State v. Dante Robert Voss

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
May 29, 2024
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal Nos. 2021AP1350-CR Cir. Ct. Nos. 2015CF479
2016CF686
2021AP1351-CR

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

DANTE ROBERT VOSS,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEALS from an order and judgments of the circuit court for
Marathon County: GREGORY B. HUBER, Judge. Affirmed in part; reversed in
part and cause remanded with directions.

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Gill, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Dante Robert Voss, pro se, appeals from
judgments, entered pursuant to his guilty and no-contest pleas, convicting him of
various offenses and from an order denying his postconviction motion without an
evidentiary hearing. Voss raises numerous issues on appeal. We affirm the circuit
court’s denial of Voss’s postconviction motion without a hearing on all but two
grounds.

¶2 On the first ground, we conclude Voss sufficiently alleged in his
postconviction motion that he did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
enter his plea because the circuit court understated at Voss’s plea hearing the
maximum potential punishment he could face. On this issue, we reverse and
remand with directions for the court to hold a Bangert1 hearing. On the second
ground, we conclude that Voss is entitled to one day of sentence credit on his
convictions in both Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and 2016CF686, and
we reverse and remand with directions that the court amend the judgments of
conviction to reflect the additional sentence credit.

BACKGROUND

¶3 Voss entered into a global plea agreement to resolve four Marathon
County criminal cases. In Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and
2016CF686, Voss agreed to plead guilty or no contest to two counts of felony bail
jumping, both as a repeater, one count of physical abuse of a child (recklessly
causing bodily harm), one count of a felon in possession of a firearm, and one
count of disorderly conduct with the use of a dangerous weapon, as a domestic

1
See State v. Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d 246, 268-69, 389 N.W.2d 12 (1986).

2
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

abuse repeater, and with the domestic abuse enhancer. In return, the State agreed
to recommend that the circuit court dismiss and read in the remaining counts in
both cases, and that it dismiss and read in all of the counts in Marathon County
case Nos. 2015CF644 and 2015CF831. Furthermore, the State agreed to
recommend a period of initial confinement of no more than seven years total, to
run concurrent to an unrelated sentence Voss was then serving.

¶4 At the plea hearing, the parties explained to the circuit court the
global plea agreement as outlined above. Voss’s trial counsel submitted a signed
plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form to the court. On the record, the court
confirmed with Voss that he had sufficient time to review the plea questionnaire
and waiver of rights form with his trial counsel. The court then went through the
various constitutional consequences of Voss’s pleas, including the rights Voss was
waiving by entering his pleas. Voss also stated that he understood the elements of
the charges to which he was pleading and that the dismissed counts were being
read in at sentencing. He also confirmed that he was voluntarily entering the
pleas. Relying on the plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form, the court
stated, “I could give you the maximum penalties here, which would total, if your
attorney has got the math right, 31 years in prison and $56,000 worth of fines,” to
which Voss responded that he understood. The court accepted Voss’s pleas,
granted the State’s motion to dismiss and read in the remaining counts, and
ordered a presentence investigation report (PSI).

¶5 At the sentencing hearing, following arguments from the parties and
Voss’s exercise of his right to allocution, the circuit court imposed various
sentences for each count, none of which exceeded an initial confinement term of
seven years. The court ordered that the sentences in the two cases run concurrent
to each other and concurrent to the unrelated sentence Voss was then serving.

3
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

Voss also received sentence credit in Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and
2016CF686.

¶6 Voss filed a notice of intent to pursue postconviction relief, and he
was appointed postconviction counsel. Afterward, Voss’s postconviction counsel
filed a motion to withdraw as Voss’s attorney, stating that he and Voss disagreed
about whether to pursue a particular issue on appeal and that Voss sought to
discharge his counsel and pursue his appeal pro se. Following a hearing, the
circuit court permitted Voss’s postconviction counsel to withdraw.

¶7 Voss filed a pro se motion for postconviction relief. The circuit
court denied Voss’s motion without a hearing. Voss now appeals both the
judgments of conviction and the order denying his motion for postconviction
relief.2 Additional facts will be provided as necessary below.

DISCUSSION

¶8 Whether a circuit court properly denied a defendant’s postconviction
motion without an evidentiary hearing presents a mixed standard of appellate
review. State v. Ruffin, 2022 WI 34, ¶26, 401 Wis. 2d 619, 974 N.W.2d 432. We
independently determine whether a defendant’s postconviction motion on its face
alleges sufficient material facts that, if true, would entitle the defendant to relief
and whether the record conclusively demonstrates that the defendant is entitled to
no relief. Id., ¶27. “If the motion does not raise facts sufficient to entitle the
defendant to relief, or if it presents only conclusory allegations, or if the record

2
We granted Voss’s motion to consolidate his appeals for Marathon County case
Nos. 2015CF479 and 2016CF686.

4
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

conclusively demonstrates that the defendant is not entitled to relief, the circuit
court has the discretion to grant or deny a hearing.” Id., ¶28.

