Marco Antonio Perez v. State of Alabama

Rel: May 1, 2026

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,
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Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2025-2026
_________________________

CR-2024-0206
_________________________

Marco Antonio Perez

v.

State of Alabama

Appeal from Mobile Circuit Court
(CC-23-2829)

KELLUM, Judge.

The appellant, Marco Antonio Perez, was convicted of murdering

Sean Tuder, an offense defined as capital by § 13A-5-40(a)(5), Ala. Code

1975, because, at the time he was murdered, Tuder was working as a

police officer with the Mobile Police Department. The jury unanimously
CR-2024-0206

found that the murder "was committed for the purpose of avoiding or

preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody," an

aggravating circumstance defined in § 13A-5-49(5), Ala. Code 1975. (C.

156.) By a vote of 11 to 1, the jury sentenced Perez to death. This appeal,

which is automatic in a case involving the death penalty, followed. See §

13A-5-53, Ala. Code 1975.

Perez was charged in a six-count indictment with murdering Off.

Tuder, a violation of § 13A-5-40(a)(5), Ala. Code 1975; stealing a 2013

Honda Accord, a violation of § 13A-8-17, Ala. Code 1975; stealing a 2009

Lincoln MKX, a violation of § 13A-8-3(b), Ala. Code 1975; stealing a 2011

GMC 1500 truck, a violation of § 13A-8-3(b), Ala. Code 1975; breaking

and entering into a 2016 Ford F-150 with the intent to commit a theft, a

violation of §13A-8-11(b), Ala. Code 1975; and stealing a Smith and

Wesson .40 caliber pistol from the Ford F-150, a violation of § 13A-8-4(c),

Ala. Code 1975. (C. 6-7.)1 The Mobile Circuit Court severed the

1Perez was originally indicted in August 2019. (Suppl. C. 104-105.)
He was reindicted in February 2024. (C. 6-7.)
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noncapital charges from the capital-murder charge.2 At the time that

Perez shot Off. Tuder, he was 19 years old and on probation for youthful

offender ("YO") adjudications. At the time of the shooting, Perez was also

subject to federal pretrial-release conditions as a result of a charge for

possessing a stolen firearm that he had pending in federal court.

Before trial, Perez moved for a pretrial evidentiary hearing on his

motion to dismiss because, he alleged, he was immune from prosecution

pursuant to § 13A-3-23(d), Ala. Code 1975. (Suppl. C. 286.) In the

motion, Perez asserted that "he was justified in the shooting … when he

acted in self-defense of himself or another, and consequently pursuant to

Section 13A-3-23(d) is immune from the prosecution of the allegations set

forth in the indictment." (Suppl. C. 286.) After a hearing and briefs, the

circuit court denied Perez's motion to dismiss. (Suppl. C. 550-63.)

At trial, the State's evidence tended to show that on January 20,

2019, Perez shot and killed Off. Tuder while he was trying to apprehend

Perez. Off. Tuder was a member of the Mobile Police Department Gang

Unit and one of the "duties of the Gang Unit was to help find or to find

2Numerous filings were made concerning the motion to sever. A
hearing was held, and the circuit court entered a lengthy order granting
the motion to sever. (Suppl. C. 578-84.)
3
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people that were wanted for felony arrests or suspects in ongoing

investigations." (R. 4810.) On the day of the shooting, Off. Tuder was

notified that Perez had been spotted. Off. Tuder went to the Peach Place

Apartments3 and pulled his vehicle into the parking lot and stopped.

Backup officers were in route and a few minutes behind Off. Tuder. Perez

walked toward his car, and Off. Tuder exited his vehicle with his gun

drawn. The two struggled near the hood of the vehicle, and Perez slipped

out of his jacket and got away. Perez pulled out a gun and shot Off. Tuder

multiples times. Video and photographs show that, after the first shot

was fired, there was a break before Perez fired two more shots.4 Perez

said in his statement to police that there was a delay because the "clip

came out of the gun" and he had to put it back. (C. 1494.) The backup

officers arrived and saw Perez fleeing into a nearby wooded area. He was

3Witnesses also referred to this establishment as the Peach Place

"Inn."

4Lt. Ted Johnson of the Mobile Police Department testified that, at

the scene of the shooting, police officers discovered a video-surveillance
camera in one of the vacant apartments. (R. 4549.) He was able to
retrieve video from that camera. That video showed the shooting, and
still photographs from that video were admitted into evidence. (State's
Exhibit Number 6.)

