State v. Nicolas J. Bergner

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
June 3, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2024AP1875-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2019CT1933

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

NICOLAS J. BERGNER

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Milwaukee County: ANDERSON M. GANSNER and LENA C. TAYLOR,
Judges. Affirmed.

¶1 COLÓN, J.1 Nicolas J. Bergner appeals from a judgment of
conviction entered following a jury trial in which he was found guilty of operating
1
This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(e) (2023-24).
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version.
No. 2024AP1875-CR

with a prohibited alcohol concentration (3rd offense) and an order denying,
without an evidentiary hearing, his postconviction motion for a new trial. As
grounds for his motion, Bergner asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to the court’s use of a numbers-only jury selection procedure
without making any factual findings to support the use of that procedure. Bergner
insists that the use of a numbers-only selection process gave jurors the impression
that he was dangerous and that there was a need for them to protect their personal
information. This, he argues, upended his constitutional rights to a presumption of
innocence and to a fair trial. On appeal, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 On September 16, 2019, Bergner was charged with one count of
operating a motor vehicle while under the influence (3rd offense) (“OWI”) and
one count of operating with a prohibited alcohol concentration (3rd offense)
(“PAC”). The complaint alleged that in the early morning hours of August 22,
2019, a City of Franklin police officer conducted a traffic stop of Bergner’s
vehicle, upon determining that the vehicle’s registration had expired. When the
officer approached the vehicle, he noted that the driver, Bergner, had “glassy and
blood shot” eyes and slurred speech. Bergner “admitted to having two 16 ounce
Miller Lite beers.” Bergner submitted to Standardized Field Sobriety Tests and
the officer noted that Bergner performed “poorly, exhibiting multiple clues of
impairment.” Suspecting Bergner to be under the influence of an intoxicant, the
officer had Bergner submit to an Intoximeter breath test, which indicated that
Bergner had an ethanol concentration of 0.08g of ethanol per 210L of breath.
Bergner had previously been convicted of two OWI-related offenses in 2004 and
2011, respectively.

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

¶3 The matter ultimately proceeded to a jury trial on January 16, 2024.
Prior to jury selection, the trial court2 instructed the jurors to refer to themselves
by their juror numbers, rather than their names, in order to give them “a little bit of
privacy.” At the time, the court did not make any factual findings to support the
use of a numbers-only jury selection procedure, and defense counsel did not
object.

¶4 During the trial, the jury heard testimony from competing experts as
to the accuracy of the field sobriety tests and the Intoximeter breath test. The
defense expert, Dr. Ronald Henson, testified that “the field sobriety test could not
be conclusive to identify that Mr. Bergner was impaired” and that the Intoximeter
breath test “has various margins of error or reliability[.]” The State’s expert,
Therese Sanders, testified only to the Intoximeter breath test, stating that she was
not “aware of a factory margin of error” and that the test is actually “extremely
accurate and reliable.”

¶5 Ultimately, the jury found Bergner guilty of the PAC charge and not
guilty of the OWI charge. Bergner subsequently filed a postconviction motion,
alleging that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the numbers-
only selection process. The circuit court denied the motion without conducting an
evidentiary hearing, finding that Bergner had failed to allege sufficient facts to
entitle him to a hearing. The circuit court noted in its decision that “[r]eferring to
jurors by their juror numbers during voir dire is a relatively common practice,
often adopted without objection, for the convenience of the parties, to avoid

2
The Honorable Anderson M. Gansner presided over Bergner’s trial. The Honorable
Lena C. Taylor presided over Bergner’s postconviction motion. We refer to Judge Gansner as the
trial court and Judge Taylor as the circuit court.

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

mispronouncing names, and for juror comfort.” While the court acknowledged
that “there are cases where … the nature of the charges is such that the specter of
the defendant’s dangerousness is inherently raised” by using a numbers-only
selection process, it concluded that “the defendant has made no showing that this
was the case here, where he was on trial for a simple OWI.” The court also
decided that Bergner’s claim of prejudice was “nothing more than speculation,” as
Bergner had “provided no support for a finding that the jury would interpret the
court procedure as implying dangerousness on his part given the context of the
trial.” Bergner appeals.

DISCUSSION

¶6 On appeal, Bergner renews his argument that the circuit court erred
in denying, without a hearing, his postconviction motion for a new trial. Bergner
insists that his “motion alleged that counsel’s performance was indisputably
deficient because [counsel] failed to object to the numbers-only jury selection
procedure ordered by the court” and that the trial court did not make any factual
findings in the record to support use of that procedure.

¶7 In examining a postconviction motion, a court must ask whether the
motion sufficiently “alleges facts which, if true, would entitle the defendant to
relief[.]” Nelson v. State, 54 Wis. 2d 489, 497, 195 N.W.2d 629 (1972). If the
motion does so, the court must hold an evidentiary hearing. Id. However, if the
motion fails to do so, or if it “presents only conclusory allegations, or if the record
conclusively demonstrates that the defendant is not entitled to relief,” the court has
the discretion to decide the motion without an evidentiary hearing. Id. at 497-98.

¶8 Relying on State v. Tucker, 2003 WI 12, 259 Wis. 2d 484, 657
N.W.2d 374, Bergner argues that the trial court was required to make proper

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

findings before it could restrict any juror information during voir dire. In Tucker,
our supreme court was tasked with reviewing the trial court’s use of a numbers-
only jury selection procedure in a criminal trial. The trial court, prior to jury
selection, told counsel off-record that it was the court’s practice to use numbers
rather than names during jury selection. Id., ¶2. Defense counsel objected, but the
trial court proceeded with using numbers because it was a “case involving sales of
drugs.” Id. Both parties, however, had access to all the juror information,
including their names. Id.

