Steven Richard Mulkey v. State of Alabama (Appeal from Jefferson Circuit Court: CC-19-980)

Rel: May 2, 2025

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
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Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2024-2025
_________________________

CR-2023-0304
_________________________

Steven Richard Mulkey

v.

State of Alabama

Appeal from Jefferson Circuit Court
(CC-19-980)

WINDOM, Presiding Judge.

Steven Richard Mulkey appeals his capital-murder conviction and

his sentence of death. Mulkey was convicted of murder made capital for

intentionally killing Siu Mei Kao and Ching Kao by one act or pursuant

to one scheme or course of conduct, see § 13A-5-40(a)(10), Ala. Code
CR-2023-0304

1975.1 The jury, after finding the existence of two aggravating

circumstances, see §§ 13A-5-49(2) and 13A-5-49(9), Ala. Code 1975,

unanimously sentenced Mulkey to death.

Facts

In the summer of 2018, Mulkey quit his job in construction and

began earning money by performing various odd jobs for businesses in

Irondale. The Kaos, an elderly couple who owned a motel and an office

building in the area, hired Mulkey to mow the grass at their properties

as well as to assist them with basic maintenance and renovations at their

motel.

Lieutenant Jason Hill of the Irondale Police Department knew the

Kaos well from his frequent visits to their motel while he was on patrol,

and he likewise was familiar with Mulkey as the Kaos' handyman. On

September 18, 2018, Lt. Hill was on patrol at 2:30 a.m. when he passed

the Kaos' motel and noticed that all the lights, including the office lights,

were off. Lt. Hill found this to be peculiar. When he noticed a vehicle

driving around to the back of the motel, he decided to investigate.

1The jury acquitted Mulkey of two counts murder made capital for

intentionally killing Siu Mei Kao and Ching Kao during the course of a
robbery, see § 13A-5-40(a)(2), Ala. Code 1975.
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Lt. Hill entered the motel's parking lot and recognized that the

vehicle that he had seen was of one of the Kaos' vehicles, a beige

Chevrolet Impala. The Impala was heading toward Lt. Hill's patrol

vehicle, and he illuminated his emergency lights for it to stop. The

Impala stopped beside his patrol vehicle, and Lt. Hill recognized Mulkey

as the driver. Lt. Hill questioned Mulkey about his presence at the motel

so early in the morning, and Mulkey explained that the Kaos were out of

town and that he was there to feed their dog. According to Mulkey, he

had intended to feed the dog at 5:00 p.m. the previous day but had fallen

asleep. Although Lt. Hill was suspicious, he found Mulkey's statements

to be reasonable because the Kaos had recently told Lt. Hill that they

were planning a trip to visit their daughter. Nonetheless, Lt. Hill asked

for and received Mulkey's identification, which he logged into his

dashboard computer. Lt. Hill allowed Mulkey to leave, unaware that the

motel's office safe was in the backseat of the Impala and the Kaos' bodies

were in the trunk.

Mulkey drove to Graysville, where he cut open the top of the safe.

Mulkey withdrew "a lot of American currency and foreign currency, with

a whole lot of paperwork such as passports, things of that nature." (R.

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936-37.) Mulkey then drove to Leeds, where he dumped the Kaos' bodies

in a wooded area. Mulkey abandoned the Impala at a USA Econo Lodge

motel, the motel at which Mulkey had been living, and purchased a

Dodge Charger vehicle with money taken from the Kaos' safe.

The Kaos were soon reported as missing. On September 21, 2018,

the Kaos' Impala was located; in the trunk, officers found the Kaos'

emptied safe and apparent blood stains. Detective Clint Ballard, with

the assistance of the Kaos' daughter, entered the motel office, where he

saw what appeared to be bloody drag marks on the floor and blood spatter

on the walls. Det. Ballard accessed and reviewed footage captured by the

motel's surveillance system, which, as he described for the jury, captured

the murder of the Kaos. Det. Ballard took a photograph of the perpetrator

and sent it to Lt. Hill, who readily identified Mulkey as the person in the

image.

The first video depicted the murder of the Kaos, which had occurred

on September 16. The video begins with an ailing Ching in the motel

office, struggling to lie down on a couch. Siu Mei arrives and assists her

husband to the couch. Siu Mei leaves the office just before Mulkey enters,

whereupon he engages Ching in a conversation. The conversation

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appears to escalate into an argument, as Ching waves his right arm at

Mulkey and Mulkey gesticulates at Ching. After a few minutes, Siu Mei

returns to the office and soon joins the argument. Mulkey then

withdraws a hammer from his pants and steps closer to the Kaos.

Mulkey strikes a still-recumbent Ching in the head, and Siu Mei lunges

for the hammer. Mulkey strikes Siu Mei in the head several times. On

one swing, however, Siu Mei is able to grab the hammer, and, for the next

45 seconds, the two struggle for its control. Mulkey, apparently unable

to wrest control of the hammer from an elderly Siu Mei, grabs a knife

that is lying on a table and uses it to slash several times at Siu Mei's

neck. Mulkey is finally able to regain control of the hammer, and he

returns to striking Siu Mei in the head. At this point, Mulkey walks out

of sight of the surveillance camera but returns when Ching can be seen

moving his right arm. Using the hammer again, Mulkey strikes Ching

in the head. Mulkey then drags Ching's body off the couch toward the

back of the office.

A series of videos from September 18 show Mulkey returning to the

motel office and using a shopping cart to haul the Kaos' bodies to the

trunk of a vehicle. Mulkey then retrieved the safe from the motel office

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and loaded it into the vehicle. Finally, Lt. Hill's patrol vehicle can be

seen entering the motel's parking lot, and Lt. Hill himself can be seen

inspecting the premises.

Det. Ballard obtained a warrant for Mulkey's arrest and contacted

the United States Marshals Service for help in locating him. A search of

Mulkey's room at the USA Econo Lodge yielded a gym bag that contained

a receipt for the room with Mulkey's name and a knife with a red

substance on it. When Mulkey learned that marshals were searching for

him, he abandoned the Charger, purchased a Chevrolet Tahoe sport-

utility vehicle, and headed north toward New York. Mulkey, however,

was apprehended by marshals in Staunton, Virginia.

Det. Ballard traveled to Staunton and interviewed Mulkey in the

county jail. Mulkey divulged to Det. Ballard the location of the Kaos'

bodies. At trial, Mulkey explained that, on September 16, he had agreed

to mow the lawn at the Kaos' office building for $50. Mulkey stated that

he smoked marijuana while mowing and that, when he was finished with

the job, Siu Mei drove him back to the Kaos' motel. According to Mulkey,

while he was returning the lawnmower to the storage room, he ingested

a "whole gram sack" of cocaine laced with methamphetamine. (R. 928.)

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Mulkey grabbed his tools for some maintenance work he had discussed

with the Kaos. Mulkey spoke with Ching, and an argument ensued.

Mulkey stated that Ching offered him only $20 for mowing the lawn at

the office building, instead of the agreed-upon $50. At that point, Mulkey

"lost it" and "blacked out." (R. 929-30.) Mulkey asserted that he "woke

up and looked around" and realized that he had killed both Ching and

Siu Mei. Mulkey dragged the bodies to the back of the office and went

back to his room at the USA Econo Lodge. Mulkey testified that he

returned early on the morning of September 18 to dispose of the bodies

because he "just wanted it all to go away, [like] it never happened." (R.

934.)

Standard of Review

Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P., as amended effective January 12, 2023,

provides:

"In all cases in which the death penalty has been
imposed, the Court of Criminal Appeals may, but shall not be
obligated to, notice any plain error or defect in the proceedings
under review, whether or not brought to the attention of the
trial court, and take appropriate appellate action by reason
thereof, whenever such error has or probably has adversely
affected the substantial right of the appellant."

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This Court will continue to review the entire record for plain error

in all cases in which the death penalty has been imposed.

