Key legal question
Whether the defendants were passively legitimated as contracting parties under the plastering work contract.
Extracted holding
The defendants were not bound as contractual parties because no effective authorization, ratification, or apparent authority was established.
Extracted reasoning
The architect lacked express authority; no subsequent ratification occurred. The factual findings did not show a legally relevant outward manifestation by the defendants at the time of contract formation that could justify reliance on an external tacit or apparent authority.