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apprehended shortly thereafter. The coroner testified that Off. Tuder

had been shot three times, that the bullets caused multiple injuries to his

organs, and that he died of multiple gunshot wounds. (R. 5370.)

Sixty-nine witnesses testified at the guilt-phase of Perez's trial.

Kristen Tuder May, Off. Tuder's wife, testified that, on the day of the

shooting, Off. Tuder was off duty and at home but that his work telephone

kept going off and she brought the phone to him. (R. 4626.) After Off.

Tuder got off the phone, she said, Off. Tuder told her that he had to leave.

Off. Tuder was dressed in regular clothes and left in his "regular car," she

said. (R. 4627.)

Kaylie Harris testified that, at the time of the shooting, she was

dating one of Perez's friends, Aedan Crosson. (R. 4504.)5 She said that

on January 19, 2019, she skipped school and was on her mother's porch

when officers came to the house looking for Perez. Off. Tuder spoke to

her and asked if she knew where he could locate Perez. Harris agreed to

notify Off. Tuder when she heard from Perez, and they exchanged

5On January 18, 2019, Off. Tuder and fellow officers went to
Crosson's house to search for Perez. Crosson testified that he and Perez
were in his bedroom and watched as the officers searched around his
house. (R. 4157-58.)

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telephone numbers and Snapchat mobile-messaging information. (R.

4507.) On the day of the shooting, she said, Perez reached out to her on

Snapchat and asked for a ride. She told her grandfather, and her

grandfather called Off. Tuder. (R. 4510.) She was told to tell Perez that

her uncle would be picking him up at the Peach Place Apartments. (R.

4517.)

On January 20, 2019, Off. Tuder contacted Sgt. Paul Hosford and

asked if Sgt. Hosford could assist in apprehending Perez. (R. 4681.) Sgt.

Hosford testified that he and several other officers set up a perimeter

around the Peach Place Apartments. "Off. Tuder was actually going to

wait until he was advised that the Marco Perez subject got to the

residence, after he advised us he was at the location, we could move in

and do the apprehension." (R. 4683.) Off. Tuder told them that Perez

was wearing a red jacket or hoodie. (R. 4685.) Sgt. Hosford said that,

after Off. Tuder could not find Perez at the first location, he went to the

second location and found Perez. (R. 4687.) When police turned into the

parking lot they saw "Perez running across the front of the apartment

buildings with a red shirt partially on. He was running towards the wood

line to the southern part of the complex." (R. 4687.) They apprehended

6
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Perez, and another officer informed him that someone had been shot. He

picked up the red hoodie that Perez had dropped and found that it was

wrapped around a black Smith and Wesson firearm. (R. 4693.) Forensic

tests showed that the firearm that had been recovered had fired the shots

that killed Off. Tuder.

Sgt. Dennis Owens of the Mobile Police Department testified that

in January 2019 he was part of a task force with the federal Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives and that the group

investigated a stolen firearm. Perez had been indicted for possessing a

stolen "Ruger model LCP 380 caliber pistol," in federal court. (R. 3792.)

That indictment was issued in November 2018, and Perez was arrested

for that offense on December 14, 2018. (R. 3794.) He testified that,

because Perez could not be located it was his responsibility to find Perez;

thus, he accompanied members of the Mobile Police Department in their

efforts to locate Perez. Sgt. Owens also said that he had tracked the

weapon that had been recovered from Perez after the shooting and

learned that that firearm belonged to Charles Petty and that Petty had

reported that his vehicle had been broken into and that the gun had been

stolen. (R. 3801.)

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Perez's mother, Tiffany Perez, testified that on December 19, 2018,

she went with Perez to federal court and "signed paperwork saying that

he was going to be in [her] care and custody and living at [her] home."

(R. 3895). Tiffany said that on January 4, 2019, she texted Perez that his

probation officer needed to talk to him. (R. 3914.) When Perez failed to

return home at the end of December 2018, and when she and her husband

received suspicious texts from Perez's cellular-telephone number, they

called the police and reported that Perez was missing. (R. 3897.) She

provided police with text messages that had been sent from Perez's

cellular telephone. One message read "Marco won't be able to make it.

He won't be able to make it to anything ever again in his life." (R. 3915.)