" 'The standard of review in reviewing a claim under the
plain-error doctrine is stricter than the standard used in
reviewing an issue that was properly raised in the trial court
or on appeal.' Hall v. State, 820 So. 2d 113, 121 (Ala. Crim.
App. 1999), aff'd, 820 So. 2d 152 (Ala. 2001). Plain error is
'error that is so obvious that the failure to notice it would
seriously affect the fairness or integrity of the judicial
proceedings.' Ex parte Trawick, 698 So. 2d 162, 167 (Ala.
1997), modified on other grounds, Ex parte Wood, 715 So. 2d
819 (Ala. 1998). 'To rise to the level of plain error, the claimed
error must not only seriously affect a defendant's "substantial
rights," but it must also have an unfair prejudicial impact on
the jury's deliberations.' Hyde v. State, 778 So. 2d 199, 209
(Ala. Crim. App. 1998), aff'd, 778 So. 2d 237 (Ala. 2000). 'The
plain error standard applies only where a particularly
egregious error occurred at trial and that error has or
probably has substantially prejudiced the defendant.' Ex
parte Trawick, 698 So. 2d at 167. '[P]lain error must be
obvious on the face of the record. A silent record, that is a
record that on its face contains no evidence to support the
alleged error, does not establish an obvious error.' Ex parte
Walker, 972 So. 2d 737, 753 (Ala. 2007). Thus, '[u]nder the
plain-error standard, the appellant must establish that an
obvious, indisputable error occurred, and he must establish
that the error adversely affected the outcome of the trial.'
Wilson v. State, 142 So. 3d 732, 751 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010).
'[T]he plain error exception to the contemporaneous-objection
rule is to be "used sparingly, solely in those circumstances in
which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result." '
United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15, 105 S. Ct. 1038, 84 L.
Ed. 2d 1 (1985) (quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152,
163 n.14, 102 S. Ct. 1584, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816 (1982))."

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DeBlase v. State, 294 So. 3d 154, 182-83 (Ala. Crim. App. 2018). That

said,

"[b]ecause plain-error review is now discretionary, it is no
longer necessary for this Court to address in its opinions every
issue that is subject only to plain-error review and, even if we
choose to address those issues, we are not required to engage
in the type of in-depth analyses as we have in the past."

Iervolino v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0283, Aug. 18, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___, ___

(Ala. Crim. App. 2023). With these principles in mind, this Court will

address Mulkey's claims in turn.

I.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by

placing him in prison clothes and physical restraints during the penalty

phase of his trial. Mulkey's restraints, which bound him to his rolling

chair, were visible to the jury, and Mulkey argues that they were so

restrictive that they hampered his ability to confer with counsel. Mulkey

asserts that forcing him to appear before the jury during the penalty

phase in visible restraints and prison garb prejudiced the jury against

him and violated his rights to due process, to participate in his own

defense, to a fair trial, and to a reliable conviction and sentence.

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This Court can readily dispose of Mulkey's claim that the circuit

court abused its discretion by forcing him to wear prison clothes during

the penalty phase. It is true that, generally speaking, compelling a

defendant to stand trial in prison clothes violates his right to a fair trial.

Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 512 (1976). " 'The presumption of

innocence ... is a basic component of a fair trial under our system of

criminal justice,' " and " 'courts must be alert to factors that may

undermine the fairness of the fact-finding process.' " Knight v. State, 300

So. 3d 76, 92 (Ala. Crim. App. 2018) (quoting Estelle, 425 U.S. at 503).

"[T]he constant reminder of the accused's condition implicit in such

distinctive, identifiable attire may affect a juror's judgment," thereby

undermining the defendant's presumption of innocence. Estelle, 425 U.S.

at 504-05.

Yet, at the time Mulkey was compelled to appear before the jury in

prison clothes, he was no longer cloaked with a presumption of innocence

because he had already been convicted of capital murder. Further,

Mulkey's "condition as a prisoner is no surprise to the jury, which just

found him guilty. Prison clothing cannot be considered inherently

prejudicial when the jury already knows, based upon other facts, that the

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defendant has been deprived of his liberty." Duckett v. Godinez, 67 F.3d

734, 747 (9th Cir. 1995). See Estelle, 425 U.S. at 507 (recognizing that

"[n]o prejudice can result from seeing that which is already known").

However, shackling, particularly visible shackling, is another

matter. Like prison clothes, "[v]isible shackling undermines the

presumption of innocence and the related fairness of the factfinding

process." Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 630 (2005). The Supreme Court

of the United States has recognized two other considerations impacted by

shackling. One is that shackles "can interfere with the accused's 'ability

to communicate' with his lawyer, [and] can interfere with a defendant's

ability to participate in his own defense," which diminishes a defendant's

right to counsel. Id. at 631. The other is that "the use of shackles at trial

'affront[s]' the 'dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the judge

is seeking to uphold.' " Id. (quoting Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 344

(1970)).

Unlike with prison clothes, "[t]he considerations that militate

against the routine use of visible shackles during the guilt phase of a

criminal trial apply with like force to penalty proceedings in capital

cases." Deck, 544 U.S. at 632.

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"This is obviously so in respect to the latter two considerations
mentioned, securing a meaningful defense and maintaining
dignified proceedings. It is less obviously so in respect to the
first consideration mentioned, for the defendant's conviction
means that the presumption of innocence no longer applies.
Hence shackles do not undermine the jury's effort to apply
that presumption.

"Nonetheless, shackles at the penalty phase threaten
related concerns. Although the jury is no longer deciding
between guilt and innocence, it is deciding between life and
death. That decision, given the ' "severity" ' and ' "finality" ' of
the sanction, is no less important than the decision about
guilt. Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721, 732 (1998) (quoting
Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 357 (1977)).

"Neither is accuracy in making that decision any less
critical. The Court has stressed the 'acute need' for reliable
decisionmaking when the death penalty is at issue. Monge,
supra, at 732 (citing Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978)
(plurality opinion)). The appearance of the offender during
the penalty phase in shackles, however, almost inevitably
implies to a jury, as a matter of common sense, that court
authorities consider the offender a danger to the community
– often a statutory aggravator and nearly always a relevant
factor in jury decisionmaking, even where the State does not
specifically argue the point. Cf. Brief for Respondent 25-27.
It also almost inevitably affects adversely the jury's
perception of the character of the defendant. See Zant v.
Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 900 (1983) (REHNQUIST, J.,
concurring in judgment) (character and propensities of the
defendant are part of a 'unique, individualized judgment
regarding the punishment that a particular person deserves').
And it thereby inevitably undermines the jury's ability to
weigh accurately all relevant considerations – considerations
that are often unquantifiable and elusive – when it
determines whether a defendant deserves death. In these
ways, the use of shackles can be a 'thumb [on] death's side of

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the scale.' Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. 527, 532 (1992)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Riggins[ v.
Nevada], 504 U.S. [127], at 142 [(1992)] (KENNEDY, J.,
concurring in judgment) (through control of a defendant's
appearance, the State can exert a 'powerful influence on the
outcome of the trial').

"Given the presence of similarly weighty considerations,
we must conclude that courts cannot routinely place
defendants in shackles or other physical restraints visible to
the jury during the penalty phase of a capital proceeding."

Deck, 544 U.S. at 632-33.

In Deck, the defendant was convicted of two counts of first-degree

murder for robbing and killing an elderly couple and was sentenced to

death. During the penalty phase, the defendant had been required to

appear before the jury visibly shackled with leg irons, handcuffs, and a

belly chain. The defendant argued before the Supreme Court of the

United States that visible shackling during the penalty phase was

unconstitutional. The State asserted, in part, that allowing the shackles

was within the discretion of the trial court. This argument was rejected:

"The second argument – that the trial court acted within
its discretion – founders on the record's failure to indicate that
the trial judge saw the matter as one calling for discretion.
The record contains no formal or informal findings. Cf. supra,
at 632 (requiring a case-by-case determination). The judge
did not refer to a risk of escape – a risk the State has raised
in this Court, see Tr. of Oral Arg. 36-37 – or a threat to
courtroom security. Rather, he gave as his reason for

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imposing the shackles the fact that Deck already 'has been
convicted.' App. 58. While he also said that the shackles
would 'tak[e] any fear out of' the juror's 'minds,' he nowhere
explained any special reason for fear. Id., at 59. Nor did he
explain why, if shackles were necessary, he chose not to
provide for shackles that the jury could not see – apparently
the arrangement used at trial. If there is an exceptional case
where the record itself makes clear that there are
indisputably good reasons for shackling, it is not this one."

Deck, 544 U.S. at 634-35.

Mulkey asserts that the circuit court's reasoning for shackling him

to his chair mirrored those of the trial court in Deck and that,

consequently, the holding of Deck requires this Court to reverse his

sentence of death. To be sure, the circuit court, in explaining the decision

to shackle Mulkey, mentioned several times that Mulkey had lost his

presumption of innocence. Mulkey's argument loses force, however,

when the full record is considered.

