Justice Steven Jensen,
officially and individually, had “knowingly fabricated
evidence and used the fabricated evidence deciding cases
against the Plaintiffs,” to the detriment of Bret Healy in
reaching their decision in Healy I.

***

34. The actions of Volesky in filing the various lawsuits
regarding ownership of Healy Ranch property are all
attempts to have the decision of the South Dakota
Supreme Court in Healy I overturned and vacated.

***

37. Volesky had numerous email communications with other
lawyers and Bret Healy regarding the pleadings, but
indicated that all of the filings were his idea and
supported by his client Bret Healy in an attempt to
substantiate his unfounded claim to ownership of more
than one-third of Healy Ranch properties.

38. Volesky believes that his error in the filings is that he
made the direct allegations of fabrication by the South
Dakota Supreme Court and its justices, including sitting
justice Judge Jon Sogn, rather than making these
allegations upon information and belief.

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39. The actions of Volesky in filing the numerous lawsuits
were not based upon a good faith belief that there were
facts and law which supported the claims being made.

40. Volesky failed to properly research the law and made
claims which had no basis in law and fact (i) when filing
the claims against the South Dakota Supreme Court, its
justices, and sitting justice Judge Jon Sogn and (ii) in
filing an action against Judge Patrick T. Smith and the
Brule County Clerk of Courts regarding sanctions
imposed for filing a motion to dismiss an action to dissolve
Healy Ranch, Inc.

***

53. Bret Healy was a litigious and particularly difficult client
when considering Volesky’s relative lack of experience in
handling complex litigation such as the familial dispute
litigated by the Healy family over the course of several
years and several lawsuits.

[¶20.] The Board also made several findings regarding Volesky’s handling of

his client trust account:

44. Volesky has failed to comply with trust accounting rules
and standards by retaining funds in his trust account
which are fees he has earned from his representation of
clients.

45. Volesky withdraws funds from his trust account based
upon the first funds received into the trust account and in
random amounts which are not related to the earning of
fees in any individual case.

46. Volesky has used his trust account as a personal savings
account and has retained earned fees in his client trust
account for many months, if not years, after the fees are
earned.

47. The comingling of funds constitutes a violation of the
trust account rules for South Dakota attorneys.

48. Volesky does not report fees as earned for purposes of
reporting South Dakota sales tax and/or federal income
tax until the fees are paid out of his trust account.

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49. Volesky’s trust accounting practices have resulted in a
substantial understatement of his fees earned for both
sales tax and income tax reporting.

50. Volesky has acknowledged that he has approximately ten
(10) current clients who should have trust account
balances for unearned fees. Yet Volesky’s individual trust
ledgers show more than 40 client matters with trust
account balances totaling $356,671.73 as of his April 30,
2024, trust account bank statement.

51. By way of example, Volesky has $161,377.56 in his trust
account for fees earned in representing Bret Healy.

52. Volesky also holds $95,684.83 in earned fees in his trust
account for a matter that was settled in 2022 with final
distribution to his client in April 2023.

[¶21.] The Board concluded that Volesky had violated South Dakota Rules of

Professional Conduct Rule 1.1 (competent representation of a client); Rule 3.1

(prohibiting initiating or defending issues for which there is no good faith basis in

law and fact); Rule 8.2 (prohibiting a lawyer from making statements known to be

false or in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the statement); Rule 8.4(d)

(prohibiting conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice); and SDCL

16-18-20.2 (prohibiting earned fees from being commingled with client trust funds).

The Board recommended that Volesky’s license to practice law in South Dakota be

suspended for a period of 30 days and that he provide proof that he removed

personal funds from his client trust account.

[¶22.] In his answer and objections to the Board’s complaint, Volesky denied

that “there was no basis in law or fact to support his allegations that [the Court] . . .

fabricated evidence when deciding Healy I” and disputed that the ownership of HRI

had been previously decided. Volesky also denied that “all of the filings were his

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idea and supported by his client Bret Healy in an attempt to substantiate his

unfounded claim to ownership of more than one-third of Healy Ranch properties.”

However, at the Board hearing, Volesky was asked: “Are these lawsuits, including

suing the South Dakota Supreme Court, your idea or [Healy’s] idea?” He

responded, “That was my idea.” Volesky was asked, “But as you are sitting here

today, was it your best legal judgment that that’s what you needed to do and attack

it the way you did?” He answered, “That’s what I concluded.”

[¶23.] With regard to Volesky’s handling of his trust account, he admitted

“that he has at times retained earned legal fees in his trust account after those fees

were earned” but stated it was not his intention to violate any rule, and from his

“perspective, it is uncertain about when attorneys must remove earned funds from

their trust account, and he reasonably believed that he was properly acting within

his discretion.” At the hearing, however, Volesky testified that to his

understanding, “[y]ou are not supposed to have personal funds in the trust account.”

Volesky also denied that his trust accounting practices resulted in a “substantial

understatement of his fees earned for both sales tax and income tax reporting,” but

he admitted at the Board hearing that approximately $95,000 of earned fees

remained in the trust account on which sales tax had not been paid, nor had the

sum been reported as income.

