Key legal question
Whether the first-instance judge had to be recused because she intended to rule on cautio judicatum solvi before the arbitration exception.
Extracted holding
No objective circumstances established an appearance of bias; a disputed procedural order of examining exceptions does not justify recusal.
Extracted reasoning
Only objectively ascertainable circumstances can create an appearance of partiality. Procedural or assessment errors, even if proven, are not enough unless particularly grave or repeated. The applicant can challenge any future decision by ordinary appeal.