Mulkey's behavior in the courtroom was a concern even before trial.

Mulkey was admonished by the circuit court for an outburst during a

pretrial hearing regarding the admissibility of the surveillance footage

from the motel office. (R. 61.) During an ex parte hearing held before

voir dire, defense counsel asked the circuit court to caution Mulkey about

his courtroom behavior and sought clarification about any security

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measures the circuit court intended to employ. (R. 124.) The circuit court

agreed and stated that Mulkey would wear a suit, which could be

provided by the court if necessary, and that he would not be visibly

shackled. However, the circuit court planned for Mulkey to be fitted with

a stun belt, to be worn underneath his suit, and to have extra security –

two to three extra deputies – sitting in the back of the courtroom. The

circuit court explained that its decision was "[b]ased on previous

behavior." (R. 128.) The circuit court issued Mulkey a second warning

before voir dire, and Mulkey responded: "In the jail, yes, I have done a lot

of bad things, said a lot of wrong things." (R. 165.) Mulkey assured the

circuit court, though, that he would behave in the courtroom.

Mulkey's assurance appears to have held true, at least through the

guilt phase of the trial. Yet, when defense counsel asked the circuit court,

following the jury's verdict, how Mulkey would be dressed for the penalty

phase, the circuit court determined that Mulkey would be restrained:

Defense: "Moving forward, how does the Court intend to
handle Mr. Mulkey dressing?"

Court: "At this point, he no longer has the presumption of
innocence, and so you all do not have to dress him
back out. I'm going to think about shackles."

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Defense: "That's sort of where I was going with that. I'm
not sure what the Court wanted to do."

Court: "I'm actually going to put shackles on him."

Defense: "For record purposes, we would object. I
understand the Court's position."

Court: "So noted. Overruled. So he will be in – he can be
in regular jail clothes. And now, without the
presumption of innocence, I will look to protect all
members of the jury as well as court personnel."

(R. 1115.) The circuit court somewhat expounded on his reasoning as it

prepared to begin the penalty phase:

"I just want to let Mr. Mulkey know that the reason that you
are in that [restraining] chair now is because, based on the
conviction, you lost your presumption of innocence. We did
everything to protect that presumption, but, now, based on
the fact that you are convicted of capital murder, and based
on the prior threats, the issues and concerns that we've had,
the Court has elected to actually have you in the restraining
chair."

(R. 1116).

The circuit court further clarified its reasoning at the hearing on

Mulkey's motion for a new trial. Newly appointed appellate counsel

asserted that during the penalty phase Mulkey "was strapped in a rolling

restraint chair, handcuffed and shackled at the feet, and held with what

appeared to be seat belt clips which kept his arms down where he was

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basically just moving his head and neck." (R. 1473.) Appellate counsel

argued that the restraints limited Mulkey's ability to consult with

counsel and prejudiced the jury against him. Appellate counsel also

questioned the number of security personnel in the courtroom. According

to appellate counsel, there was no "evidentiary basis … or any compelling

need for [Mulkey] to be restrained in this fashion." (R. 1473.) In

response, the prosecutor reminded the circuit court that, "after the

verdict was read by the jury, and as [Mulkey was] being placed into

custody, in handcuffs and taken back down to the jail, he resisted. And

he threatened a deputy." (R. 1477.) The circuit court's response to

Mulkey's claim was thorough:

"In regards to the chair, the restraining chair, Mr.
Mulkey behaved exemplary during the actual guilt phase of
the trial. However, as [the prosecutor] has correctly stated,
when being taken down – and it was outside the presence of
the jury, Mr. Mulkey did become combative with – and there
was more than one deputy. There was actually about four or
five deputies that had to actually restrain and then take Mr.
Mulkey in to the jail.

"But in addition to that, part of why I chose to then use
the chair was, again, because he did not have the presumption
of innocence anymore. But throughout this case, there were
multiple threats made to each and every personnel member
in this courtroom. Mr. Mulkey went as far as threatening the
life of his counsel, one who I had to allow to withdraw because

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of those threats. Threatened the prosecutor specifically.
Threatened the Court specifically.

"And I'm going to put on the record that at one point
there was the statement that: The Judge is going to be the
new face of Black Lives Matter.[2] It took me a while to
understand what that meant, but I took that then as a threat.

"And then, once this jury had reached that verdict, I
could not and would not take the chance that I allowed
anyone's life to be placed in danger or their safety to be placed
at risk.

"Additionally, although he didn't do this during the trial,
Mr. Mulkey was found in possession of a shank on the
morning he was to testify, and that's when he knew he would
be up by the Court and in the witness stand.

"And so although he didn't do anything on that day, I
still allowed him to keep his presumption of innocence. I had
officers by him, but the only time any officer was ever within
arm's reach of Mr. Mulkey was when he was testifying. At all
other times there were multiple officers in the courtroom, but
none were ever within arm's reach except when he was a few
feet, probably four or five feet from the jury, and about two
feet from the Court.

"At all other times there were multiple officers there,
but none were ever in arm's reach. And I don't think that
there was any implication from that, that the jury drew
anything improper. I don't think they assumed he was ever

2"Black Lives Matter" is a political and social movement that
highlights instances of what it perceives to be police brutality and racially
motivated violence. The movement gained international prominence in
the wake of the killing of George Floyd by a police officer in 2020. Judge
Alaric May, who presided over Mulkey's capital-murder trial, is black.
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in custody, because I don't think any juror ever saw one of the
officers put their hand on him at all.

"Even when we took him to the jail and brought him up,
we always made sure that the jury was gone off of the entire
floor before we ever did that. And, again, that was all during
the guilt phase.

"So I don't think his rights were violated during the
penalty phase just because, again, at that point he did act out.
At that point, he didn't have the presumption of innocence."

(R. 1484-87.) 3

Mulkey is correct that he generally had a constitutional right to

appear before the jury in the penalty phase without the use of restraints.

But, Mulkey waived that right through his own conduct, as detailed by

the circuit court. This Court has held that "[e]very court has power to

preserve and enforce order in its immediate presence; to prevent

interruption, disturbance, or hindrance to its proceedings; and to control

all persons connected with a judicial proceeding before it." Wood v. State,

699 So. 2d 965, 966 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997). In Deck, the Supreme Court

3Mulkey complains in his reply brief that the circuit court's
justification occurred two months after he was restrained. Yet, this was
when the circuit court was pressed for a justification by newly appointed
appellate counsel. When the circuit court announced its decision to
restrain Mulkey at trial, defense counsel, who was well aware of Mulkey's
actions and statements, objected but acknowledged: "I understand the
Court's position." (R. 1115.)
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of the United States recognized the same: "The constitutional

requirement, however, is not absolute. It permits a judge, in the exercise

of his or her discretion, to take account of special circumstances,

including security concerns, that may call for shackling." 544 U.S. at 633.

The Supreme Court required, though, that "any such determination must

be case specific; that is to say, it should reflect particular concerns, say,

special security needs or escape risks, related to the defendant on trial."

Id. Mulkey himself admitted to the circuit court that he had "done a lot

of bad things" while incarcerated awaiting trial. (R. 165.) And, the

circuit court articulated specific security concerns based on Mulkey's

conduct – his threats against the circuit court and counsel, his being

caught with a weapon on the morning he was set to testify, and his

resisting being taken into custody following the jury's finding him guilty.

Mulkey pushes back on this final justification – Mulkey's resisting

being taken into custody – arguing that reliance on this incident is

"unpersuasive because the trial court announced its decision to restrain

Mr. Mulkey before it adjourned after the guilt-phase verdict, and thus

before Mr. Mulkey was even removed from the courtroom." (Mulkey's

reply brief, at 9 (emphasis in original).) Although it is true that the

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circuit court declared that Mulkey would be restrained before his removal

from the courtroom (R. 1115), a careful reading of the record shows that

the circuit court did not announce the extent of the intended restraints.

In other words, there is no indication that the circuit court intended to

visibly restrain Mulkey, and any suggestion otherwise is a mere

assumption.