I. Plea withdrawal motion

¶9 “When a defendant moves to withdraw [a] plea after sentencing, the
defendant ‘carries the heavy burden of establishing, by clear and convincing
evidence, that the [circuit] court should permit the defendant to withdraw his plea
to correct a manifest injustice.’” State v. Sulla, 2016 WI 46, ¶24, 369 Wis. 2d
225, 880 N.W.2d 659 (citation omitted). A defendant can meet the manifest
injustice standard by showing that he or she “did not knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily enter the plea,” id. (citation omitted), that his or her counsel was
ineffective, State v. Cain, 2012 WI 68, ¶26, 342 Wis. 2d 1, 816 N.W.2d 177, or
that newly discovered evidence exists, State v. Ferguson, 2014 WI App 48, ¶24,
354 Wis. 2d 253, 847 N.W.2d 900.3

A. Knowing, intelligent, and voluntary—maximum sentence

¶10 Voss’s postconviction motion alleged that his pleas were not entered
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily because the circuit court failed to advise
Voss that he potentially faced “39.5 years in prison,” not 31 years as the court
stated at the plea hearing. The court relied on the plea questionnaire and waiver of
rights form to advise Voss of the potential punishment he could face for his pleas,

3
“Two legal paths are available to a defendant who seeks to withdraw his [or her] plea
after sentencing.” State v. Sulla, 2016 WI 46, ¶25, 369 Wis. 2d 225, 880 N.W.2d 659. The first
is through a motion made pursuant to Bangert, where the defendant alleges that the plea colloquy
was defective. Sulla, 369 Wis. 2d 225, ¶25. The second is through a motion made pursuant to
Nelson v. State, 54 Wis. 2d 489, 195 N.W.2d 629 (1972), and State v. Bentley, 201 Wis. 2d 303,
548 N.W.2d 50 (1996), where the defendant alleges “that some factor extrinsic to the plea
colloquy, like ineffective assistance of counsel or coercion, renders a plea infirm.” Sulla, 369
Wis. 2d 225, ¶25 (citation omitted).

5
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

stating, “I could give you the maximum penalties here, which would total, if your
attorney has got the math right, 31 years in prison and $56,000 worth of fines.”
That number incorrectly excluded eight years and nine months from Voss’s
potential sentences—eight years for the repeater enhancers for his pleas to the two
felony bail jumping charges; six months for his plea to the physical abuse of a
child charge; and ninety days for his plea to the disorderly conduct charge.4
According to Voss, he was unaware of the correct maximum penalties.

¶11 The State does not disagree that Voss was advised of the incorrect
potential imprisonment at the plea hearing. Rather, the State argues that the circuit
court’s understatement of Voss’s potential imprisonment was “essentially
meaningless” because “what the court told Voss was the maximum and the actual
maximum were both ‘substantially higher than’ the State’s recommendation for a
seven-year cap on the confinement,” which the court ultimately imposed.

¶12 “Wisconsin imposes certain statutory and common law duties on
circuit courts to ensure that a defendant’s plea is given knowingly, intelligently,
and voluntarily.” State v. Pegeese, 2019 WI 60, ¶21, 387 Wis. 2d 119, 928
N.W.2d 590. A circuit court at a plea hearing must, among other things,
“[a]ddress the defendant personally and determine that the plea is made
voluntarily with understanding of … the potential punishment if convicted.”
See WIS. STAT. § 971.08(1)(a) (2021-22);5 Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d at 260. A court’s

4
As the circuit court noted in its decision denying Voss’s postconviction motion, the
total imprisonment time Voss potentially faced was actually thirty-nine years and nine months,
not thirty-nine and one-half years as alleged by Voss.
5
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise
noted.

6
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

duties at a plea hearing “are designed to ensure that a defendant’s plea is knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary.” State v. Taylor, 2013 WI 34, ¶30, 347 Wis. 2d 30, 829
N.W.2d 482 (citation omitted).

¶13 “If [a] court fails to fulfill one of the duties … the defendant may
move to withdraw his [or her] plea.” Id., ¶32. A defendant is entitled to a
Bangert hearing if he or she: (1) makes a prima facie showing of a violation of
WIS. STAT. § 971.08 or another court-mandated duty; and (2) alleges that he or she
did not, in fact, know or understand the information that should have been
provided during the plea colloquy. Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶32.

¶14 “[W]hen the defendant is told the sentence is lower than the amount
allowed by law, a defendant’s due process rights are at greater risk and a Bangert
violation may be established.” Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶34 (citation omitted).
However, “‘a defendant’s due process rights are not necessarily violated when he
[or she] is incorrectly informed of the maximum potential imprisonment,’ and in
some cases, ‘small deviations’ from the Bangert line of cases do not amount to a
Bangert violation.” Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶33 (citation omitted). The Bangert
requirements exist as a framework, and our state supreme court has refused to
“embrace a formalistic application of the Bangert requirements that would result
in the abjuring of a defendant’s representations in open court for insubstantial
defects.” State v. Cross, 2010 WI 70, ¶32, 326 Wis. 2d 492, 786 N.W.2d 64.