Referee Proceedings and Decision

[¶24.] At the hearing before the Referee, Volesky testified about the three

general areas of alleged violations, beginning with his trust accounting practices.

Volesky testified that after the Board hearing, he materially changed how he

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operates his trust account by being “mindful to move money out when a client

matter is finished to get it out of the trust.” He also acknowledged that prior to the

hearing, he would leave the earned fees in the trust account “until eventually I

would come across and bill it out and in the natural course of things as it was taken

out once a month.”

[¶25.] Volesky testified he was no longer commingling trust account funds

with fees earned and he acknowledged the obligation in Rule 1.15A “to keep client’s

property separate from the lawyer’s property[.]” Nevertheless, Volesky would not

admit that he violated any of the rules pertaining to trust accounting.

[¶26.] Regarding his representation of Healy, Volesky first testified that

Healy “had the idea of bringing a federal action. I framed it up as to how it was

going to be done.” Later, Volesky claimed that the “idea of bringing the action” was

his (Volesky’s) and that he “determined the path to get into federal court.” Volesky

agreed that before bringing the action, it occurred to him “that maybe [he was]

stepping into troubled waters.” However, he did not agree that Healy was making

demands of him that made him uncomfortable.

[¶27.] At the hearing on the motion for injunctive relief in Healy III, Judge

Lange concluded, “[T]here’s limited success on the merits here, they’re highly

dubious.” (Emphasis added.) Volesky testified that after that hearing, he had

“increased concerns about the path that [he] was going down” with the case against

the Court; yet he never discussed with Healy that they should “pump the brakes

and just not move forward.” Volesky also confirmed that at the time he filed the

motions for reconsideration and leave to file the second amended complaint against

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the Court (February 12, 2024), he was already facing sanctions for the failed actions

in federal court and for the state court dissolution action.

[¶28.] Volesky was questioned about his use of the phrase, “fabricated

evidence” that was used at least ten times in the proposed second amended

complaint. He testified that fabricated means “manufacturing evidence” and that

he had a “good faith basis,” a factual basis, to make that claim. He later agreed

that the definition of “fabricated” is to “invent or concoct something typically with

deceitful intent” and believed that based on that definition, there was a “plausible

legal claim” against the members of the Court for fabrication of evidence.

[¶29.] Later in his testimony, when asked by the Referee if he was “alleging

that the Supreme Court manufactured an e-mail” or that it “used it out of context,”

Volesky responded, “[i]t was used out of context and . . . it was misleading in the

way that it was used.” The Referee then asked whether Volesky thought the Court

made up the statement that was the second basis for the fabrication claim against

the Court—the statement that Healy had access to records. Volesky responded, “It

wasn’t in the record and it wasn’t used in defendant’s statement of facts.”

[¶30.] Volesky’s own attorney later asked, “[B]ut you were not contending

that any member of the Supreme Court or Judge Sogn collectively or individually

went and created fake evidence and then somehow surreptitiously put it into the

record?” Volesky responded, “No, not specifically like that, no.” Instead, he agreed

that his concern was “more that there seemed to be three to four instances of

discussion in the Healy I opinion that from [his] understanding seemed to differ

from how [he] understood the record.”

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[¶31.] Despite Volesky’s consistent denials that the fabricated evidence

allegation was improper, Volesky testified that Healy had agreed to indemnify

Volesky for any sanctions imposed against him in the federal court actions after the

attorney with whom Volesky consulted on the RICO claims had suggested it.

Volesky testified that while the thought crossed his mind to “pump the brakes” or

withdraw, he “kept plowing ahead.” Volesky also testified that he would not have

withdrawn from representing Healy had he not received the first two disciplinary

complaints, and that he withdrew on advice of counsel.

[¶32.] When asked why he felt “the need to add the additional claims about

the fabricated evidence” in the proposed second amended complaint, Volesky

explained that “was the stronger way to frame it to avoid a dismissal.” (Emphasis

added.) He agreed that to a certain extent, he was trying to “plead around

arguments on a motion to dismiss.” (Emphasis added.) His attorney asked, “why

did you believe you needed to include the allegations of fabricated evidence to

potentially get around a motion to dismiss, why was that remotely helpful if at all?”

Volesky testified he believed such allegations would overcome judicial immunity

because such immunity “is not going to apply to protect the fabrication of evidence

challenge.” Volesky’s attorney again questioned his strategy in adding the

fabrication of evidence allegations, and Volesky agreed that part of his strategy was

to plead around the anticipated arguments to survive a motion to dismiss. When

asked what he could have done differently, he responded that he should have

included the language “upon information and belief.”

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[¶33.] The Referee entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law and

recommendation, many of which mirror the Board’s. Several of the Referee’s

findings are particularly significant:

19. In the South Dakota Federal Court action against the
South Dakota Supreme Court, its justices and sitting
justice Judge Jon Sogn, Judge Roberto Lange held a
hearing on November 20, 2023, wherein he denied a
preliminary injunction request, in part, because the
Plaintiff who Volesky represented was unable to show a
likelihood of success on the merits. Judge Lange
concluded there was a limited likelihood of success and
that doing so was “highly dubious[.]”