What is known is that, at the time visible restraints were placed on

Mulkey, he had been convicted of a violent double homicide, he had

threatened the lives of multiple individuals involved with the trial, he

had been caught with a weapon on the day he was to be in close proximity

to the judge and jury, and he had been physically combative with

courtroom security personnel to the point that he had to be restrained by

four or five deputies. Mulkey asserts that lesser security would have

sufficed, yet, given Mulkey's conduct both inside and outside the

courtroom, this Court has no trouble concluding that the circuit court

acted within its discretion in placing Mulkey in visible restraints. See

Brown v. State, 982 So. 2d 565, 596 (Ala. Crim. App. 2006); Wood, 699

So. 2d at 966-67. Therefore, this issue does not entitle Mulkey to any

relief.

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II.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court erred in failing to instruct the

jury on the lesser-included offense of manslaughter due to voluntary

intoxication. See § 13A-6-3, Ala. Code 1975. "While voluntary

intoxication is not a defense to a criminal charge, it can negate the

specific intent necessary for an intentional murder, reducing the offense

to manslaughter." Ex parte McWhorter, 781 So. 2d 330, 340 (Ala. 2000).

Mulkey testified at trial that, before the murders, he had smoked

marijuana and ingested "a whole gram sack" of cocaine laced with

methamphetamine. (R. 927-28.) Mulkey also points to evidence from Dr.

Jennifer Wilson indicating that Mulkey had long battled substance

abuse.

Mulkey asked for and received instruction from the circuit court on

intoxication. Specifically, the circuit court instructed the jury:

"A defense asserted in this case is intoxication by use of
marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Intoxication is a
disturbance of mental or physical capacity resulting from the
introduction of any substance into the body.

"Voluntary intoxication means intoxication caused by
substances that the actor knowingly introduced into his body,
the tendency of which to cause intoxication he knows or ought
to know, unless he introduces them under circumstances that
would afford a defense to the charge. Voluntary intoxication

22
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does not excuse a crime, but its excessiveness may produce
such a mental condition as to render the intoxicated person
incapable of forming a specific intent.

"Intoxication is not a defense to any offense generally.
However, intoxication of the defendant, whether voluntary or
involuntary, is admissible in evidence whenever it is relevant
to negate an element of the offense such as intent.

"Where a certain mental state is an essential element of
the crime and a person was so intoxicated that he could not
form that mental state, the mental state would not exist and,
therefore, the crime could not be committed.

"In Alabama, voluntary intoxication does not excuse a
criminal act. However, drunkenness due to liquor or drugs,
may render a defendant incapable of forming or entertaining
a specific intent or some mental element that is essential to
the crime. Under the law[,] voluntary intoxication arises from
a disturbance of mental or physical capacity resulting from
the introduction of any substance in the body. The degree of
intoxication required to establish that the defendant was
incapable of forming an intent to kill is a degree so extreme
as to render it impossible for the defendant to form the intent
to kill. Stated differently, the level of intoxication needed to
negate intent must rise to the level of statutory insanity.

"Under Alabama law, voluntary intoxication can only
negate specific intent if it amounts to insanity. It must be so
extreme that it renders the defendant incapable of
consciousness that he is committing a crime and incapable of
forming the design to take a life. The defendant must be so
devoid of judgment, his intoxication must have been so
extreme, that his mental capacities are paralyzed and he
must not know what he is doing.

"While voluntary intoxication, in and of itself, is never a
defense to a criminal charge, it may negate the specific intent

23
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essential to a malicious killing. You must decide whether the
defendant was intoxicated at the time of the alleged crime
and, second, whether the defendant was incapable of forming
the intent to commit acts constituting the offense of capital
murder."

(R. 1087-89.) Mulkey did not, however, request an instruction on the

lesser-included offense of manslaughter due to voluntary intoxication. 4

Therefore, this issue will be reviewed for plain error only.

" ' " 'When the crime charged involves a specific
intent, such as murder, and there is evidence of
intoxication, the trial judge should instruct the
jury on the lesser included offense of
manslaughter.' Gray v. State, 482 So. 2d 1318,
1319 (Ala. Cr. App. 1985)." McNeill v. State, 496
So. 2d 108, 109 (Ala. Cr. App. 1986).'

"[McConico v. State, 551 So. 2d [424,] 426 [(Ala. Crim. App.
1988)]. However, to negate the specific intent required for a
murder conviction, the degree of the accused's intoxication
must amount to insanity."

Smith v. State, 756 So. 2d 892, 906 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997) (on return to

remand).

Inasmuch as the jury found that Mulkey had the specific intent to

kill the Kaos despite being instructed multiple times by the circuit court

4Given defense counsel's closing arguments, it appears the defense

was attempting to use Mulkey's alleged intoxication in conjunction with
his alleged mental-health issues to support a verdict of not guilty by
reason of mental disease or defect. (R. 1039-40.)
24
CR-2023-0304

that intoxication could negate the specific intent to kill, it is rather

obvious that the jury did not accept Mulkey's intoxication defense.

Further, the evidence of Mulkey's alleged intoxication came from

Mulkey's own self-serving statements, made either during his trial

testimony or during his forensic examinations, and was inconsistent with

the surveillance footage of the murders, which showed Mulkey

methodically kill the Kaos, drag the bodies to the back of the office in an

apparent attempt to hide them, and then leave the scene. See

Cunningham v. State, 426 So. 2d 484, 490 (Ala. Crim. App. 1982) (the

manner in which a crime is planned, executed, or concealed may indicate

a consciousness of guilt and awareness of criminality). Mulkey also

returned to the scene multiple times to further conceal the Kaos'

murders, which indicates that he was aware not only of what he had done

but also of the wrongness of his actions. Further, there was no testimony

offered to explain the effects of the substances Mulkey had ingested or

how those substances could have caused Mulkey to be so intoxicated that

he could not form the specific intent to kill for a period of approximately

two minutes.

25
CR-2023-0304

Because there was no substantial evidence indicating that at the

time of the murders Mulkey was intoxicated to such a degree that the

alleged intoxication amounted to insanity, the circuit court did not

commit error, plain or otherwise, in failing to charge the jury on the

lesser-included offense of manslaughter. See Ex parte McWhorter, 781

So. 2d 330, 341-43 (Ala. 2000). Therefore, this issue does not entitle

Mulkey to any relief.

III.

Mulkey argues that placing a veniremember in contempt of court

in front of the entire jury pool before voir dire constituted an abuse of

power. Mulkey asserts that the circuit court's actions unlawfully

excluded a veniremember from jury service and compromised the

integrity of his jury selection and trial.

Following introductions and some general instructions, the

veniremembers were given a juror questionnaire to complete. Once the

questionnaires were completed and collected, the veniremembers were

told that the circuit court would be in recess until the following morning

and that they should "make sure that you're here back in your seats by 9

o'clock so we can start." (R. 216.) At 9:30 a.m. the following morning, the

26
CR-2023-0304

circuit court announced to the venire that he was ready to begin but that

a member of the venire had not arrived. The circuit court stated that the

veniremember had just been contacted and indicated that he "was getting

dressed to come down." (R. 228.) The circuit court announced that it

would not delay the proceedings further and that the veniremember

would be held in contempt. Mulkey did not object to the circuit court's

actions. Therefore, this issue will be reviewed for plain error only.

Alabama courts have the authority to issue orders to prevent

hindrance of its proceedings, § 12-1-7(1), Ala. Code 1975, and "[t]o control

... all other persons connected with a judicial proceeding before it in every

matter appertaining thereto." § 12-1-7(4). Moreover, Mulkey's assertion

of prejudice is wildly speculative. This Court finds no plain error in the

circuit court's actions.

IV.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court erred by admitting testimony

regarding Mulkey's prior bad acts. Mulkey refers to his testimony on

cross-examination in response to questions from the State regarding

threats he purportedly levied at Dr. Robert Bare, who was the first

forensic examiner tasked by the circuit court with evaluating Mulkey.

27
CR-2023-0304

Mulkey asserts that the evidence was irrelevant and highly prejudicial

and that, even if the evidence were admissible, the circuit court further

erred by failing to instruct the jury on the use of the evidence. See Ex

parte Billups, 86 So. 3d 1079, 1086 (Ala. 2010). Mulkey did not object to

the cross-examination or his given answers. Therefore, this issue will be

reviewed for plain error only.

Contrary to Mulkey's claim on appeal, there was no evidence of

prior bad acts to which Mulkey testified:

State: "Do you recall Dr. Bare coming to see you?"

Mulkey: "I recall a lot of doctors. I recall them more by face
than what I would name."

State: "This is the one that you threatened, so, therefore,
he had to get off your case and that's why Dr.
Wilson became your psychologist. Do you
understand that?"