¶15 In Taylor, the defendant faced a maximum imprisonment term of
eight years (which included two years for a repeater enhancer)—information that
was accurately included in a plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form. Taylor,
347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶11 & n.6, ¶15. At the defendant’s plea hearing, however, the
circuit court incorrectly stated that it could impose a maximum sentence of six

7
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

years’ imprisonment. Id., ¶16. The court “did not expressly inform [the
defendant] that because of the repeater allegation, the potential maximum term of
imprisonment was eight years.” Id. The court ultimately sentenced the defendant
to a six-year term of imprisonment. Id., ¶17. The defendant filed a postconviction
motion seeking to withdraw his plea, arguing that the plea colloquy was deficient
“because it did not inform him of the maximum penalty” and “he did not know the
correct maximum penalty.” Id., ¶18. The court denied the motion without a
Bangert hearing. Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶20.

¶16 On appeal, our state supreme court held that “the fact that the circuit
court did not verbally discuss the additional two-year term of imprisonment at the
plea hearing, while not ideal,” did not “automatically trigger” a Bangert hearing.
Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶44. Rather, “the defendant’s plea was entered
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily [because] the record makes clear that the
defendant knew the maximum penalty that could be imposed and was verbally
informed at the plea hearing of the penalty that he received.” Id., ¶8 (emphasis
added). The court in Taylor therefore held that a Bangert hearing is not required
if: (1) the “record makes clear” that the defendant knew the actual maximum
penalty that could be imposed; and (2) the circuit court incorrectly informed the
defendant of a penalty lower than what the court could actually impose, but it later
sentenced the defendant within the range stated during the plea hearing. See State
v. Finley, 2016 WI 63, ¶¶80, 85, 95, 370 Wis. 2d 402, 882 N.W.2d 761.

¶17 As to the first requirement, the court in Taylor determined that the
record conclusively demonstrated that the defendant was aware of the correct
potential imprisonment he faced as evidenced by his bail and preliminary hearings,
the complaint, the Information, and a plea questionnaire and waiver of rights form.
Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶¶35-39. All of the aforementioned documents accurately

8
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

informed the defendant of the imprisonment time he faced. Id., ¶¶35, 38.
Similarly, at the bail hearing, the defendant was informed of the repeater enhancer.
Id., ¶36. At his preliminary hearing, the defendant stated that he read the
complaint. Id. As to the second requirement, the court held that the circuit court
imposed a sentence it stated it could impose—a six-year term of imprisonment.
Id., ¶28. Stated differently, the “circuit court verbally informed [the defendant] of
the six-year term of imprisonment to which he was ultimately sentenced.” Id.

¶18 The second Taylor requirement is met here—namely, the circuit
court verbally informed Voss at the plea hearing of potential sentences totaling
over thirty years’ imprisonment, and the court actually imposed significantly
lower sentences totaling ten years’ imprisonment. However, the first Taylor
requirement is not met in this case.6 The complaints and Informations filed in
Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and 2016CF686 correctly identified the
maximum potential punishment that Voss faced. That being said, Voss waived the
readings of both documents during each case’s respective initial appearance and
arraignment. Aside from the plea hearing, the court did not discuss the charges or
potential sentences with Voss at any point.7

6
We note that the circuit court did not make any factual findings in its postconviction
decision regarding Voss’s actual knowledge of the maximum potential sentence.
7
At Voss’s sentencing hearing, the State informed the circuit court that the plea
questionnaire and waiver of rights form—and, therefore, the court’s plea colloquy with Voss—
incorrectly omitted the felony bail jumping repeater enhancers. The State correctly articulated to
the court that the actual imprisonment time for each those offenses totaled ten years, not six years
as was stated in the form and by the court. After the State’s comments, the court did not discuss
the issue with Voss or his attorney, and it proceeded to sentencing. Because this revelation came
after Voss entered his pleas, and because the court did not revisit the issue with Voss after
learning of the correct maximum sentences on those two charges, the State’s comments do not
have any impact on our analysis.

9
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

¶19 Importantly, unlike in Taylor, the plea questionnaire and waiver of
rights form signed by Voss and relied on by the circuit court at the plea hearing
understated the potential imprisonment time that Voss faced by over eight years.8
Under these circumstances, Voss adequately alleged a Bangert violation in his
postconviction motion, and he is entitled to a Bangert hearing to determine
whether the State can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that Voss, in
fact, knew and understood the actual potential imprisonment time that he faced
when he entered his pleas.9

8
Voss also alleged in his postconviction motion that he should be permitted to withdraw
his pleas because his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective by inaccurately informing him
that he faced a maximum imprisonment term of thirty-one years and that he is therefore entitled
to a Nelson/Bentley hearing.

We need not address whether the allegations in Voss’s postconviction motion “are
sufficient under Nelson/Bentley to entitle [Voss] to an evidentiary hearing” on his ineffective
assistance claim regarding the maximum term of imprisonment. See State v. Howell, 2007 WI
75, ¶81, 301 Wis. 2d 350, 734 N.W.2d 48. This particular ineffective assistance claim “raises the
same legal issue as [Voss’s] Bangert claim, namely that his plea was not knowing, intelligent, or
voluntary because he misunderstood” the maximum imprisonment period. See Howell, 301
Wis. 2d 350, ¶81. Therefore, under the facts of this case, whether Voss was prejudiced by his
trial counsel’s deficient performance would necessarily depend on whether he understood the
maximum imprisonment time he faced—a question on which we reverse the circuit court’s order
in part and remand pursuant to Bangert. See Bentley, 201 Wis. 2d at 311-12, 316.
9
Voss argues that the proper remedy is either commuting his sentences to the
“maximum penalties he was told” or reducing the length of his extended supervision. We
disagree. “[I]f a defendant is given a sentence greater than that authorized by law, … the proper
remedy for that error is to commute the sentence, not plea withdrawal.” State v. Taylor, 2013 WI
34, ¶45 n.13, 347 Wis. 2d 30, 829 N.W.2d 482. Here, however, Voss was given a total
imprisonment sentence that was lower than the maximum allowed by law. Furthermore, Voss’s
first proposed remedy would actually extend one of his current sentences. Under these
circumstances, remanding for a Bangert hearing is the appropriate remedy.