Sgt. Dorothea Long of the Mobile Police Department testified that

in January 2019 she was a member of the assaults and missing-persons

unit of the department. At around midnight on January 8, 2019, she

received a report of a missing person and went to speak with the

complainant, Perez's mother. (R. 3873.) She had the cyber-intelligence

unit obtain subpoenas to track Perez's cellular telephone. (R. 3876.) Sgt.

Long also obtained text messages from Perez's cellular telephone. On

January 8, 2019, at around midnight, a text message from Perez's phone

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read: "Yes, he's alive and living well. He is alive in a better place." (R.

3917.) Another text message sent at around 12:23 a.m. read: "Your son

should've watched the stuff he did because now he paid the price." (R.

3918.) Police were able to find a location based on the cellular telephone,

and they collected "a group to be able to go to where we thought he was

and find him as well as take care of any potential harm or threat that

there might've been at that location." (R. 3921.) At that point, Sgt. Long

said, the police officers did not know if they were investigating a

kidnapping or a missing person. Sgt. Long said that Off. Tuder was there

because "he was our apprehension guy. He was the one that you called

to go find people." (R. 3924-25.) When they arrived at the property, there

were two buildings, a house and a trailer. They interviewed Hannah Ivy,

an occupant of the trailer who knew Perez. After talking with Ivy, Sgt.

Long said that she was able to determine that Perez was not a "missing

or endangered person." (R. 3929.) Sgt. Long then "signed a misdemeanor

warrant for filing a false police report on Marco Perez." (R. 3930.) Sgt.

Long communicated with Off. Tuder frequently before Perez was located

because Off. Tuder was actively searching for Perez.

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After Perez left his parent's house and falsely reported that he had

been kidnapped, but before he was arrested, he engaged in a 10-day crime

spree in his efforts to evade police officers after he failed to contact his

probation officer and after he failed to appear in federal court. He stole

a Honda Accord, a Lincoln MKX, and a GMC 1500 truck. Perez also stole

a .40 caliber Smith and Wesson pistol from another vehicle. Forensic

tests showed that the gun that Perez stole in that 10-day period was the

gun that Perez used to kill Off. Tuder.

Cpl. Jermaine Rogers of the Mobile Police Department testified

that on January 20, 2019, he questioned Perez after Perez was

apprehended. (R. 5058.) After he was read his Miranda6 rights, Perez

gave a statement to police. Perez told Cpl. Rogers that, the night before

the shooting, he spent the night in the woods and that he would not go

home, he said, because he was afraid police officers were still looking for

him. Perez said that he had telephoned a bond company and that an

employee of the bond company had told him that there was a warrant for

his arrest for making a false police report. (C. 1479.) Perez told Cpl.

6 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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Rogers that when he saw Off. Tuder get out of a car with a gun, he was

"spooked." (C. 1494.) He said:

"After I got [Off. Tuder] off me, I believe I stood up and I pulled
my [gun] out. But after -- after I pulled it the first time, I don't
know what happened. I just remember picking up the clip
after that and running. I don't remember shooting again and
again and again. And I did, I don't know why the f___ I 'd do
that. But I don't remember doing that."

(C. 1505.) Perez also said that he did not know Off. Tuder was a police

officer until "after the cops arrested him." (C. 1506.)

The jury convicted Perez of murdering Off. Tuder, a violation of §

13A-5-40(5), Ala. Code 1975. That statute provides that capital murder

includes the

"[m]urder of any police officer, sheriff, deputy, state
trooper, federal law enforcement officer, or any other state or
federal peace officer of any kind, or prison or jail guard, while
the officer or guard is on duty, regardless of whether the
defendant knew or should have known the victim was an
officer or guard on duty, or because of some official or job-
related act or performance of the officer or guard."

After a presentence investigation and report were completed, a

sentencing hearing was held. Perez presented the testimony of seven

witnesses in support of mitigation and a sentence of life imprisonment

without the possibility of parole. The State relied on the aggravating

circumstance that the murder was committed for the "purpose of avoiding

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or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody." § 13A-

5-49(5), Ala. Code 1975. By a vote of 11 to 1, the jury sentenced Perez to

death.7 This automatic appeal followed.

Standard of Review

Because Perez has been sentenced to death, this Court, pursuant to

Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P., will review the proceedings for plain error.

Rule 45A, as amended effective January 12, 2023, now states:

"In all cases in which the death penalty has been
imposed, the Court of Criminal Appeals may, but shall not be
obligated to, notice any plain error or defect in the proceedings
under review, whether or not brought to the attention of the
trial court, and take appropriate appellate action by reason
thereof, whenever such error has or probably has adversely
affected the substantial right of the appellant."