Mulkey: "I remember that time vicinity within the jail, I
do."

State: "And do you remember threatening him?"

Mulkey: "I also remember being –"

State: "Answer my question. Do you recall threatening
him?"

28
CR-2023-0304

Mulkey: "I don't recall exactly what was said between us,
but there was a disagreement between us of some
nature."

State: "Are you denying that you made statements to him
that were threatening?"

Mulkey: "I don't exactly recall what statements were
made."

State: "Do you recall telling him that if this evaluation
came back to bite you in the ass, that he shouldn't
come back to the jail? Do you remember telling
him that?"

Mulkey: "I do – in a certain extent, yes, I do recall having
them type of arguments with certain
psychologists. He's not the only one. Once again,
they only do half their homework."

State: "Do you remember telling him that, 'When I see
somebody affiliated with the State, I just want to
tear their throat out'?"

Mulkey: "I don't recall saying that. I do recall saying I don't
trust them."

(R. 972-73.) Although he was prompted to offer such evidence, Mulkey

offered only evasive answers and did not admit to any prior bad acts.

Mulkey's assertion otherwise is without merit. Additionally, because

Mulkey did not offer evidence of prior bad acts, no limiting instruction

was required of the circuit court.

29
CR-2023-0304

The circuit court did not commit error, plain or otherwise, in

allowing Mulkey's testimony or in failing to instruct the jury about the

proper use of the testimony. Therefore, this issue does not entitle the

Mulkey to any relief.

V.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court erred by allowing prosecutorial

misconduct at the guilt and penalty phases of his trial. Specifically,

Mulkey asserts that the circuit court should have excluded arguments

from the prosecutor: a) that improperly injected the issue of residual

doubt by telling the jury in penalty-phase closing arguments that they

did not need to worry whether Mulkey was "the right guy" or that DNA

evidence would someday exonerate him (R. 1427); b) that improperly

commented on facts not in evidence by telling the jury in penalty-phase

closing arguments that Mulkey's facial tattoos of teardrops indicated he

was "proud of [the murders]" (R. 1431); c) that improperly inflamed the

passions of the jury by telling the jury during guilt-phase closing

arguments that the Kaos "didn't get the luxury of living out their lives

until they were naturally over" but instead "went out on Steven Mulkey's

time," (R. 1025); and d) that improperly injected victim-impact evidence

30
CR-2023-0304

by presenting evidence in the guilt phase about the Kaos life story and

indicating that Lt. Hill knew the Kaos well and by arguing during closing

arguments that the Kaos were the "embodiment of the American dream"

(R. 1024-25) and that the impact of the Kaos death on the Kaos' family

and community was significant. Mulkey did not object to the allegedly

improper arguments or evidence. Therefore, this issue will be reviewed

for plain error only.

"Comments made by the prosecutor must be evaluated in the

context of the whole trial," Duren v. State, 590 So. 2d 360, 364 (Ala. Crim.

App. 1990), and "[t]his court has concluded that the failure to object to

improper prosecutorial arguments ... should be weighed as part of our

evaluation of the claim on the merits because of its suggestion that the

defense did not consider the comments in question to be particularly

harmful." Kuenzel v. State, 577 So. 2d 474, 489 (Ala. Crim. App. 1990).

"If we determine that the argument was improper, the test for review is

not whether the comments influenced the jury, but whether they might

have influenced the jury in arriving at its verdict." Smith v. State, 698

So. 2d 189, 202-03 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996).

31
CR-2023-0304

This Court has carefully reviewed the arguments alleged by Mulkey

to constitute prosecutorial misconduct and concludes that none of the

alleged misconduct "so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the

resulting conviction a denial of due process." Darden v. Wainwright, 477

U.S. 168, 181 (1986). Moreover, we are confident that the alleged victim-

impact evidence did not distract the jury or keep it from performing its

duty of determining Mulkey's guilt or innocence based on the admissible

evidence and the applicable law. See Ex parte Rieber, 663 So. 2d 999,

1006 (Ala. 1995). Therefore, this issue does not entitle the Mulkey to any

relief.

VI.

Mulkey argues that his death sentence is unconstitutional because

he is "intellectually disabled." The Supreme Court of the United States

and the Alabama Supreme Court have recognized that "it is

unconstitutional to impose a death sentence upon a defendant with an

intellectual disability." Carroll v. State, 300 So. 3d 59, 62 (Ala. 2019) and

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002). Mulkey asserts that he has a

full-scale IQ score of 72 and that he suffers from multiple adaptive

deficits that manifested before he turned 18 years old. Mulkey argues

32
CR-2023-0304

that the circuit court erred in determining that he is not intellectually

disabled and that, at a minimum, this Court should remand this cause

for further proceedings on his Atkins motion.

Before Mulkey moved for and was granted funds to retain the

services of an expert to perform an evaluation to determine whether

Mulkey suffered from any intellectual disability. (C. 38-42, 37.) On

November 30, 2020, Mulkey filed a motion to have himself declared

ineligible for the death penalty under Atkins. (C. 390-94.) The motion

asserted that counsel had reviewed the preliminary findings of various

experts and that counsel had a good-faith basis for believing that Mulkey

was intellectually disabled. A hearing on Mulkey's Atkins motion was

set for April 8, 2021.

A few weeks before the hearing was scheduled to occur, Dr. Bare, a

forensic examiner, filed a report detailing his examination of Mulkey. (C.

110-12.) The report noted that he had met with Mulkey on March 5,

2021, and that Mulkey was "quite hostile, angry, and agitated." Mulkey

questioned Dr. Bare as to whether he was working for the prosecution or

the defense; Dr. Bare answered that he was a neutral party. Dr. Bare

reported that "Mulkey became angry and indicated that he was reluctant

33
CR-2023-0304

to participate in the evaluation, instructing me not to lie to him," and

then Mulkey "added that if the evaluation 'came back to bite [him] in the

ass, that [Dr. Bare] shouldn't come back to the jail.' " (C. 110.) Mulkey

later told Dr. Bare: " 'When I see somebody affiliated with the State, I

want to tear their throat out.' " (C. 111.) Dr. Bare did not conduct an

intelligence assessment of Mulkey as he had been directed to do by the

circuit court. Dr. Bare stated that he was concerned that the results of

the evaluation would be invalid due to Mulkey's "inattention, hostility,

and irritability." (C. 111.)

The hearing scheduled for April 8, 2021, did not occur. According

to the circuit court, defense counsel had "informed the Court that there

were no viable Atkins issues present for consideration, and therefore the

scheduled hearing could be cancelled." (Second Supp. C. 225.)

Nevertheless, Mulkey, following the cancellation of the hearing, filed a

second Atkins motion, generally alleging that he was intellectually

disabled.

The circuit court ordered a second forensic examination, which was

conducted by Dr. Jennifer Wilson on April 22, 2021. In a report issued

on May 11, 2021, Dr. Wilson found that Mulkey's "speech was

34
CR-2023-0304

spontaneous, coherent, and average in rate, tone, and volume," that his

"answers were relevant to questions asked," and that his "thought

processes were generally organized, goal-oriented, and logical." (C. 124.)

Although she did not conduct a full Atkins evaluation because the circuit

court had determined it was "no longer needed," Dr. Wilson opined that,

"[b]ased on his educational history, conversational vocabulary, and

general fund of knowledge," Mulkey's "intellectual functioning was

estimated to fall in the low average range." (C. 120, 124.)

On September 28, 2021, the circuit court held a hearing on Mulkey's

second Atkins motion. Defense counsel offered no evidence, though,

electing to "stand on our pleadings." (R. 96.) The State reminded the

circuit court of Dr. Bare's attempted forensic examination, which was

thwarted by Mulkey, and that defense counsel had "essentially told the

Court, as well as the State, that based upon an expert that they had

hired, they really didn't feel like they had any grounds for an Atkins

issue." The State questioned why Mulkey had filed the second motion if,

in fact, defense counsel had no grounds to believe he was intellectually

disabled and suggested that if "they think it's an issue, then maybe we

need to have [Mulkey], once again, try to be evaluated for an Atkins

35
CR-2023-0304

evaluation." The circuit court turned to defense counsel, who explained

their position:

"I mean, obviously the Court can only consider the evidence
put in front of it. If we choose not to call anybody, then the
Court can rule against us and that's perfectly fine. We can
still preserve the issue by filing it. If we don't present
sufficient evidence or it doesn't meet the threshold and the
State says well, there's no evidence so you shouldn't rule in
their favor, so be it. It doesn't matter."