(continued)

10
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

B. Knowing, intelligent, and voluntary—factual basis for repeater
enhancers

¶20 Voss claimed in his postconviction motion that the circuit court
failed to establish a factual basis for the felony bail jumping repeater enhancers.
At a plea hearing, a circuit court must “[a]scertain personally whether a factual
basis exists to support the plea.” Cross, 326 Wis. 2d 492, ¶18 (citation omitted);
see also WIS. STAT. § 971.08(1)(b). This requirement dictates that the court
personally determine that a factual basis exists to support the plea. State v.
Thomas, 2000 WI 13, ¶20, 232 Wis. 2d 714, 605 N.W.2d 836.

¶21 We conclude that the circuit court adequately established a factual
basis for the felony bail jumping repeater enhancers. As relevant here, a defendant
is a repeater if he or she “was convicted of a felony during the 5-year period
immediately preceding the commission of the crime for which the [defendant]
presently is being sentenced.” See WIS. STAT. § 939.62(2). At the plea hearing,
the court asked Voss’s trial counsel to explain the basis for the repeater enhancers.
Counsel explained:

With regard to the felon in possession of a firearm, it’s my
understanding what was alleged in the [c]omplaint was that
[Voss] was convicted of operating a motor vehicle with a
prohibited alcohol concentration of greater than .02 percent
as a fifth offense or higher, and we agreed that that
conviction remains unreversed and is an appropriate prior
count.

At the Bangert hearing, the State has the burden to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that Voss’s pleas, despite the inadequacy of the plea colloquy, were knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary. See Taylor, 347 Wis. 2d 30, ¶32. The State may use “any evidence” at
the hearing to prove this standard, including any documents in the record and testimony of Voss
or his trial counsel. See id. (citation omitted). If the State cannot meet its burden to prove by
clear and convincing evidence that the plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent despite the
deficiencies of the plea hearing, Voss is entitled to withdraw his pleas “as a matter of right.” See
State v. Finley, 2016 WI 63, ¶95, 370 Wis. 2d 402, 882 N.W.2d 761 (citation omitted).

11
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

Voss’s trial counsel was referring to Wood County case No. 2016CF72, in which
Voss pled guilty to, and was convicted of, a felony count two months before he
entered his pleas in the instant cases. Voss stated that he agreed with his counsel’s
statement regarding his previous felony conviction. The court accepted Voss’s
pleas after finding that “there is a factual basis for each” charge.10

¶22 The circuit court could rely on trial counsel’s statement and the
criminal complaint in Marathon County case No. 2016CF686 (which was
referenced by the parties) to establish a factual basis for the repeater enhancers.
See Thomas, 232 Wis. 2d 714, ¶20 (“All that is required is for the factual basis to
be developed on the record—several sources can supply the facts.”). Therefore,
Voss failed to establish that a Bangert violation occurred with respect to the
factual basis for the repeater enhancers, and the court did not erroneously exercise
its discretion by denying him an evidentiary hearing on this claim.

C. Newly discovered evidence

¶23 Voss claimed in his postconviction motion that newly discovered
evidence warrants plea withdrawal. As relevant here, “[f]or newly discovered
evidence to constitute a manifest injustice and warrant the withdrawal of a plea,”
four criteria must be met: “(1) the evidence was discovered after conviction;
(2) the defendant was not negligent in seeking evidence; (3) the evidence is
material to an issue in the case; and (4) the evidence is not merely cumulative.”
See Ferguson, 354 Wis. 2d 253, ¶24. If a defendant demonstrates each of these

10
In addition to Voss’s felony conviction in Wood County case No. 2016CF72, the
complaint in Marathon County case No. 2016CF686 also included records for another felony
case—Wood County case No. 2015CF353—in which Voss pled no contest in January 2016 to
felony bail jumping and possession of a firearm by a felon.

12
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

elements, “the circuit court must determine whether a reasonable probability exists
that a different result would be reached in a trial.” Id.

¶24 In his postconviction motion, Voss alleged that after his sentencing a
“physician informed him that his medications could have caused him to be
involuntarily intoxicated” during the commission of the crimes underlying the
charges in these cases. Voss claimed that the physician’s statement was material
to whether he could have asserted an involuntary intoxication defense to the
charges to which he pled.

¶25 However, according to Voss’s affidavit in support of his
postconviction motion, Voss “had been stable with medication” for approximately
ten years prior to the events underlying the charges in Marathon County case
Nos. 2015CF479 and 2016CF686. He added, “Then, all of a sudden, I started
having blackouts and violent mood swings, which included hallucinations,
insomnia/mania, deep depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.”
According to Voss’s affidavit, these symptoms persisted, and on the day of the
facts giving rise to his charges in Marathon County case No. 2015CF479, Voss
took his medications in the morning, “black[ed] out,” and “c[ame] to” when he
was in custody.