(Emphasis added.)

Since the amendment of Rule 45A in 2023, this Court has chosen to

continue to review appeals in death-penalty cases for plain error. As we

recently noted:

"Although Rule 45A now provides that plain-error review is
discretionary in such cases, this Court has explained that it
will continue to conduct plain-error review in all cases in

7Effective April 11, 2017, § 13A-5-46(a), Ala. Code 1975, was
amended to make the jury the sole sentencing authority for a capital-
murder conviction. That amendment removed the words "an advisory
verdict" and substituted the words "a verdict."
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which the death penalty has been imposed. Iervolino v. State,
402 So. 3d 844, 861-62 (Ala. Crim. App. 2023). However, that
does not mean that this Court will provide a detailed analysis,
or even any analysis, of those claims that were not properly
preserved for appellate review, as it historically did when
plain-error review was mandatory. Id."

Abernathy v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0275, June 27, 2025] ___ So. 3d ___, ___

(Ala. Crim. App. 2025).

When discussing the scope of plain-error review, this Court has
explained:

"Plain error is defined as error that has 'adversely affected the
substantial right of the appellant.' The standard of review in
reviewing a claim under the plain-error doctrine is stricter
than the standard used in reviewing an issue that was
properly raised in the trial court or on appeal. As the United
States Supreme Court stated in United States v. Young, 470
U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 1038, 84 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985), the plain-error
doctrine applies only if the error is 'particularly egregious' and
if it 'seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.' See Ex parte Price, 725
So. 2d 1063 (Ala. 1998); Burgess v. State, 723 So. 2d 742 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1997), aff'd, 723 So. 2d 770 (Ala. 1998); Johnson v.
State, 620 So. 2d 679, 701 (Ala. Cr. App. 1992), rev'd on other
grounds, 620 So. 2d 709 (Ala. 1993), on remand, 620 So. 2d
714 (Ala. Cr. App. 1993)."

Hall v. State, 820 So. 2d 113, 121-22 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999). "We use

[plain error] 'sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which a

miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.' " Ex parte Hodges, 856 So.

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2d 936, 948 (Ala. 2003) (quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152,

163 n.14 (1982)).

Guilt-Phase Issues

I.

Perez argues that his jury did not represent a fair cross-section of

the community and that, thus, his Sixth Amendment rights were

violated. Specifically, he argues that he is Hispanic and charged with

killing a white police officer, and Hispanics, he said, were systematically

excluded from the jury venire. He contends, although 154 people were

called for jury service, the jury venire consisted of only 1 Hispanic person.

(Supp. C. 1210-1223.) In his brief, Perez cites the statistics that "the

venire was only 0.6% Hispanic, while Mobile County at the time was 3.5%

Hispanic." (Perez's brief at p. 104.)8

"The Sixth Amendment requires that petit juries 'be
drawn from a source fairly representative of the community.'
Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 538, 95 S.Ct. 692, 702, 42
L.Ed.2d 690 (1975). When raising a claim under this
requirement, a defendant 'has the burden of establishing a
prima facie case of a "fair cross section" violation. Rayburn v.
State, 495 So. 2d 733 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986).' Pierce v. State,
576 So. 2d 236, 241 (Ala. Cr. App. 1990), cert. denied, 576 So.

8"This Court is bound by the record and may not consider asserted

facts which cannot be ascertained by the record." Richie v. State, 481 So.
2d 454, 455 (Ala. Crim. App. 1985).
14
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2d 258 (Ala. 1991). In Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 99
S.Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979), the United States Supreme
Court held that a defendant seeking to establish a prima facie
case of a violation of the fair cross-section requirement must
demonstrate the following three elements:

" '(1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a
"distinctive" group in the community; (2) that the
representation of this group in venires from which
juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in
relation to the number of such persons in the
community; and (3) that this underrepresentation
is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the
jury-selection process.'

"439 U.S. at 364, 99 S.Ct. at 668."

Sistrunk v. State, 630 So. 2d 147, 149 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993). See also

Young v. State, 375 So. 3d 813, 831 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021).

The record shows that Perez did not challenge the composition of

the jury venire on the basis that it failed to represent a fair cross-section

of the community. Thus, we have no demographic information in the

record concerning the breakdown by race of the population of Mobile

County at the time that Perez was tried. Nor do we have any information

concerning Mobile County's method of selecting jurors.