(R. 99-100.) Defense counsel added that they did not bring any witnesses

to support the Atkins motion. The circuit court denied the motion.

For a defendant to be considered "intellectually disabled," a

defendant "must have significantly subaverage intellectual functioning

(an IQ of 70 or below), and significant or substantial deficits in adaptive

behavior." Ex parte Perkins, 851 So. 2d 453, 456 (Ala. 2002).

"Additionally, these problems must have manifested themselves during

the developmental period (i.e., before the defendant reached age 18.)." Id.

The defendant bears the burden of establishing an intellectual disability

by a preponderance of the evidence, and a trial court's determination is

entitled to deference on appeal. Carroll v. State, 300 So. 3d 59, 61 (Ala.

2019). A trial judge exceeds his or her discretion when there is no

evidence on which the judge could have rationally based his or her

36
CR-2023-0304

decision regarding the defendant's intellectual disability. Ex parte Lane,

286 So. 3d 61, 66 (Ala. 2018).

Mulkey was granted a hearing on his motion, at which he elected

to rely on defense counsel's unsworn assertion in the Atkins motion that

Mulkey was intellectually disabled. Mulkey made no attempt to offer any

evidence in support of his claim and all but invited the circuit court to

deny his Atkins motion. If it needs to be said, the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion in denying Mulkey's Atkins motion.

Mulkey asserts, though, that he offered evidence during the penalty

phase to support his claim that he is intellectually disabled – testimony

that he had an IQ score of 72, that he suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome,

and that he suffers from adaptive deficits in communication, self-care,

social skills, self-direction, and work – that warranted further

proceedings . Yet, none of Mulkey's experts diagnosed him as being

intellectually disabled, and much of his alleged adaptive deficits were not

specifically diagnosed but rather were plucked from evidence of

developmental delays he had experienced as a child. (R. 1315-80.) See

Smith v. State, 213 So. 3d 239, 248 (Ala. 2007) (recognizing that, for a

37
CR-2023-0304

defendant to be considered intellectually disabled, the defendant must

currently exhibit deficits in adaptive behavior).

Regardless, this evidence was not presented in the context of an

Atkins claim, and, even if it had been, it failed to indicate that Mulkey is

intellectually disabled. See Ex parte Perkins, 851 So. 2d at 457.5 We find

no error, plain or otherwise, in the circuit court's failing to hold further

proceedings in light of this evidence. Therefore, this issue does not entitle

Mulkey to any relief.

VII.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court erred by informing the jury

that its penalty-phase verdict was merely a recommendation, which

resulted in the return of an advisory verdict. The penalty-phase verdict

form returned by the jury offered the following options: "We the jury,

recommend that the Defendant, Steven Richard Mulkey be sentenced to

death" or "We the jury, recommend that the defendant, Steven Richard

Mulkey, be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole." (C. 197.)

5The evidence at trial indicated that Mulkey had adaptive
strengths. Although adaptive strengths do not preclude a finding of
intellectual disability, they are worth noting. For example, Mulkey lived
on his own, had a job, was able to drive a vehicle, and was able to
purchase two vehicles to aid him in effectuating his flight.
38
CR-2023-0304

Additionally, the circuit court referred to the jury's sentence

determination as a recommendation on several occasions. See (R. 1439-

40) ("This aggravating circumstance, therefore, shall be considered by

you in deciding whether to recommend a sentence of life without the

possibility of parole or the death penalty."); (R. 1447) (informing the jury

that 10 votes are necessary "in order to bring back a verdict

recommending the death penalty" and that "less than 10 of you cannot

recommend the death penalty"); (R. 1450) (instructing the jury on how to

fill out the verdict form by stating that, "if you recommend the death

penalty, then you would write your number here"). Mulkey did not object

to the verdict form or the allegedly improper instructions. Therefore, this

issue will be reviewed for plain error only.

Of course, a jury's penalty-phase verdict is now binding, see § 13A-

5-47(a), Ala. Code 1975, and "it is constitutionally impermissible to rest

a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has been

led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness

of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472

U.S. 320, 328-29 (1985). Despite the references to a recommendation, the

circuit court also instructed the jury that "this is the time that it is your

39
CR-2023-0304

duty to inform the Court as to what punishment should be imposed on

the defendant for the crime of capital murder." (R. 1438.) Additionally,

the venire was informed during voir dire by the State that its "verdict in

the sentencing phase is binding upon the Court" (R. 255), and defense

counsel argued to the jury during penalty-phase closing arguments that,

"if 10 or more of you vote for death, he will get the death penalty," (R.

1419), and that "[y]ou're going to decide what happens to him. I'm not.

[The prosecutors aren't]. [My co-counsel]'s not. Even the Judge is not.

Because when you come out, your foreperson will read it and he will read

out what the count is, and that's that." (R. 1420.)

This Court holds that the circuit court's references to a

"recommendation" do not rise to the level of plain error because we find

no merit to Mulkey's claim that the jury was misled about its role in

sentencing. Therefore, this issue does not entitle Mulkey to any relief.

VIII.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by

admitting the surveillance footage of the Kaos' murders. Specifically,

Mulkey claims that the State failed to lay a sufficient predicate to

authenticate the videos.

40
CR-2023-0304

Analysis of whether the State met its burden to authenticate the

videos is wholly unnecessary here because Mulkey has not, and could not,

establish that he was prejudiced by any alleged error by the circuit court.

Before the admission of the surveillance footage, Det. Ballard testified at

length, without objection, about the contents of the videos. (R. 661-70.)

In other words, the videos were cumulative to other lawfully admitted

evidence and could not result in any prejudice to Mulkey. See Gobble v.

State, 104 So. 3d 920, 959 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010). Additionally, Mulkey

never contested that he had violently murdered the Kaos. In opening

statements, defense counsel told the jury that "exactly what [the

prosecutor] said happened, happens. That is what happens. There is a

video of it." (R. 606.) In closing statements, defense counsel conceded

that the evidence that Mulkey killed the Kaos is "overwhelming." (R.

1028.)

Mulkey cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the alleged

erroneous admission of the surveillance footage. See Rule 45, Ala. R.

App. P. Therefore, this issue does not entitle him to any relief.

41
CR-2023-0304

IX.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by

admitting gruesome, duplicative evidence in the form of photographs and

video of the crime scene and the Kaos' autopsies as well as the

surveillance footage that captured the murders. Mulkey asserts that the

evidence was inflammatory and unnecessary because he had "provided a

detailed statement to detectives, describing the crime and assisted

authorities in locating the Kaos' bodies" (Mulkey's brief, at 77); thus, he

asserts, the issues at trial related solely to his mental state and

intoxication at the time of the crimes. Mulkey did not timely object to

the evidence on the specific grounds raised on appeal. 6 Therefore, this

issue will be reviewed for plain error only.

6The parties agree that Mulkey preserved this issue for appeal at

least with respect to the surveillance footage. This Court, however,
disagrees. Before trial, Mulkey filed what he styled as a "Defendant's
Motion to Suppress Prejudicial Evidence," which asserted that the
surveillance footage was unnecessarily prejudicial and therefore
inadmissible pursuant to Rule 403, Ala. R. Evid. (C. 344-45.) That
motion was denied before trial by the circuit court. (C. 79.)

Although an adverse ruling on a motion to suppress before trial
preserves the issue for appeal, Mulkey's filing was not a motion to
suppress because the motion did not assert that the evidence was secured
illegally. See Bacot v. State, 597 So. 2d 754, 756 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992).

42
CR-2023-0304

"Photographic exhibits are admissible even though they may be

cumulative, demonstrative of undisputed facts, or gruesome." Williams

v. State, 506 So. 2d 368, 371 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986). In addition,

"photographic evidence, if relevant, is admissible even if it has a tendency

to inflame the minds of the jurors." Ex parte Siebert, 555 So. 2d 780, 784

(Ala. 1989). This Court finds no error, plain or otherwise, in the

admission of the photographs or video. Therefore, this issue does not

entitle Mulkey to any relief.

X.