¶26 The allegations in Voss’s affidavit, if taken as true, show that Voss
was aware of his mental health issues, the symptoms associated with his change in
behavior, and his medication history prior to entering his pleas. Voss therefore
failed to demonstrate that the evidence was discovered after his convictions or that
he was not negligent in seeking the evidence he now claims is newly discovered.
Accordingly, Voss failed to sufficiently allege in his postconviction motion the

13
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

existence of newly discovered evidence that would warrant plea withdrawal.
Consequently, Voss was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing on that claim.

II. Ineffective assistance of counsel

A. Plea withdrawal

¶27 Voss also alleged in his postconviction motion that he should be
permitted to withdraw his pleas because his trial counsel was constitutionally
ineffective in four ways. To demonstrate ineffective assistance that would justify
plea withdrawal, a defendant must allege that his or her trial counsel performed
deficiently and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense. State v. Villegas, 2018
WI App 9, ¶23, 380 Wis. 2d 246, 908 N.W.2d 198. “If the defendant fails to
satisfy either prong, we need not consider the other.” State v. Breitzman, 2017 WI
100, ¶37, 378 Wis. 2d 431, 904 N.W.2d 93.

¶28 As a general matter, to demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must
show a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s alleged errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. Id., ¶39. More specifically, to
demonstrate prejudice in the plea withdrawal context, a defendant must show that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors” the defendant
would not have pled guilty or no contest “and would have insisted on going to
trial.” See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985).

¶29 First, Voss alleged that his trial counsel inaccurately informed him
that the maximum possible initial confinement time for the felon in possession of a
firearm charge was five years, not seven years. Voss failed to demonstrate that he
was prejudiced because he knew that the State would recommend seven years of
initial confinement and that the circuit court could impose that amount of time. In

14
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

fact, as the court stated at the plea hearing, it could have imposed far greater than
seven years of initial confinement time on any number of combinations of the
charges to which Voss had pled. The fact that Voss’s trial counsel told him that he
would face only five years of initial confinement on the felon in possession of a
firearm charge does not change that fact. Under these facts, Voss failed to allege
sufficient facts demonstrating that he would have gone to trial absent his trial
counsel’s alleged error, as opposed to entering guilty or no contest pleas.

¶30 Second, Voss alleged that “[p]rior to entering a plea, trial counsel
never informed [him] that the State would need to prove that Voss actually
possessed the weapon in question to facilitate the predicate offense of [d]isorderly
[c]onduct.” Voss contended that had he known that the dangerous weapon
enhancer could apply only if he possessed the weapon in question to facilitate the
disorderly conduct offense, he would not have entered a plea to the disorderly
conduct charge with the dangerous weapon enhancer. However, Voss did not
sufficiently allege prejudice because the circuit court imposed a two-year sentence
(one year of initial confinement and one year of extended supervision) on that
count. Even without the dangerous weapon enhancer, the term of imprisonment
imposed on that count was within the range of punishment for disorderly conduct
as a domestic abuse repeater. See WIS. STAT. § 939.621(2) (increasing the
punishment by two years of imprisonment).

¶31 Third, Voss alleged that his trial counsel never investigated his prior
convictions underlying the domestic abuse repeater enhancer even though Voss
informed his counsel that he was never convicted in those cases. However, Voss
would have known that his trial counsel did not investigate the previous
convictions before entering his plea to the disorderly conduct charge. Moreover,
nothing in the Voss’s postconviction motion suggests that he felt pressured to

15
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

enter his plea to the disorderly conduct charge due to his counsel’s failure to
investigate his previous convictions. He therefore cannot show that counsel’s
purported failure to investigate his prior convictions would have resulted in him
insisting on going to trial.

¶32 Fourth, Voss alleged that his trial counsel inaccurately informed him
that the dismissed and read-in charges from Marathon County case
No. 2015CF644 were not admissions of guilt. Read-in charges are not admissions
of guilt, and thus counsel’s failure to advise him of the incorrect law is obviously
not deficient performance.11 See State v. Straszkowski, 2008 WI 65, ¶¶92-94, 310
Wis. 2d 259, 750 N.W.2d 835.

¶33 For all of these reasons, Voss was not entitled to a hearing on his
claim for plea withdrawal based on the alleged ineffective assistance of his trial
counsel.

B. Resentencing

¶34 Next, Voss argued in his postconviction motion that he is entitled to
resentencing because his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in four
ways. First, Voss alleged that his trial counsel failed to meet with him to prepare
for the sentencing hearing. Voss, however, failed to allege prejudice.
Specifically, he failed to allege what beneficial outcome would have come from
meeting with his counsel prior to the sentencing hearing. At the hearing, Voss’s

11
At the sentencing hearing, the State commented that “insofar as accepting a resolution
of this case, [Voss] admitted that he” engaged in the conduct described in a read-in offense.
However, it is clear from the rest of the sentencing hearing transcript that Voss vehemently
denied the allegations.