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Moreover, the jury list contained in the record shows that 154

prospective jurors were called for service. (Suppl. C. 1210-23.)9 Of that

number seven prospective jurors who were listed as Hispanic. After some

prospective jurors were removed for cause and for various other reasons,

the jury pool was reduced to 60 prospective jurors. (R. 3316.) Of those

60 prospective jurors, Perez states in his brief on appeal that there was

only 1 Hispanic prospective juror that remained. However, during the

final selection of the jurors, defense counsel stated in response to a

question by the circuit court: "She is one of the -- she's one of two

Hispanics that made the panel of 60, or one of only -- in the entirety of

the panel, I think there may have been four." (R. 3435.) According to the

record there were 2 Hispanic prospective jurors in the group of 60.

(Suppl. C. 1210-23.)

In declining to find plain error in a capital-murder case based on a

similar fact situation, this Court, in Calhoun v. State, 932 So. 2d 923 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2005), stated:

9There were two groups of prospective jurors called to the
courtroom, and they were referred to as Group A and Group B. (R. 745.)
Group A consisted of prospective jurors numbers 1 through 128 and
Group B consisted of prospective jurors numbers 129 through 154.
(Suppl. C. 1210-39.)
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"Calhoun never challenged the method of selecting
jurors used in Talladega County; therefore, the record
contains no information about procedures used in Talladega
County for selecting prospective jurors. Neither is there any
information in the record concerning the racial makeup of the
population of Talladega County. The only information on that
subject is contained in Calhoun's brief. As we stated in Riddle
v. State, 669 So. 2d 1014, 1016-17 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994):

" '[E]xhibits attached to a brief are not evidence
and cannot be considered by this Court on appeal.
Huff v. State, 596 So. 2d 16, 19 (Ala. Cr. App.
1991). " 'This Court is bound by the record [on
appeal] and may not consider asserted facts which
cannot be ascertained [from] th[at] record.' " Bush
v. State, 616 So. 2d 394, 395 (Ala. Cr. App. 1993)
(quoting Richie v. State, 481 So. 2d 454, 455 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1985)).'

"Calhoun had the burden of establishing a prima facie
showing of racial discrimination. As the United States
Supreme Court stated in Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 99
S.Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979):

" 'In order to establish a prima facie violation
of the fair-cross-section requirement, the
defendant must show (1) that the group alleged to
be excluded is a "distinctive" group in the
community; (2) that the representation of this
group in venires from which juries are selected is
not fair and reasonable in relation to the number
of such persons in the community; and (3) that this
underrepresentation is due to systematic
exclusion of the group in the jury selection
process.'

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"439 U.S. at 369, 99 S.Ct. 664. Here, Calhoun failed to make
even a minimal showing to satisfy the Duren test. There is no
plain error here."

932 So. 2d at 939. See Boyle v. State, 154 So. 3d 171, 194-95 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2013), overruled on other grounds in Towles v. State, 263 So. 3d

1076 (Ala. Crim. App. 2018).

Furthermore, Perez appears to argue that he is entitled to a certain

number of Hispanics on his jury venire because he is Hispanic. However,

this is not the standard used for assessing whether the fair-cross-section

requirement has been violated. As this Court has stated:

"It is true that the particular panel from which the
appellant's jury was struck contained a substantially smaller
percentage of blacks than does the population of Dale County.
However, the fair cross-section requirement 'ensures only a
venire of randomness, one free of systematic exclusion. It does
not ensure any particular venire.' Note, United States v.
Gelb: The Second Circuit's Disappointing Treatment of the
Fair Cross-Section Guarantee, 57 Brook. L. Rev. 341, 343 n. 7
(1991). 'Rather than being entitled to a cross-sectional
venire,' a defendant 'has a right only to a fair chance, based
on a random draw, of having a jury drawn from a
representative panel.' Comment, The Cross-Section
Requirement and Jury Impartiality, 73 Cal. L. Rev. 1555,
1565 (1985). See Johnson v. State, 502 So. 2d 877, 880 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1987) (venire need not be ' "a perfect mirror of the
community or accurately reflect the proportionate strength of
every identifiable group." '). Cf. United States v. Percival, 756
F.2d 600, 615 (7th Cir. 1985) ('It is the master jury wheel, not
the actual grand jury, which must represent a fair cross
section of the community. So long as the master jury wheel is

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adequate and the prescribed procedure is thereafter followed,
there can be no complaint that the panel ultimately produced
by random selection is somehow under representative in
result.') (citations omitted)."