***

21. Volesky has testified that he made this allegation based
upon what he believed to be factual errors by the Court.
These include: use of an email quoted out of context,
suggestion that Healy had access to records without
adequate support in the record, reliance on a financial
statement of Healy Ranch in an incomplete fashion.
Volesky admitted no basis in law or fact to support his
allegations that the South Dakota Supreme Court, its
acting justices and sitting justice Judge Sogn had
fabricated evidence when deciding Healy I. At hearing
Volesky testified the motivation behind the allegation was
his effort to avoid a dismissal of the claims, particularly a
concern with judicial immunity.

***

29. As noted by Judge Smith, the actions of Volesky in filing
the multiple lawsuits regarding ownership of Healy
Ranch property are ultimately all attempts to have the
decision of the South Dakota Supreme Court in Healy I
overturned and vacated. Volesky seems unable to accept
that decision despite numerous setbacks before multiple
courts.

***

31. On February 21, 2024, Volesky confirmed with Bret Healy
via email that Bret Healy agreed to indemnify Volesky for

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sanctions imposed in any matter. Volesky did not appeal
Judge Smith’s order regarding personal sanctions. Those
remain unpaid as he stated he does not wish to prejudice
Mr. Healy’s appeal of those sanctions ordered against
him.

***

33. Volesky testified at hearing he believes that his error in
these multiple filings is that he made the direct
allegations of fabrication by members of the Court, rather
than making these allegations upon “information and
belief.”

34. There was no recognition by Volesky at any time, either
in his filings or in testimony that the fact of multiple
filings itself is problematic.

35. The actions of Volesky in filing the numerous lawsuits
show a lack of understanding of the information and legal
theories needed to support a filing with the court. No fact
or law supported the claims being made.

36. Volesky simply failed to properly research or understand
the law when filing the federal claims against the South
Dakota Supreme Court, and the federal action against
Judge Patrick T. Smith.

***

42. Prior to his hearing before the Board, Volesky operated
his trust account as a personal savings account by
retaining earned fees in his client trust account
sometimes for significant periods of time even after the
fees were earned.

43. The retention of earned fees in the trust account resulted
in the commingling of his funds with client funds for
which he was entrusted.

44. The commingling of funds puts client funds at risk for loss
to creditors of Volesky.

45. To his credit, after the Board hearing, Volesky modified
the way he administered his trust account by removing

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client funds once fees are earned and/or client matters are
concluded.

46. Prior to the Board hearing, Volesky did not consider fees
as earned for purposes of reporting South Dakota sales
tax and/or federal income tax until the fees were
disbursed from his trust account.

47. Volesky’s trust accounting practices prior to the Board
hearing were not in compliance with South Dakota rules.

48. In no proceeding to date has Volesky acknowledged or
agreed that he violated any rules of professional conduct
or that he was in violation of rules governing client trust
accounts. Volesky testified at hearing that he believe[s]
he violated no rule of professional conduct nor did his
trust accounting practices violate state statute.

***

53. Volesky’s failure to acknowledge the errors made in his
representation of Healy is concerning and raises questions
as to his competency to practice law.

54. Volesky has not had a previous disciplinary history and
remains welcome to practice before Judge Smith. He has
continued to practice and has no other pending issues or
complaints of which the Referee is aware.

[¶34.] Consistent with the Board’s determinations, the Referee concluded

that Volesky violated SDCL 16-18-20.2 and Rules 1.1, 3.1, 8.2, and 8.4. The Referee

also highlighted “Volesky’s unwillingness to recognize the concerns for the conduct

at issue,” and recommended that Volesky’s license to practice law be suspended for

30 days and that he be placed on a probationary term of no less than six months,

during which time he be required to secure a mentor to assist in rules compliance.

[¶35.] Upon receipt of the Referee’s findings and conclusions, this Court set

the case for hearing and heard arguments from the Board, Volesky’s attorney, and

Volesky personally. During arguments, Volesky’s attorney stated that Volesky was

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remorseful for being before the Court, but “does not believe he did anything wrong.”

During his comments to the Court, Volesky apologized for being before the Court,

stated he held the Court in utmost respect and was committed to upholding the

values of professionalism and integrity, but denied that any of his conduct had

violated the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Standard of Review

[¶36.] This Court will “give careful consideration to [the Referee’s] findings as

they had the advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses.” In re Discipline of

Dorothy, 2000 S.D. 23, ¶ 16, 605 N.W.2d 493, 497 (citation omitted). As such, “[w]e

will not disturb the [R]eferee’s findings when they are supported by the evidence.”

In re Discipline of Frauenshuh, 2023 S.D. 18, ¶ 18, 989 N.W.2d 541, 549 (second

alteration in original) (quoting In re Discipline of Mines, 2000 S.D. 89, ¶ 14, 612

N.W.2d 619, 626). “Affording deference to the [R]eferee’s findings in disciplinary

proceedings when they are based upon live testimony is appropriate.” In re

Discipline of Ravnsborg, 2024 S.D. 58, ¶ 25, 12 N.W.3d 306, 315. However, “we

review findings based on documentary evidence de novo.” Id. (citation omitted).