Mulkey asserts that the circuit court improperly excluded a

qualified prospective juror. Mulkey refers to prospective juror D.R.,

whom the circuit court struck for cause due to a perceived bias. Mulkey

asserts that the circuit court erred in striking D.R. because, he says, she

Despite its styling, because it challenged the evidence as being overly
prejudicial, it was in substance a motion in limine. See id. Therefore, to
preserve this issue for appeal, it was incumbent on Mulkey to " 'object to
the introduction of the proffered evidence or other matters and assign
specific grounds therefor at the time of trial, unless he has obtained
express acquiescence of the trial judge that such subsequent objection to
evidence proffered at trial and assignment of grounds therefor are not
necessary.' " Id. at 757 (quoting Phillips v. State, 527 So. 2d 154, 156
(Ala. 1988)). Mulkey did object to the surveillance footage at trial but
only on the ground of authentication. (R. 692-99.) Therefore, this issue
is not preserved for appellate review.
43
CR-2023-0304

had not indicated that she could not be fair or impartial even though she

had indicated that she supported the death penalty and recognized the

need for justice in this case.

"To justify a challenge for cause, there must be a proper
statutory ground or ' "some matter which imports absolute
bias or favor, and leaves nothing to the discretion of the trial
court." ' Clark v. State, 621 So. 2d 309, 321 (Ala. Cr. App.
1992) (quoting Nettles v. State, 435 So. 2d 146, 149 (Ala. Cr.
App. 1983)). This Court has held that 'once a juror indicates
initially that he or she is biased or prejudiced or has deep-
seated impressions' about a case, the juror should be removed
for cause. Knop v. McCain, 561 So. 2d 229, 234 (Ala. 1989).
The test to be applied in determining whether a juror should
be removed for cause is whether the juror can eliminate the
influence of his previous feelings and render a verdict
according to the evidence and the law. Ex parte Taylor, 666
So. 2d 73, 82 (Ala. 1995). A juror 'need not be excused merely
because [the juror] knows something of the case to be tried or
because [the juror] has formed some opinions regarding it.'
Kinder v. State, 515 So. 2d 55, 61 (Ala. Cr. App. 1986). Even
in cases where a potential juror has expressed some
preconceived opinion as to the guilt of the accused, the juror
is sufficiently impartial if he or she can set aside that opinion
and render a verdict based upon the evidence in the case.
Kinder, at 60-61. In order to justify disqualification, a juror
' "must have more than a bias, or fixed opinion, as to the guilt
or innocence of the accused" '; ' "[s]uch opinion must be so fixed
... that it would bias the verdict a juror would be required to
render." ' Oryang v. State, 642 So. 2d 979, 987 (Ala. Cr. App.
1993) (quoting Siebert v. State, 562 So. 2d 586, 595 (Ala. Cr.
App. 1989))."

Ex parte Davis, 718 So. 2d 1166, 1171-72 (Ala. 1998). Further,

44
CR-2023-0304

" '[t]he qualification of prospective jurors rests within
the sound discretion of the trial judge.' Morrison v. State, 601
So. 2d 165, 168 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992); Ex parte Cochran, 500
So. 2d 1179, 1183 (Ala. 1985). This Court will not disturb the
trial court's decision 'unless there is a clear showing of an
abuse of discretion.' Ex parte Rutledge, 523 So. 2d 1118, 1120
(Ala. 1988). 'This court must look to the questions
propounded to, and the answers given by, the prospective
juror to see if this discretion was properly exercised.' Knop [v.
McCain], 561 So. 2d [229] at 232 [(Ala. 1989)]. We must
consider the entire voir dire examination of the juror 'in full
context and as a whole.' Ex parte Beam, 512 So. 2d 723, 724
(Ala. 1987); Ex parte Rutledge, 523 So. 2d at 1120."

Ex parte Burgess, 827 So. 2d 193, 198 (Ala. 2000).

D.R. was summoned for individual voir dire because she had

mentioned recent personal issues:

Court: "All right. [D.R.], we brought you back because I
know that you did indicate that you, I think, were
recently widowed?"

D.R.: "Yeah, it ain't been a year yet."

Court: "Okay. And I think you also said something
regarding your son?"

D.R.: "Yeah I lost my sister in August of '21. Lost [my
husband] in May of last year. Lost my son in 2017
to Fentanyl."

Court: "Would the fact that you had those tragedies in
your life, would that affect your ability to sit on
this jury and to give both the State and the defense
a fair and impartial trial?"

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D.R.: "Well, as much as I wanted to do my civic duty, I
didn't know the nature of this case. You know, no
one did. … And [Mulkey] is about my son's age, a
little bit younger. And my son kind of got messed
up. I mean, he was in five rehabs, two jails and all
of that. If you looked at the papers of LaShawn
Williams, on her court, she knew him. She called
me at home. She's a fine judge. Told me she was
sorry. But I think it would, because as much as I
believe in the death penalty and the victims need
justice, [Mulkey] looks you know, he don't look like
[my son], but my heart just – and if I see all of
those pictures, if they're pretty graphic, my
husband died in my arms. 23 good years of
marriage. He had a massive MI. You know, and
my son, I kissed in a cardboard box before I burned
him. I have just had too much death. Too much."

Court: "Thank you for that, [D.R.] [Prosecutor]?"

State: "[D.R.], I just want to make sure that I'm
understanding what you're saying correctly. It
sounds like what you're telling us is that as you sat
here through these past two days and you've
viewed the defendant, Mr. Mulkey, your mind is
going to your deceased son? Is that fair?"

D.R.: "Yeah, it's triggering a lot of stuff. I'm in a widows
group trying to process all of this crap, and this is
not good for me on a lot of levels. So, yeah, I think
about my son [R.R.] I sure do."

State: "And does that cause you to have some sympathy
towards Mr. Mulkey before you've even heard any
of the evidence?"

D.R.: "Yeah I mean, you know, because I know [my son]
could have messed up. He took a lot of stuff. I

46
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caught him in my purse. He pushed me one time.
He loved me and I loved him very much. And, you
know, when you're on drugs and stuff, you do stuff
that, you know, isn't in your nature. And we were
good to him. I don't know. He said he just liked
drugs. He was a doctor's son, spoiled rotten. And
got – just a real smart guy. 36 on his ACT. Full
ride to Penn State. Said he didn't want to go up
there. It was too cold. Yeah, I look at [Mulkey] in
court and I think about my son, what I should
have, could have, would have. And if I see all of
them pictures, man, I don't know for sure how I'm
going to handle it. Because I'm dealing with a real,
real difficult learning curve this last year anyway."

Court: "Understood, [D.R.]"

State: "I'm sorry for your loss. No further questions."

Court: "[Defense counsel]?"

Defense: '[D.R.], just very briefly I understand what you're
going through and know how that can affect people
from watching family members and that kind of
stuff go through it. If you were selected on the
jury, would the fact that Mr. Mulkey remind you
or brings back memories of your son, would that
cause you to be unfair to the State in listening to
the evidence, or do you think that you would be
able to put that aside and listen to the evidence
and make a decision based on the evidence?"

D.R.: "Well, I have to be honest. You've got two
decisions. One of them is leaning towards mercy,
one of them is pretty black and white. And I
probably would be more sympathetic because of
the many at least eight years we struggled with

47
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[my son]. God only knows I mean, honestly, I don't
know. I can't say."

Defense: "I understand. So it sounds like you're not saying
that you wouldn't consider if you thought that this
case was deserving of the death penalty. You
wouldn't consider it. But that you lean more
towards a sentence of life without parole if you got
to that penalty part?"

D.R.: "I would think that's accurate. I'm not against the
death penalty and the crime in this case was
egregious and the victims do need justice. But
considering what I personally have gone through
and the transformation in young kids, young boys
like this, you know, in my own son, and he had
every privilege you could imagine, I would lean
more towards mercy, I think, than I would be
biased in that direction."

(R. 541-46.)

"A juror's bias need not be proved with 'unmistakable clarity'

because 'juror bias cannot be reduced to question and answer sessions

which obtain results in the manner of a catechism.' " Taylor v. State, 666

So. 2d 36, 47 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994) (quoting Dutton v. Brown, 812 F.2d

593, 595 (10th Cir. 1987)). D.R. acknowledged to the circuit court that

she thought of her son, who had succumbed to drug addiction, when she

saw Mulkey. D.R. stated that her son had stolen from her and been

violent with her while in the throes of addiction, which were similar to

48
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the allegations against Mulkey. And D.R. readily agreed that she would

"lean more towards a sentence of life without parole if [she] got to that

penalty part." It is true, as Mulkey asserts, that D.R. did not state that

she could not follow the law, but the circuit court was in the best position

to assess D.R. and her ability to serve fairly on the jury.