Sistrunk, 630 So. 2d at 149-150.

" '[T]he American concept of the jury trial contemplates
a jury drawn from a fair cross section of the community.'
Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 527, 95 S.Ct. 692, 42
L.Ed.2d 690 (1975). Under the Sixth Amendment, 'petit juries
must be drawn from a source fairly representative of the
community'; however, an accused is 'not entitled to a jury of
any particular composition.' Id. at 538, 95 S.Ct. 692. ' "[I]t is
the source from which the venire is selected that must be
fairly representative of the community, rather than the jury
actually chosen." ' Gamble v. State, 791 So. 2d 409, 425 (Ala.
Crim. App. 2000), quoting Travis v. State, 776 So. 2d 819, 838
(Ala. Crim. App. 1997), aff'd, 776 So. 2d 874 (Ala. 2000)."

Gavin v. State, 891 So. 2d 907, 945 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003). Perez is

not entitled to a jury of any specific racial composition.

Given that Perez did not make a fair-cross-section argument at

trial, we find that the "record fails to establish any Duren v. Missouri,

439 U.S. 357, 99 S.Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979), violation." Boyle v.

State, 154 So. 3d at 194-95. For the reasons stated in Calhoun, supra,

Perez failed to make "even a minimal showing" that he is not entitled to

relief. 932 So. 2d at 939. Accordingly, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

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II.

Perez next argues that he was deprived of his constitutional right

to an impartial jury because the circuit court declined to remove for cause

four prospective jurors who, he says, were prejudiced against him. He

specifically challenges the circuit court's failure to remove prospective

jurors C.T., S.E., C.M., and W.M.10

"To justify a challenge for cause, there must be a proper
statutory ground or ' "some matter which imports absolute
bias or favor, and leaves nothing to the discretion of the trial
court." ' Clark v. State, 621 So. 2d 309, 321 (Ala. Cr. App.
1992) (quoting Nettles v. State, 435 So. 2d 146, 149 (Ala. Cr.
App. 1983)). This Court has held that 'once a juror indicates
initially that he or she is biased or prejudiced or has deep-
seated impressions' about a case, the juror should be removed
for cause. Knop v. McCain, 561 So. 2d 229, 234 (Ala. 1989).
The test to be applied in determining whether a juror should
be removed for cause is whether the juror can eliminate the
influence of his previous feelings and render a verdict
according to the evidence and the law. Ex parte Taylor, 666
So. 2d 73, 82 (Ala. 1995). A juror 'need not be excused merely
because [the juror] knows something of the case to be tried or
because [the juror] has formed some opinions regarding it.'
Kinder v. State, 515 So. 2d 55, 61 (Ala. Cr. App. 1986). Even
in cases where a potential juror has expressed some
preconceived opinion as to the guilt of the accused, the juror
is sufficiently impartial if he or she can set aside that opinion
and render a verdict based upon the evidence in the case.
Kinder, [515 So. 2d] at 60-61. In order to justify
disqualification, a juror ' "must have more than a bias, or fixed

10To protect the anonymity of the prospective jurors, we use their

initials.
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opinion, as to the guilt or innocence of the accused" '; ' "[s]uch
opinion must be so fixed ... that it would bias the verdict a
juror would be required to render." ' Oryang v. State, 642 So.
2d 979, 987 (Ala. Cr. App. 1993) (quoting Siebert v. State, 562
So. 2d 586, 595 (Ala. Cr. App. 1989))."

Ex parte Davis, 718 So. 2d 1166, 1171-72 (Ala. 1998). "[J]urors who give

responses that would support a challenge for cause may be rehabilitated

by subsequent questioning by the prosecutor or the Court." Johnson v.

State, 820 So. 2d 842, 855 (Ala. Crim. App. 2000).

"A trial judge's finding on whether or not a particular
juror is biased 'is based upon determinations of demeanor and
credibility that are peculiarly within a trial judge's province.'
[Wainwright v.] Witt, 469 U.S. [412,] 429, 105 S. Ct. [844,] 855
[(1985)]. That finding must be accorded proper deference on
appeal. Id. 'A trial court's rulings on challenges for cause
based on bias [are] entitled to great weight and will not be
disturbed on appeal unless clearly shown to be an abuse of
discretion.' Nobis v. State, 401 So. 2d 191, 198 (Ala. Cr. App.),
cert. denied, Ex parte Nobis, 401 So. 2d 204 (Ala. 1981)."