[¶37.] “The ultimate decision for discipline of members of the State Bar rests

with this Court.” Dorothy, 2000 S.D. 23, ¶ 16, 605 N.W.2d at 497 (citing In re

Discipline of Claggett, 1996 S.D. 21, ¶ 9, 544 N.W.2d 878, 880). Accordingly, “this

Court gives no particular deference to a [R]eferee’s recommended sanction.” Id.

(citation omitted).

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Analysis

[¶38.] “A license to practice law in this state is a privilege and a continuing

proclamation by the Supreme Court that a licensed attorney is an officer of the

Court, is fit to be entrusted with legal and judicial matters, and is able to aid in the

administration of justice. It is the duty of an attorney to act, both professionally

and personally, in conformity with the standards of conduct governing members of

the bar.” Ravnsborg, 2024 S.D. 58, ¶ 27, 12 N.W.3d at 315 (quoting SDCL 16-19-

31). “As an officer of the court, an attorney is subject to special obligations and

duties, measured by the high standards of the code of ethics and responsibility, and

the rules of professional conduct, and must meet and exceed the minimum

standards set by the rules regardless of the capacity in which the attorney acts.” 7

C.J.S. Attorney & Client § 73. Further, attorneys must “meet standards of courtesy,

common sense, and the constraints of the judicial system, maintaining a respectful

attitude toward the court and refraining from anything that will tend to destroy the

confidence of the public in the courts.” Id.

[¶39.] An attorney’s violation of the oath of office, of the laws governing

attorneys’ conduct, or of the Rules of Professional Conduct constitutes misconduct

and is grounds for disciplinary action. See SDCL 16-19-32. Volesky is charged with

misconduct for violating SDCL 16-18-20.2 and Rules 1.1, 3.1, 8.2, and 8.4. The vast

majority of the underlying facts and the findings of fact from the Board and the

Referee are not genuinely in dispute. Nonetheless, Volesky denies that his conduct

violated any of the Rules.

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Whether Volesky engaged in misconduct

1. SDCL 16-18-20

[¶40.] Pursuant to SDCL 16-18-20, -20.1 and -20.2, every member of the

State Bar of South Dakota handling client funds must adhere to certain trust

accounting procedures. Among other things, these procedures require an attorney

to maintain a separate bank account for client funds. SDCL 16-18-20.2. The Rules

also prohibit the commingling of client funds with the attorney’s personal funds:

A lawyer shall hold property of clients or third persons that is in
a lawyer’s possession in connection with a representation
separate from the lawyer’s own property. Funds shall be kept in
a separate account maintained in the state where the lawyer’s
office is situated[.]

Rule 1.15(a). See also In re Discipline of Tidball, 503 N.W.2d 850, 853–54 (S.D.

1993); In re Discipline of Light, 2000 S.D. 100, ¶ 10, 615 N.W.2d 164, 167 (“Rule

1.15 governs the safekeeping of client property, while SDCL 16-18-20.2 specifies the

minimum accounting records that must be maintained and the procedures that

must be followed when handling trust accounts. Additionally, SDCL 16-18-20.2

contains the format to be used when filing the annual certificate of compliance.”).

[¶41.] We agree with the determinations of the Board and Referee that

Volesky allowed “his earned fees to be [commingled] with client trust funds” and

“failed to comply with proper trust accounting standards.” Although Volesky

refused to admit to violating trust accounting rules, the commingling of earned fees

with client trust funds is apparent from his own testimony and further evidenced by

Volesky’s modification of the manner in which he maintains his trust account. We

conclude, therefore, that Volesky violated SDCL 16-18-20.2 and Rule 1.15.

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2. Rule 1.1

[¶42.] Rule 1.1 states: “A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a

client. Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness

and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.” We take our

“obligation to assure the public of the competency of the bar most seriously.” In re

Discipline of Laprath, 2003 S.D. 114, ¶ 68, 670 N.W.2d 41, 62.

[¶43.] The Referee’s conclusion that Volesky violated Rule 1.1 was based on

the following determination:

[H]e did not possess the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness
and preparation reasonably necessary for the competent
representation of Bret Healy in the various lawsuits attacking
the South Dakota Supreme Court, its justices and sitting justice
Judge Jon Sogn, as well as the litigation filed against Circuit
Court Judge Patrick T. Smith and the Brule County Clerk of
Courts. He was unable to understand existing legal authority,
or recognize the finality of decisions made by this State’s highest
court.