¶9 Our supreme court held in Tucker that “if a circuit court restricts any
juror information, the court must make an individualized determination that the
jury needs protection and take reasonable precautions to minimize any prejudicial
effect to the defendant.” Id., ¶4. The court concluded that the trial court had
erroneously exercised its discretion in withholding the jurors’ names from the
record. Id. However, the court nevertheless concluded that the error was harmless
“based on the overwhelming evidence” of the defendant’s guilt. Id.

¶10 Here, Bergner’s counsel did not make a contemporaneous objection
to the jury selection process. See State v. Erickson, 227 Wis. 2d 758, 765-67, 596
N.W.2d 749 (1999). Un-objected-to errors are generally analyzed within the
ineffective assistance of counsel framework. State v. Mercado, 2021 WI 2, ¶37,
395 Wis. 2d 296, 953 N.W.2d 337. Thus, assuming without deciding that the trial
court erred when it used a numbers-only jury selection procedure without making
any individualized determination that the jury needed protection, or without taking
any reasonable precautions to minimize any potential prejudice to Bergner, this
court must determine whether Bergner’s counsel was ineffective when he failed to
object to the alleged error.

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

¶11 Counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective
standard of reasonableness. State v. Marcum, 166 Wis. 2d 908, 917, 480 N.W.2d
545 (Ct. App. 1992). On review, an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
presents a mixed question of fact and law. State v. Pico, 2018 WI 66, ¶13, 382
Wis. 2d 273, 914 N.W.2d 95. The circuit court’s factual findings will be upheld
unless clearly erroneous, but this court independently reviews whether those facts
amount to ineffective assistance of counsel as a matter of law. Id. “An appellate
court independently determines whether those historical facts demonstrate that
defense counsel’s performance met the constitutional standard for ineffective
assistance of counsel, benefiting from the analyses of the circuit court[.]” State v.
Dillard, 2014 WI 123, ¶86, 358 Wis. 2d 543, 859 N.W.2d 44. The test for
deficient performance is objective, asking whether “[u]nder the totality of the
circumstances, did trial counsel’s performance fall ‘outside the wide range of
professionally competent assistance’?” Id., ¶88 (citation omitted). Generally,
judicial scrutiny of an attorney’s performance should be highly deferential. Id.

¶12 In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must be able to show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that
prejudice occurred as a result. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697
(1984). A court need not address both aspects of this test if the defendant has
failed to make a sufficient showing on either one. Id.

¶13 To demonstrate prejudice, Bergner must show that “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.
Applying those factors to the present case, this court need not reach whether
Bergner’s counsel was ineffective for failing to make an objection, because

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

Bergner has not shown that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s use of a
numbers-only jury selection procedure.

¶14 In alleging prejudice, Bergner relies on the holding in Tucker,
arguing that “the empanelment of an anonymous jury triggers due process scrutiny
because this practice is likely to taint the jurors’ opinion of the defendant, thereby
burdening the presumption of innocence.” Bergner takes issue with the fact that
the circuit court, in denying his postconviction motion without an evidentiary
hearing, found that he had provided no support for a finding that the jury was
somehow biased by the use of a numbers-only selection procedure. He
rhetorically asks, “What kind of factual ‘support’ does the circuit court expect
Bergner to provide? Does the circuit court mean to suggest that Bergner was
required to ‘support’ his claim by filing affidavits signed by each of the jurors[?]”

¶15 Bergner concludes that prejudice was obvious from the record, given
that the evidence against him was apparently “far from overwhelming.” He states,
“Had the jury not been sent the message that Bergner is a dangerous person from
whom the jury needs protection, there is a reasonable probability that the jury
would have acquitted him on both counts.” Thus, Bergner’s argument is
essentially that the jury must have been prejudiced because the evidence against
him was not “overwhelming,” and yet the jury still found him guilty of one of the
two charges.

¶16 However, it was entirely within the jury’s purview to weigh the
competing testimony of the expert witnesses. Further, the jury’s finding of not
guilty of OWI undermines any claim that the jury found him dangerous by virtue
of referring to the jurors by their numbers. As such, it is impossible to conclude

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No. 2024AP1875-CR

that the jury was prejudiced to believe Bergner was dangerous when they
convicted him of PAC, but not dangerous when they acquitted him of OWI.

¶17 Because Bergner cannot show prejudice sufficient to undermine the
outcome of this case, he cannot show that trial counsel was ineffective by failing
to object to the trial court’s use of a numbers-only jury selection procedure.
Bergner’s postconviction motion relies entirely on an argument that trial counsel
was ineffective, and thus it would be fruitless for this court to consider whether the
alleged error by the trial court could have undermined the outcome of the case to
an extent that Bergner would have been entitled to an evidentiary hearing. In
examining Bergner’s motion under an ineffective assistance of counsel
framework, Bergner has failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test.

¶18 Bergner’s postconviction motion raises only conclusory allegations,
and it was within the circuit court’s discretion to deny Bergner’s postconviction
motion without an evidentiary hearing.

CONCLUSION

¶19 Based on the foregoing reasons, this court concludes that Bergner
has not made a sufficient showing to entitle him to an evidentiary hearing on his
postconviction motion.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.

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