Martin v. State, 548 So. 2d 488, 490-91 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988). "[E]ven

though a prospective juror admits to a potential bias, if further voir dire

examination reveals that the juror can and will base his decision on the

evidence alone, then a trial judge's refusal to grant a motion to strike for

cause is not error." Perryman v. State, 558 So. 2d 972, 977 (Ala. Crim.

App. 1989).

21
CR-2024-0206

Moreover, the record shows that defense counsel removed all the

challenged prospective jurors with his peremptory strikes. Defense

counsel used his first peremptory strike to remove C.T., his second strike

to remove S.E., his ninth strike to remove C.M., and his tenth strike to

remove W.M. (Suppl. C. 1224.) None of the now-challenged prospective

jurors sat on Perez's jury. Alabama has returned to a harmless-error

analysis when evaluating the validity of a circuit court's ruling on a

challenge for cause.

"The Alabama Supreme Court in Bethea v. Springhill
Memorial Hospital, 833 So. 2d 1 (Ala. 2002), returned to the
harmless-error analysis when reviewing a circuit court's
refusal to remove a prospective juror for cause. The Supreme
Court stated:

" 'The application of a "harmless-error"
analysis to a trial court's refusal to strike a juror
for cause is not new to this Court; in fact, such an
analysis was adopted as early as 1909:

" ' "The appellant was convicted of
the crime of murder in the second
degree. While it was error to refuse to
allow the defendant to challenge the
juror C.S. Rhodes for cause, because of
his having been on the jury which had
tried another person jointly indicted
with the defendant, yet it was error
without injury, as the record shows
that the defendant challenged said
juror peremptorily, and that, when the

22
CR-2024-0206

jury was formed the defendant had not
exhausted his right to peremptory
challenges.'

" 'Turner v. State, 160 Ala. 55, 57, 49 So. 304, 305
(1909). However, in Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S.
202, 219, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965),
overruled on other grounds, Batson v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986),
the United States Supreme Court stated, in dicta,
that "[t]he denial or impairment of the right is
reversible error without a showing of prejudice."
(Emphasis added [in Bethea].) Some decisions of
this Court as well as of the Alabama Court of
Criminal Appeals reflect an adoption of this
reasoning. See Dixon v. Hardey, 591 So. 2d 3 (Ala.
1991); Knop v. McCain, 561 So. 2d 229 (Ala. 1989);
Ex parte Rutledge, 523 So. 2d 1118 (Ala. 1988); Ex
parte Beam, 512 So. 2d 723 (Ala. 1987); Uptain v.
State, 534 So. 2d 686, 688 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988)
(quoting Swain and citing Beam and Rutledge);
Mason v. State, 536 So. 2d 127, 129 (Ala. Crim.
App. 1988) (quoting Uptain).

" '... [T]his Court has returned to the
"harmless-error" analysis articulated in the Ross
v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81, 108 S.Ct. 2273, 101
L.Ed.2d 80 (1988), and [United States v.]
Martinez-Salazar, 528 U.S. 304, 120 S.Ct. 774, 145
L.Ed.2d 792 (2000), decisions. Because a
defendant has no right to a perfect jury or a jury of
his or her choice, but rather only to an "impartial"
jury, see Ala. Const.1901 § 6, we find the harmless-
error analysis to be the proper method of assuring
the recognition of that right.

" 'In this instance, even if the Betheas could
demonstrate that the trial court erred in not

23
CR-2024-0206

granting their request that L.A.C. be removed
from the venire for cause (an issue we do not
reach), they would need to show that its ruling
somehow injured them by leaving them with a
less-than-impartial jury. The Betheas do not
proffer any evidence indicating that the jury that
was eventually impaneled to hear this action was
biased or partial. Therefore, the Betheas are not
entitled to a new trial on this basis.'

"833 So. 2d at 6-7 (footnotes omitted). See also Dailey v. State,
828 So. 2d 340 (Ala. 2001). As was the case in Bethea,
Calhoun offers no evidence that the jury ultimately impaneled
was biased; therefore, if error occurred it was harmless."