16
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

trial counsel made numerous corrections to the court-ordered PSI report, gave a
lengthy sentencing argument, and Voss exercised his right of allocution. Under
these circumstances, the allegations in Voss’s postconviction motion do not show
a reasonable probability that the result of Voss’s sentencing would have been
different had counsel met with Voss to prepare for the sentencing hearing.

¶35 Second, Voss alleged that his trial counsel failed to investigate
Voss’s mental health and medication history to provide evidence—including
witness testimony—regarding mitigating factors at sentencing. “[A]n attorney’s
failure to investigate possible mitigating factors and present them at sentencing
may, in some cases, constitute deficient performance.” State v. Harbor, 2011 WI
28, ¶70, 333 Wis. 2d 53, 797 N.W.2d 828.

¶36 Voss asserts that had his trial counsel completed the proper
investigation, it would have shown that Voss “voluntarily sought out help for the
issues he was having,” and “there would have been evidence refuting the State’s
assertion that Voss never took advantage of treatment.” Voss’s reference to the
State’s assertion is apparently an allusion to a statement from the court-ordered
PSI, which reads, “Beginning at an early age, [Voss] has been offered treatment
and intervention activities to assist him in making a positive change. [He] has not
made the most of those opportunities to say the least.” The PSI author’s statement
and Voss’s claim that he voluntarily sought help are not mutually exclusive, and
both appear to be supported by the record before the circuit court. The PSI author
reviewed Voss’s mental health and treatment history, which included Voss’s
medical diagnoses and medication treatment. Even if counsel provided witnesses
or other information, Voss failed to allege how that additional information would
have changed the outcome of the sentencing because the court did not determine
that Voss had refused treatment in the past. In fact, the court found that Voss

17
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

required additional treatment despite the fact that he was historically “unsuccessful
with treatment.” Indeed, the court stated to Voss that it hoped Voss’s sentence
would “be a successful treatment period.”

¶37 Third, while Voss’s trial counsel hired an individual to conduct an
alternative PSI, Voss alleged that counsel should have done so sooner. However,
Voss failed to adequately allege what additional information would have been
presented at his sentencing hearing if the alternative PSI author had additional
time to complete the PSI. Voss merely alleged that the alternative PSI author
“could do no real investigation,” without specifying what that investigation would
have revealed. Thus, Voss failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the
timing surrounding the alternative PSI.

¶38 Fourth, Voss alleged that his trial counsel failed to have “Voss
examined by an independent psychologist” who would have concluded that Voss
is not a psychopath, as the State asserted at sentencing. Voss argued that he was
prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to hire an independent psychologist
because he “received the maximum concurrent sentence possible.” The PSI noted
that in 2003, Richard Hadfield, M.S., stated, “In all probability, [Voss] is a
psychopath. This finding has implications for treatment and supervision, in that
those evaluated as having the dimension of psychopathy are typically treatment
resistant and in fact treatment methods need to be different than with the ‘typical’
clinical population.” Voss’s trial counsel argued at sentencing that this statement
regarding psychopathy did not state that psychopaths cannot be treated, “but that
we need to take into account the fact that their treatment needs are different.”

¶39 We conclude that Voss failed to sufficiently allege that he was
prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to hire an independent psychologist. Even

18
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

if a psychologist were hired and opined that Voss is not a psychopath, it is not
reasonably likely that the circuit court would have imposed lesser sentences.
While the court commented on Voss’s psychopathy diagnosis, the court’s
statements regarding Voss’s diagnosis were made in reference to Voss’s threat to
the community, demonstrated by his lengthy criminal history—including his
eleven probation revocations and violence toward others, his failure to
successfully respond to past treatment attempts, and his general “antisocial
behavior.”12 The court stated that a lengthy prison sentence was appropriate
because “whatever your issues are … you are inflicting those problems on other
people …. There’s a lot going on here that needs to be addressed if you’re to get
back into the community and the community is to be safe.” The court articulated
that “protection of the community … is probably the paramount thing.” In short,
the court was more concerned with Voss’s prior criminal history and unsuccessful
attempts at treatment, behavior which the court explained partially through the
psychopath diagnosis, than it was with the diagnosis itself. That is, even without
the diagnosis, the court would have still been concerned with the protection of the
community given Voss’s history.

¶40 In all, Voss failed to demonstrate that he was entitled to resentencing
because his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Consequently, he was
not entitled to a hearing on the ineffective assistance claims.

12
In conveying its sentence, the circuit court stated, “What’s concerning is the fact that
you have been diagnosed as, in all likelihood, a psychopath, which carries with it unique
challenges.” The court added that treating psychopaths is “much more difficult and time
consuming” and that it had to factor in Voss’s diagnosis “because this is a revolving door here,
and what’s bad with the revolving door is when you get out, you do hurt other people.”

19
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

III. Sentence modification

¶41 Voss argued in his postconviction motion that he was entitled to
sentence modification based on the existence of two new factors: (1) that he was
sentenced based on inaccurate information because he is not a psychopath; and
(2) his mental health issues demonstrate that he was less culpable for his crimes
than the circuit court originally understood. “A new factor is one that was ‘not
known to the [circuit court] at the time of original sentencing, either because it
was not then in existence or because, even though it was then in existence, it was
unknowingly overlooked by all of the parties.’” Harbor, 333 Wis. 2d 53, ¶57
(citation omitted).