[¶44.] From our review of the record, Volesky’s continued efforts to relitigate

the ownership of HRI and related issues in spite of multiple courts’ rulings on the

issue reflects a fundamental inability to conform his pleadings and arguments

consistent with the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and/or claim

preclusion. See, e.g., Buster v. Greisen, 104 F.3d 1186, 1190 (9th Cir. 1997), as

amended on denial of reh’g (Mar. 26, 1997) (in applying sanctions, court noted the

suit was “barred by the res judicata and collateral estoppel effects of the prior

judgment,” and a “reasonable and competent inquiry would have led to [that]

conclusion”) (second emphasis added). Similarly, Volesky’s erroneous belief that he

could plead any facts or claim necessary to avoid dismissal of a lawsuit, regardless

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of merit, also reflects a lack of understanding of his role as an attorney advocate. In

sum, Volesky’s repeated efforts to litigate and relitigate patently frivolous and

precluded claims suggests either a profound misunderstanding of the law or an

intentional unwillingness to abide by well-established legal principles and prior

state and federal court decisions.4 Either way, this conduct violates the

requirement of Rule 1.1 to provide competent representation to his client.

3. Rule 3.1

[¶45.] Volesky was also found to have violated Rule 3.1, which states: “A

lawyer shall not bring or defend a proceeding, or assert or controvert an issue

therein, unless there is a basis in law and fact for doing so that is not frivolous,

which includes a good faith argument for an extension, modification or reversal of

existing law.” Though we have not previously expounded on this Rule, the

comments to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct explain that attorneys have a

“duty to use legal procedure for the fullest benefit of the client’s cause, but also a

duty not to abuse legal procedure. The law, both procedural and substantive,

establishes the limits within which an advocate may proceed.” Model Rules Pro.

Conduct r. 3.1 cmt.1. Further, attorneys must ensure that they “can make good

faith arguments in support of their clients’ positions.” Id. cmt.2. An action is

frivolous “if the lawyer is unable either to make a good faith argument on the merits

of the action taken or to support the action taken by a good faith argument for an

extension, modification or reversal of existing law.” Id.

4. At the hearing before the Referee, Volesky testified to his belief that the
various courts’ decisions are wrong.

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[¶46.] The Referee concluded that Volesky violated Rule 3.1 by “initiating

and/or defending proceedings and asserting issues therein for which there was no

good faith basis in law and fact.” The Referee determined that this included

Volesky’s efforts in federal district court to overturn the South Dakota Supreme

Court’s decision in Healy I, claims that are precluded by the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine, as well as the claim that the sitting justices had fabricated evidence when

deciding Healy I.

[¶47.] We agree with the Referee’s conclusion that the ownership claims

Volesky pled in Healy III lacked a good faith basis in law and fact. Likewise, the

allegations against the members of the Court in Healy III were made without any

good faith basis in law or fact, particularly the fabrication of evidence claim that

Volesky asserted in the proposed second amended complaint.

[¶48.] It is noteworthy that the violation of Rule 3.1 appears to have been

intentional. Volesky testified that he attempted to add the fabrication claim to

avoid dismissal and this justification for that claim was repeated by both Volesky

and his attorney at oral argument. See Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Caghan, 927 N.W.2d 591, 605 (Iowa 2019), as amended (May 14, 2019) (concluding

attorney violated Rule 3.1, noting, “We can only conclude that [attorney’s] factual

assertion that [clients] had no knowledge of the Scott County foreclosure action was

a fiction created to buttress [attorney’s] effort to avoid summary judgment[.]”);

Berman & Feldman v. Winn Dixie, Inc., 684 So. 2d 320, 323 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1996) (“The actions of counsel in the court below in attempting to create a cause of

action where none existed were both unreasonable and unprofessional. Not only

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was [attorney] aware that the complaint was deficient, but he personally

interlineated in the allegation in question, knowing that it was insupportable, in an

obvious effort to avoid dismissal.”).

4. Rule 8.2

[¶49.] Rule 8.2 provides in part: “A lawyer shall not make a statement that

the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity

concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge, adjudicatory officer or public

legal officer, or of a candidate for election or appointment to judicial or legal office.”

The Referee concluded that Volesky violated Rule 8.2 by making “statements that

he knew to be false and with reckless disregard as to the truth or falsity . . . when

he alleged [the] fabrication of evidence” and specifically found that “Volesky

acknowledged that there was no factual basis to suggest that any member of the

Court had created or falsified evidence.”

[¶50.] While rare, allegations of judges fabricating evidence have been the

subject of attorney disciplinary actions. For instance, in Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v.

Hall, 765 S.E.2d 187, 192–93 (W. Va. 2014), an attorney accused an administrative

law judge and a federal district court judge of judicial misconduct, fabrication of

evidence, corruption, and fraud. Citing other jurisdictions that “have disciplined

attorneys for making statements in pleadings impugning the integrity of judges,”

the court concluded such statements violated Rule 8.2. Id. at 195. The court held,

“Mr. Hall’s conduct violated Rule 8.2(a) because the statements made by Mr. Hall in

legal pleadings were unsubstantiated, made with a reckless disregard as to their

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truth or falsity, and impugned the integrity of a presiding adjudicatory officer.” Id.

at 199.

