Key legal question
Whether fees for professional and apprenticeship examinations were exempt educational turnover or taxable pre-services.
Extracted holding
Fees kept by the association for organizing examinations for the responsible bodies were taxable remuneration for services to those bodies; only the exam candidates' payments to the bodies were exempt educational turnover.
Extracted reasoning
Under the old VAT ordinance, the exemption for education is construed narrowly and does not cover organizational pre-services. The association acted on behalf of the sponsoring bodies, not in its own name toward the candidates, and retained the fees as compensation for its services.