Key legal question
Whether the schemes satisfied the fraud element of astuce under Art. 146 CP
Extracted holding
Yes. The court held that the multi-actor, staged deception and manipulation of victims amounted to astuce, and the victims were not contributorily at fault in a legally relevant way.
Extracted reasoning
The perpetrators used a long-running, carefully scripted mise en scène with real estate pretexts, a fake wealthy old man, staged card games, and fake expert validation; such deception was objectively difficult to detect.