¶42 For the same reasons articulated earlier, see supra ¶¶24-26, we
conclude that Voss’s mental health issues do not constitute a new factor. Prior to
sentencing, Voss was aware of his mental health issues, the symptoms associated
with his change in behavior, and his medication history. Therefore, Voss cannot
demonstrate that his mental health issues were “unknowingly overlooked.” In
addition, the circuit court was aware of Voss’s mental health issues because they
were noted in the PSI. See supra ¶¶35-36. Even if the psychopathy diagnosis was
a new factor, Voss would still need to demonstrate that the “new factor justifies
modification of the sentence.” See Harbor, 333 Wis. 2d 53, ¶37. For the same
reasons articulated earlier, see supra ¶¶38-39, Voss failed to demonstrate that fact.
Accordingly, Voss was not entitled to a hearing on his sentence modification
claims.

IV. Involuntary waiver of counsel

¶43 Voss also argued in his postconviction motion that his waiver of
postconviction counsel was involuntary. “A defendant is entitled to counsel while

20
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

seeking relief through a postconviction motion under WIS. STAT. § 974.02 or a
direct appeal.” State ex rel. Kyles v. Pollard, 2014 WI 38, ¶23, 354 Wis. 2d 626,
847 N.W.2d 805. However, a defendant may waive that right so long as the
waiver is knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. State v. Thornton, 2002
WI App 294, ¶14, 259 Wis. 2d 157, 656 N.W.2d 45. Courts are required to
provide certain warnings to a defendant who seeks to waive his or her right to
counsel. See id., ¶21.

¶44 In his postconviction motion, Voss did not contend that the circuit
court failed to provide him the required warnings. Instead, Voss argued that he
was forced to either proceed pro se or continue with his appointed postconviction
counsel, even though Voss disagreed with that counsel’s approach to Voss’s case.
In response to trial counsel’s motion to withdraw, the Office of the State Public
Defender informed the court that if Voss discharged his counsel, the agency would
not reappoint another attorney. See WIS. STAT. RULE 809.30(4). The court then
held a hearing to determine if Voss was waiving his right to counsel. At the
hearing, Voss argued that he wanted his postconviction counsel to continue
representing him but that Voss and counsel “disagree[d] on a legal theory.”

¶45 We conclude that Voss’s waiver of postconviction counsel was
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. “While a defendant has the right
to counsel on direct appeal, he does not have the right to counsel of his choice, or
the right to insist that particular issues be raised.” State v. Evans, 2004 WI 84,
¶30, 273 Wis. 2d 192, 682 N.W.2d 784, abrogated on other grounds by State ex
rel. Coleman v. McCaughtry, 2006 WI 49, 290 Wis. 2d 352, 714 N.W.2d 900.
Here, Voss’s postconviction counsel wanted to proceed one way and Voss
another. Voss could not dictate that his postconviction counsel proceed under
Voss’s theory on appeal. Thus, he could have either trusted his counsel or decided

21
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

to proceed pro se. He chose the latter option after a thorough colloquy by the
circuit court, and his decision to do so was a valid waiver of counsel.13

V. Additional sentence credit

¶46 Lastly, Voss argued in his postconviction motion that he is entitled
to additional sentence credit. “A convicted offender shall be given credit toward
the service of his or her sentence for all days spent in custody in connection with
the course of conduct for which sentence was imposed.” WIS. STAT.
§ 973.155(1)(a). “A defendant seeking sentence credit in Wisconsin has the
burden of demonstrating both ‘custody’ and its connection with the course of
conduct for which the Wisconsin sentence was imposed.” State v. Carter, 2010
WI 77, ¶11, 327 Wis. 2d 1, 785 N.W.2d 516.

13
Voss relies on United States v. Scott, 909 F.2d 488 (11th Cir. 1990), in support of his
position that he did not validly waive his right to postconviction counsel. Scott is factually
distinguishable from the case at hand because that case dealt with defense counsel moving to
withdraw from the defendant’s case midtrial for “ethical” “reasons which she believed could not
be disclosed to the [district] court.” Id. at 489. The court “assumed that [defense counsel] made
the motion because she discovered that [the defendant] intended to commit perjury.” Id. at 492.
After discussing the situation with the parties, the court forced the defendant to either proceed
with his defense counsel “with the caveat that [the defendant] could be kept off the witness stand,
if his attorney so desired, or to proceed pro se.” Id. at 489. On appeal, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that the district court’s assumption “was the result of
speculation and conjecture” and that on appeal “[t]his court simply cannot determine from the
record what the problem between counsel and client was.” Id. at 492-93. The court concluded
that “[t]o advise [the defendant] that he could be precluded from testifying, without confirmation
that [he] intended to commit perjury, or could proceed pro se impermissibly forced [him] to
choose between two constitutionally protected rights.” Id. at 493 (footnote omitted).

Here, Voss was not confronted with choosing between two constitutionally protected
rights. As explained, Voss did not have the “right to insist that particular issues be raised” by his
postconviction counsel. See State v. Evans, 2004 WI 84, ¶30, 273 Wis. 2d 192, 682 N.W.2d 784,
abrogated on other grounds by State ex rel. Coleman v. McCaughtry, 2006 WI 49, 290 Wis. 2d
352, 714 N.W.2d 900. He was presented with the choice of permitting his counsel to proceed
under counsel’s strategy or proceeding pro se.