[¶51.] Similarly, in Anthony v. Virginia State Bar, the attorney, in a petition

for a writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, stated, “This case

presents a situation in which the lower courts were unable to police themselves to

avoid misuse of judicial power.” 621 S.E.2d 121, 125 (Va. 2005). The attorney also

alleged that an “investigation” “revealed that the justices of the Virginia Supreme

Court had received ex parte communication, concealed it, wrongfully declared it

confidential, mischaracterized it and ultimately destroyed it after a copy was

requested.” Id. The attorney later filed a petition for rehearing, referring to

“material judicial misconduct,” “major fabrications of evidence by the Federal

District Court,” “obvious creation/manufacturing of evidence by judges,” a

“determination that was made on a fraudulent basis,” a “corruption of the judicial

process,” and “a complete abdication of judicial integrity.” Id. The Supreme Court

of Virginia agreed that the attorney “had made statements about a number of

judges involving their qualifications and integrity and that he made those

statements with reckless disregard of their truth or falsity.” Id.; see also In re Reed,

716 N.E.2d 426, 427 (Ind. 1999) (concluding attorney violated Rule 8.2 by stating,

inter alia, that the judge “was ignorant, that she was being improperly influenced

by politicians, [and] that she had fabricated a report about liquor being present in

court offices”).

[¶52.] Our review of the facts and applicable authorities in this case lead us

to the same conclusion regarding Volesky’s fabrication allegation. Volesky has

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failed to identify any evidence of conduct that would constitute a fabrication of

evidence by this Court. Yet, he persisted in his description of his claim that the

Court fabricated evidence as a “bold” or “legally plausible” claim. It was neither.

Rather, Volesky has acknowledged that his claim of fabrication of evidence lacked

any basis in law or fact and that the allegation was made to avoid dismissal of the

federal court lawsuit. We, therefore, conclude that Volesky’s fabrication claim was

made with the knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of the truth, in

violation of Rule 8.2.

5. Rule 8.4

[¶53.] Pursuant to Rule 8.4(d), it is “professional misconduct” for a lawyer to

“[e]ngage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.” The rule

stated in 8.4(d) is “written broadly both to cover a wide array of offensive lawyer

conduct and to prevent attempted technical manipulation of a rule stated more

narrowly.” Restatement (Third) of the L. Governing Laws. § 5 (2000). The “rule is

most often applied to conduct connected with proceedings before a tribunal” but has

also been applied to an attorney’s attacks on the integrity of judges, and to an

attorney’s abuse of process, such as advancing frivolous arguments. Model Rules of

Pro. Conduct r. 8.4.

[¶54.] The court in Hall concluded that the attorney’s statements found to

violate Rule 8.2 were also a violation of Rule 8.4(d). 765 S.E.2d at 199. The court

explained:

Mr. Hall’s conduct also violated Rule 8.4(d) by engaging “in
conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.” His
statements threatened the integrity and fairness of the judicial
system, were knowingly false or made with reckless disregard of

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the truth, and were designed to ridicule or exhibit contumacy
toward the legal system. As referenced above, an attorney’s
inflammatory, unprofessional, and disrespectful comments
concerning the integrity of a judicial officer, without any
objectively reasonable basis for such statements, cannot be
tolerated and constitute a clear violation of Rule 8.4(d).
Id.

[¶55.] Similarly, Volesky’s unsupported claim accusing the Court of

fabricating evidence unquestionably impugned the integrity of this Court. His

allegation suggested the Court intentionally abandoned its role as a neutral

decisionmaker and resorted to subterfuge to ensure that Healy was unsuccessful in

his action to establish ownership of the Ranch. The personal and unfounded attack

on the character and impartiality of the members of the Court negatively affects the

public’s perception of the Court, diminishes the public’s trust in the Court and its

decisions, and weakens the public’s faith in the legal profession as a whole. See id.

(determining attorney’s unsubstantiated allegations “unquestionably promoted

disrespect for the legal system and clearly impugned the integrity of a judicial

officer . . . and his comments reflected poorly upon the entire legal profession”).

Volesky’s allegation against this Court had the potential to “significantly

undermine the integrity and public confidence in the administration of justice,” and

diminish the “public’s confidence in a fair and impartial administration of justice.”

It is a clear violation of Rule 8.4.

Appropriate discipline for Volesky’s misconduct

[¶56.] Having concluded that Volesky violated SDCL 16-18-2, and Rules 1.1,

3.1, 8.2, and 8.4(d), we must consider the appropriate discipline. The goals of

attorney discipline include: “(1) ‘[protect] the public from further fraudulent,

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unethical or incompetent activities’ the attorney is involved in; (2) ‘[preserve] the

image and integrity of the attorneys, the bar association and the legal profession as

a whole’; and (3) ‘deter like conduct by other attorneys.’” Ravnsborg, 2024 S.D. 58,

¶ 27, 12 N.W.3d at 315 (alterations in original) (citations omitted). The purpose of

the disciplinary proceedings is not, however, to punish the attorney. Id. (citation

omitted). “The real and vital issue to be determined is whether or not the accused,

from the whole evidence as submitted, is a fit and proper person to be permitted to

continue in the practice of law.” Id. (citation omitted).