"A trial judge's finding on whether or not a particular juror is biased

'is based upon determinations of demeanor and credibility that are

peculiarly within a trial judge's province.' " Martin v. State, 548 So. 2d

488, 490 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988) (quoting Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S.

412, 429 (1985)). Mulkey has failed to demonstrate that the circuit court

abused its discretion in determining that D.R.'s bias would prevent or

substantially impair her performance of her duties as a juror. Therefore,

this issue does not entitle Mulkey to any relief.

XI.

Mulkey argues that the circuit court erred by allowing the State to

cross-examine him without a factual basis and by allowing the State to

make misleading arguments during the guilt-phase closing arguments.

During cross-examination, Mulkey agreed with the State that his counsel

had hired an expert to evaluate him for his mental state at the time of

49
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the offense. The State later asked if the expert would be testifying, and

Mulkey answered: "Not to my knowledge." (R. 974.) The State then

argued during its closing that Mulkey's expert must have reached the

same conclusion as the State's expert – that Mulkey was not suffering

from a severe mental disease or defect. (R. 1020.) Mulkey asserts that

the State lacked a factual basis as to the outcome of the defense expert's

evaluation of him and that its argument in closing was misleading

because Mulkey's expert was tasked only with performing an Atkins

evaluation. Mulkey did not object to the allegedly improper questions or

argument. Therefore, this issue will be reviewed for plain error only.

Mulkey placed his mental state at the time of the offense at issue;

consequently, questions regarding Mulkey's evidence of his mental state

were within the proper scope of cross-examination. See Rule 611(b), Ala.

R. Evid. (establishing a broad scope for cross-examination). Further, the

State's argument in closing was a reasonable inference from the evidence

offered at trial. See Price v. State, 725 So. 2d 1003, 1031 (Ala. Crim. App.

1997) (recognizing that counsel for both the State and the defendant are

allowed wide latitude in drawing reasonable inferences from the evidence

in their closing arguments). This Court finds no error, plain or otherwise,

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in the State's cross-examination of Mulkey or its arguments to the jury.

Therefore, this issue does not entitle Mulkey to any relief.

XII.

Mulkey asserts that it is unconstitutional to sentence to death

someone who suffers from a severe mental illness. The State's expert,

Dr. Wilson, testified that Mulkey's mental-health history indicated that

he had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder,

psychotic disorder, and shizoaffective disorder. Mulkey argues that his

mental illness lessens his culpability and opens the possibility that he

could be rehabilitated through treatment.

This Court considered and rejected an identical claim in Keaton v.

State, 375 So. 3d 44, 137-38 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021) ("To date, the United

States Supreme Court has not held that either Atkins [v. Virginia, 536

U.S. 304, 321 (2002),] or Ford [v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399, 410 (1986),]

prohibits the imposition of the death penalty for defendants who, though

competent, are diagnosed with bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress

disorder, or other mental illnesses."). Therefore, this issue does not

entitle Mulkey to any relief.

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CR-2023-0304

XIII.

Mulkey asserts that the circuit court erred in allowing the State to

exercise its peremptory strikes in a racially discriminatory manner in

violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). Mulkey asserts that

there was a pattern of strikes against black jurors and identifies several

black prospective jurors who, he says, received disparate treatment in

their questioning by the State.

Mulkey did not raise a Batson claim in the circuit court. In

accordance with our holding Henderson v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0044, May

3, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2024), "this Court will no

longer review Batson claims under our plain-error standard when those

claims are raised for the first time on appeal." Therefore, this issue does

not entitle Mulkey to any relief.

XIV.

Mulkey argues that Alabama's death-penalty statute is

unconstitutional because it fails to specify the method of execution.

Mulkey asserts that this renders the statute unconstitutionally vague

and ambiguous and his sentence arbitrary and capricious.

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Section 15-18-82.1(a), Ala. Code 1975, states that "[a] death

sentence shall be executed by lethal injection, unless the person

sentenced to death affirmatively elects to be executed by electrocution or

nitrogen hypoxia." The statute is neither vague nor ambiguous and does

not render Mulkey's sentence arbitrary or capricious. Therefore, this

issue does not entitle Mulkey to any relief.

XV.

Finally, although no longer required by Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P.,

this Court has reviewed the record in this case, and we find no plain error

or defect in the guilt or penalty phase of the trial. See § 13A-5-53(a), Ala.

Code 1975.

XVI.

Section 13A-5-53(a) requires this Court to determine "whether the

trial court's findings concerning the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances were supported by the evidence." As this Court discussed

in Iervolino v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0283, Aug. 18, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala.

Crim. App. 2023),

"[w]hen the legislature removed the final sentencing decision
from the trial court and placed it in the hands of the jury by
Act No. 2017-131, Ala. Acts 2017, it amended § 13A-5-47, Ala.
Code 1975, to remove subsection (d), which required the trial

53
CR-2023-0304

court to make specific findings of fact regarding the existence
or nonexistence of each aggravating circumstance in § 13A-5-
49, Ala. Code 1975, each mitigating circumstance in § 13A-5-
51, Ala. Code 1975, and any additional mitigating
circumstances offered by the defendant pursuant to § 13A-5-
52, Ala. Code 1975. Now, § 13A-5-47(b), Ala. Code 1975,
requires the trial court to make specific findings of fact
regarding the existence or nonexistence of aggravating
circumstances and mitigating circumstances only in cases in
which jury sentencing is waived. Because jury sentencing
was not waived in this case, the trial court was not required
to make specific findings of fact regarding aggravating
circumstances and mitigating circumstances. In addition,
Alabama's capital-sentencing statutes do not require the jury
to render verdicts on the mitigating circumstances it found to
exist …. Because we do not know which mitigating
circumstances, if any, the jury found to exist, this Court
cannot determine whether those circumstances were
supported by the evidence."

___ So. 3d at ___.

As in Iervolino, jury sentencing was not waived; thus, the circuit

court was not required to make specific findings of fact regarding

aggravating circumstances and mitigating circumstances. Similarly, the

jury was not required to render verdicts on the mitigating circumstances

it found to exist. However, in addition to the statutory aggravating

circumstances found to exist in the guilt phase, see § 13A-5-49(9), Ala.

Code 1975, the jury rendered a unanimous verdict in the penalty phase

finding that Mulkey had been previously convicted of a felony involving

54
CR-2023-0304

the use or threat of violence to the person, see § 13A-5-49(2), Ala. Code

1975, and this aggravating circumstance was supported by the evidence.

In accordance with §§ 13A-5-53(a) and 13A-5-53(b), this Court has

thoroughly reviewed the record, and we find that Mulkey's sentence was

not imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other

arbitrary factor.

Section 13A-5-53(b)(2) requires this Court to determine "[w]hether

an independent weighing of the aggravating and mitigating

circumstances at the appellate level indicates that death was the proper

sentence." However, "[w]ithout knowing which mitigating

circumstances were found by the jury to exist, it is impossible for this

Court to perform this part of our mandatory review of the death sentence

in this case." Iervolino, ___ So. 3d at ___.

Finally, § 13A-5-53(b)(3) requires this Court to determine

"[w]hether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the

penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the

defendant." Mulkey was convicted of murder made capital for

intentionally killing Siu Mei Kao and Ching Kao by one act or pursuant

to one scheme or course of conduct, see § 13A-5-40(a)(10), Ala. Code 1975.

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CR-2023-0304

Additionally, at the time of the Kaos' murders, Mulkey had been

previously convicted of another felony involving the use or threat of

violence to the person. Similar crimes have been punished capitally in

Alabama. See Shaw v. State, 207 So. 3d 79 (Ala. Crim. App. 2014), and

Broadnax v. State, 825 So. 2d 134 (Ala. Crim. App. 2000). After

thoroughly reviewing the record, we conclude that death was the proper

sentence in this case.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, this Court affirms Mulkey's capital-

murder conviction and his resulting sentence of death.

AFFIRMED.

Kellum and Cole, JJ., concur. Minor, J., concurs in part and concurs

in the result in part, with opinion, which Anderson, J., joins.

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CR-2023-0304

MINOR, Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the result in part.

I concur in all parts of the Court's opinion except Part IV. As to Part

IV, I concur in the result.

Anderson, J., concurs.

57