Key legal question
Whether D.C.'s written undertaking of 19 February 1996 was a cumulative assumption of debt or only a guarantee/third-party promise.
Extracted holding
The undertaking was properly construed as a cumulative assumption of debt and not merely a guarantee of a third party's performance.
Extracted reasoning
The text of the declaration was clear: D.C. stated she was jointly and severally liable for the sum. The economic context did not compel a different reading, and the earlier company meeting minutes could not override the later declaration. Under the reliance principle, the recipient could not reasonably understand the statement as a guarantee of an unnamed third party's debt.