[¶57.] “Appropriate discipline in any given case necessarily depends upon the

seriousness of the misconduct by the attorney and the likelihood of repeated

instances of similar misconduct.” Laprath, 2003 S.D. 114, ¶ 77, 670 N.W.2d at 64

(quoting In re Discipline of Martin, 506 N.W.2d 101, 105 (S.D. 1993)). “The

disciplinary options at this Court’s disposal are provided under SDCL 16-19-35 as:

‘public censure, placement on probationary status, suspension for up to three years

and disbarment.’” Mines, 2000 S.D. 89, ¶ 15, 612 N.W.2d at 626 (quoting In re

Discipline of Hopewell, 507 N.W.2d 911, 918 (S.D. 1993)). In determining an

appropriate sanction, the Court considers the following factors: “(1) ‘the duty

violated’; (2) ‘the lawyer’s mental state’; (3) ‘the actual or potential injury caused by

the lawyer’s misconduct’; and (4) ‘the existence of aggravating or mitigating

factors.’” Light, 2000 S.D. 100, ¶ 13, 615 N.W.2d at 168 (citing A.B.A. Standards for

Imposing Lawyer Sanctions r. 3.0).

[¶58.] The Court in Mines, 2000 S.D. 89, ¶ 17, 612 N.W.2d at 627, stated that

in “determining the appropriate sanction to impose, we review the totality of the

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attorney/client relationship and evaluate any aggravating or mitigating factors.”

Aggravating factors include:

(a) prior disciplinary offenses,
(b) dishonest or selfish motive,
(c) a pattern of misconduct,
(d) multiple offenses,
(e) bad faith obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding by
intentionally failing to comply with rules or orders of the
disciplinary agency,
(f) submission of false evidence, false statements, or other
deceptive practices during the disciplinary process,
(g) refusal to acknowledge wrongful nature of conduct,
(h) vulnerability of victim,
(i) substantial experience in the practice of law, and
(j) indifference to making restitution.

Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Claggett, 1996 S.D. 21, ¶ 16, 544 N.W.2d at 881)

(citing A.B.A. Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions r. 9.22). The mitigating

factors include:

(a) absence of a prior disciplinary record,
(b) absence of a dishonest or selfish motive,
(c) personal or emotional problems,
(d) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to rectify
consequences of misconduct,
(e) full and free disclosure to Disciplinary Board or cooperative
attitude toward proceedings,
(f) inexperience in the practice of law,
(g) character or reputation,
(h) physical or mental disability or impairment,
(i) delay in disciplinary proceedings,
(j) interim rehabilitation,
(k) imposition of other penalties or sanctions,
(l) remorse, and
(m) remoteness of prior offenses.

Id. (emphasis added) (citing A.B.A. Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions r.

9.32).

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[¶59.] As we consider the spectrum of these factors, we start with the

unprofessional conduct itself. Volesky violated several Rules of Professional

Conduct, involving at least three categories of misconduct—trust account violations,

the continued assertion of frivolous claims, and a claim impugning the integrity of

the judiciary. While Volesky’s mishandling of his trust account may be attributable

to inexperience, lack of mentoring, and/or negligence, his repeated assertion of

frivolous and unfounded claims against the judiciary was intentional.5

[¶60.] Volesky’s misconduct also caused actual injury to the legal system, the

named parties, and his client. Healy paid Volesky substantial legal fees to file

multiple frivolous lawsuits and Healy has been ordered to pay thousands of dollars

in sanctions and attorney fees for the pursuit of these claims. Additionally, the

parties sued in these actions incurred the time, expense, and annoyance in

defending these claims. Finally, Volesky’s conduct unnecessarily burdened the

courts handling busy dockets with legitimate claims.

5. The court in Hall concluded a three-month suspension of the attorney’s
license to practice law was warranted for similar misconduct, noting the
attorney “violated duties to his client, to the public, to the legal system, and
to the profession.” Hall, 765 S.E.2d at 200–01. The court stated,
“Dissatisfaction with adverse rulings, however, does not justify unwarranted
attacks upon the credibility and personal values of the adjudicatory officer.
Such irresponsible behavior is injurious to the client’s interests and to the
attorney’s obligation to the legal system.” Id. at 200. The court in Hall also
concluded that the attorney “acted intentionally and knowingly; his violations
were made in writing after deliberation.” Id. The court further noted the
repetitious nature of the violations and that “[r]eckless statements regarding
the integrity of a presiding judicial officer . . . serve to significantly
undermine the integrity and public confidence in the administration of justice
. . . [and] diminish the public’s confidence in a fair and impartial
administration of justice.” Id.

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[¶61.] Apart from the conduct in this case, Volesky has practiced law for a

relatively short period of time—six years. And at the time he began representing

Healy, Volesky had been in practice for less than two years. Volesky has an active

practice and has served as both a city attorney and tribal judge, in addition to his

private practice. He has not been the subject of any other disciplinary actions, and

the conduct, aside from the trust account violations, is isolated to one client, whom

the Referee accurately characterized as “litigious and particularly difficult.”

Further, although Judge Smith sanctioned both Volesky and Healy, Judge Smith

has indicated that Volesky continues to appear before him and that

notwithstanding his representation of Healy, Volesky is a good attorney.