22
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

¶47 The circuit court correctly denied all but one of Voss’s claims for
additional sentence credit. One claim alleged that Voss was entitled to sentence
credit from September 22, 2015 (when Voss was arrested in an unrelated case and
the court returned Voss’s cash bail in Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and
2015CF644 to the poster and issued body-only warrants) until January 28, 2016
(when those warrants were cancelled).14 However, pursuant to State v.
Friedlander, 2019 WI 22, 385 Wis. 2d 633, 923 N.W.2d 849, Voss was not in
“custody” in those two cases for purposes of WIS. STAT. § 973.155(1)(a) because
he was not “subject to an escape charge for leaving the defendant’s status.”
See Friedlander, 385 Wis. 2d 633, ¶42. In other words, by Voss’s own admission,
the circuit court was still seeking to bring him back to court to address his bond in
those cases.15

¶48 Moreover, three of Voss’s claims alleged that he was entitled to
additional sentence credit for dates for which the circuit court had already awarded
credit. Another claim sought additional sentence credit for a period of time when
Voss was admittedly in the community and, thus, not in custody.

¶49 An additional claim sought sentence credit for 180 days for a period
of time from September 21, 2015, to March 18, 2018, when he was on probation
in an unrelated case. According to Voss, “probation is not a sentence and,

14
Voss did not allege in his postconviction motion that he was brought before the circuit
court and had new bonds issued in Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and 2015CF644 on or
after January 28, 2016. We do note, however, that he was awarded sentence credit in Marathon
County case No. 2015CF479 for the period from January 26, 2016, to February 1, 2016.
15
Additionally, the circuit court previously awarded Voss sentence credit in Marathon
County case No. 2015CF479 for the period of time from January 26, 2016, to February 1, 2016.
Thus, Voss could not obtain additional credit in Marathon County case No. 2015CF479 for those
dates.

23
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

therefore, jail time served as a condition of probation is not a sentence.” We deem
Voss’s argument undeveloped. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492
N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992). His argument for additional sentence credit for this
period lacks sufficient detail. According to Voss, he is entitled to 180 days of
sentence credit, but he cites a period of time that spans over two years. Even
addressing the merits of Voss’s claim as we best understand it, Voss was
sentenced in the cases at hand in December 2017, and he therefore began serving
his sentences on that date. He would not be entitled to sentence credit for a period
of time that began after he started serving his sentences in these cases. In addition,
according to Voss, he began serving the probationary term in the unrelated case on
January 13, 2016. It is unclear why Voss would be entitled to sentence credit for
Marathon County case Nos. 2015CF479 and 2015CF686 for a period before or
after January 13, 2016, when Voss does not allege he was in physical custody
during that time frame (subject to the dates the circuit court already awarded
sentence credit for).

¶50 Voss’s remaining meritless claims sought additional sentence credit
for periods of time after Voss began serving a prison sentence in an unrelated case
on February 9, 2017, which is not permitted. See State v. Beets, 124 Wis. 2d 372,
380-81, 369 N.W.2d 382 (1985); State v. Thompson, 225 Wis. 2d 578, 583, 593
N.W.2d 875 (Ct. App. 1999).

¶51 However, as Voss argued in his postconviction motion, the circuit
court did not consider the time Voss spent in custody in relation to the dismissed
and read-in charges in Marathon County case No. 2015CF831 when assigning
sentence credit. See State v. Fermanich, 2023 WI 48, ¶¶12-16, 407 Wis. 2d 693,
991 N.W.2d 340 (holding that a defendant’s time in pretrial custody for dismissed
and read-in charges must be counted toward sentence credit under WIS. STAT.

24
Nos. 2021AP1350-CR
2021AP1351-CR

§ 973.155(1)(a)). Specifically, Voss alleged that he was in custody in Marathon
County case No. 2015CF831 for one day on September 18, 2015. The State does
not respond to Voss’s argument with respect to credit for this day. See Charolais
Breeding Ranches, Ltd. v. FPC Sec. Corp., 90 Wis. 2d 97, 109, 279 N.W.2d 493
(Ct. App. 1979) (unrefuted arguments may be deemed conceded).

¶52 The circuit court’s only reason for denying Voss’s postconviction
motion for additional sentence credit was that it was “satisfied that the existing
credit was correct.” Given our state supreme court’s ruling in Fermanich, the
circuit court did not provide a sufficient rationale to deny Voss’s additional
sentence credit. Finding no other basis to affirm the court’s sentence credit
decision, and based on the allegations in Voss’s postconviction motion and the
State’s lack of a response to this particular argument, we reverse the court’s
decision denying the motion for additional sentence credit as it relates to Voss’s
September 18, 2015 claim, and we award Voss one day of additional sentence
credit.16

By the Court.—Order and judgments affirmed in part; reversed in
part and cause remanded with directions.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

16
To the extent we do not address any other arguments made by Voss on appeal or in his
postconviction motion, we deem them to be either incomprehensible or too inadequately
developed to warrant a response. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492 N.W.2d 633
(Ct. App. 1992).

25