[¶62.] Perhaps most concerning, Volesky has refused to admit that he

violated any of the Rules of Professional Conduct. These denials stand in the face of

an implicit acknowledgment by Volesky that he was incorrectly managing his trust

account, the imposition of sanctions by more than one court for filing frivolous

proceedings, and Volesky’s own acknowledgment that there was no factual basis to

support his claim that the Court fabricated evidence. While Volesky stood before

the Court and stated that he had great respect for this Court and the court system,

his misconduct and resolute refusal to acknowledge his misconduct says otherwise.

And this matters in terms of this Court’s obligation to protect the public from

further unethical or incompetent activities and in preserving the image and

integrity of the legal profession. As an officer of the court, Volesky is oath bound to

“maintain the respect due to courts of justice and judicial officers.” If Volesky does

not understand or is unwilling to maintain such respect and acknowledge the lines

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of professional responsibility, there is a greater “likelihood of repeated instances of

similar misconduct.” Laprath, 2003 S.D. 114, ¶ 77, 670 N.W.2d at 64 (citation

omitted).

[¶63.] Nonetheless, we conclude from the entirety of the record that Volesky

will be able to conform his conduct to the Rules of Professional Conduct moving

forward, particularly if this Court imposes a period of probation and mentoring.

Volesky was a relatively new lawyer who did not have a regular mentor when he

began representing Healy. Volesky has also not had any other reported instances of

unprofessional conduct before these proceedings. Further, despite his denial of a

rules violation relating to the handling of his law firm trust account, Volesky

immediately changed his handling of the account to comply with the Rules.

[¶64.] Finally, after weighing the serious and intentional conduct by Volesky,

the recommendations of the Board, the Referee, and the entirety of the record, we

conclude that the considerations of maintaining the integrity of the profession and

deterring similar conduct by other lawyers require a significant suspension. The

Court hereby suspends Volesky’s license to practice law in South Dakota for a

period of 90 days, with a probationary period of two years upon reinstatement. The

suspension shall commence on the date of entry of the order of suspension, which

shall follow this opinion.

[¶65.] During the probationary period, Volesky must meet quarterly with a

mentor attorney, approved by the Board, who is able to provide general guidance

and assistance to Volesky. Volesky must provide his mentor attorney with copies of

any civil complaints filed in state and federal courts; provide a quarterly update to

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the mentor on the progress of such civil litigation; comply with any other conditions

required by the Board; and provide the Board with access to his trust account

records as requested. Pursuant to SDCL 16-19-70.4, Volesky shall reimburse the

State Bar of South Dakota for all costs and expenses related to these proceedings

and must pay the sanction issued against him by Judge Smith, both of which shall

be paid prior to his reinstatement to practice law in South Dakota.

[¶66.] KERN, DEVANEY, and MYREN, Justices, concur.

[¶67.] SALTER, Justice, concurs in part and dissents in part.

SALTER, Justice (concurring in part, dissenting in part).

[¶68.] In his opening remarks at his disciplinary hearing, Tucker Volesky

said he was “sorry to be here.” This statement and others like it were intoned

solemnly and softly, but carefully curated to admit to absolutely nothing. I’ve

struggled to reach any conclusion other than Volesky is only sorry that he’s facing

disciplinary action.

[¶69.] Volesky accused a court—it doesn’t matter which one—of

manufacturing evidence in a deliberate effort to harm a party. By his own

admission, he lacked a factual basis for what was offered as a clumsy, short-cited

expedient to stave off dismissal in the § 1983 case. And yet, Volesky steadfastly

maintains that his court-manufacturing-evidence allegation was a “plausible”

theory. So, when he professes his “respect” for this Court while apparently still

believing it to be corrupt, his words fall resoundingly flat.

[¶70.] The Court expresses a similar view and metes out what it considers to

be an appropriate measure of discipline. But, in my view, the contradiction of

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Volesky’s position is so palpable, his remarks so half-hearted, and his lack of

accountability so titanic that I simply cannot justify his reinstatement to practice

after his 90-day suspension.

[¶71.] Volesky’s relative youth and inexperience may well help explain his

transgressions, as the Court suggests, but not his failure to accept any

responsibility. Indeed, if Volesky had sincerely acknowledged his errors, or would,

it would be easy to see a clear path forward for him as a practicing member of the

Bar.

[¶72.] But he didn’t, and won’t. And so, we face the stark question of whether

an unrepentant lawyer who is willing to make a baseless allegation that a court is

corrupt in order to obtain a litigation advantage should have a license to practice

law. The answer, in my view, is no, and I don’t think it’s a close call. I would enter

an order disbarring him from the practice of law. See Application of Widdison, 539

N.W.2d 671, 675 (S.D. 1995) (“[T]he right to practice law is not in any proper sense

of the word a right at all, but rather a matter of license and high privilege.”

(emphasis added) (citation modified)).

[¶73.] The principal virtue of the Court’s disposition is that it reflects a

degree of mercy, which we all surely need. But, in the end, I’m not sure how

earnestly Volesky is seeking it.

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