Calhoun, 932 So. 2d at 944-45 (footnote omitted). Compare Ex parte

Colby, 41 So. 3d 1 (Ala. 2009); General Motors Corp. v. Jernigan, 883 So.

2d 646 (Ala. 2003) (harmless-error analysis does not apply when the

circuit court erroneously denies challenges for cause of multiple jurors).

In this case, the prospective jurors completed extensive 15-page

juror questionnaires.11 Those questionnaires contained numerous

11The handling of juror questionnaires on appeal is addressed in

Rule 18.2, Ala. R. Crim. P., which states:

"If a juror questionnaire containing personal
information is obtained from a prospective juror in any case
appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeals, that questionnaire
shall not be included in the clerk's portion of the record on
appeal. If any party raises an issue on appeal that relates to
information contained in a questionnaire, the appellate court
may order the record on appeal to be supplemented to include
24
CR-2024-0206

questions about their views on the justice system, law enforcement, and

the death penalty. Perez requested that the juror questionnaires be

forwarded to this Court. Pursuant to Rule 18.2, Ala. R. Crim. P., this

Court directed the Mobile Circuit Clerk to forward those questionnaires

to this Court. Juror questionnaires are part of the voir dire process and

are properly considered when determining the validity of a challenge for

cause. See Scott v. State, 163 So. 3d 389, 423 (Ala. Crim. App. 2012). We

now separately address Perez's arguments regarding each challenged

prospective juror.

A.

Perez first argues that the circuit court erred in declining to remove

prospective juror C.T. for cause because, he says, she indicated that, if

any or all questionnaires at issue. Upon final disposition of
the appeal, any questionnaires in the appellate court's
possession by virtue of supplementation of the record shall be
returned to the clerk of the trial court. Any such
questionnaires supplemented into the appellate record shall
be available for inspection only by the court and the parties to
the appeal."

(Emphasis added.) That rule was amended effective August 1, 2002, to
"maintain the confidentiality of the information provided in the
questionnaires." Committee Comment to Amendment to Rule 18.2, Ala.
R. Crim. P., Effective August 1, 2002.
25
CR-2024-0206

Perez was convicted of capital murder, she would automatically vote for

the death penalty.

The voir dire examination of the prospective jurors was extensive

and includes more than 2,500 pages of the record.12 (R. 756-3316.) The

prospective jurors were questioned in groups (R. 756-1042) and were

questioned individually. (R. 1043-3315.) Each prospective juror

questioned individually was asked numerous questions concerning his or

her written responses to questions on the questionnaires. There was a

lengthy discussion concerning C.T.'s responses on her questionnaire

during voir dire examination. Question number 60 on the questionnaire

read: "Which statement best summarizes your general views about

capital punishment (the death penalty)?" There were 6 responses that

the prospective jurors could circle. C.T. circled response number 4 that

read: "I am in favor of capital punishment except in a few cases where it

may not be appropriate." She also wrote the following explanation: "I

have always said, 'An eye for an eye.' But, it would be hard to circle

12One thousand pages of the voir dire examination were omitted

from the original record. Those pages are contained in the supplemental
record. (Suppl. R. 1001-2000.)

26
CR-2024-0206

number 6[13] because there are circumstances for everything. Mental

conditions, self-defense, etc." (C.T.'s juror questionnaire, p. 13.) The

next question on the questionnaire asked: "Assume you are on a jury to

determine the punishment for a defendant who has already been

convicted of capital murder. If the law gives you a choice of death or life

imprisonment:" C.T. circled the response that read: "My decision on

whether to impose the death penalty would depend upon the facts and

circumstances of a particular case." (C.T.'s juror questionnaire, p. 14.)

During voir dire, C.T. initially stated:

"THE COURT: Would you be able to at least temporarily set
aside any personal beliefs that you have as reflected in this
questionnaire, or otherwise, then follow your oath of service
as a juror, follow my instructions as to the law, and consider
both life without parole and the death penalty, and then vote
for either the death penalty or vote for life without parole, as
you may find them appropriate in that weighing process I told
you?

"P.J. [C.T.]: Yes, sir."

(R. 2347.) However, when C.T. was questioned further by the circuit

court, the following occurred:

13Response number 6 to Question 60 read: "I will always vote for

the death penalty for the crime of intentional murder no matter what
mitigating circumstances are present."
27
CR-2024-0206

"THE COURT: If there's a penalty phase in this case, would
you, despite my instructions, automatically vote in favor of
the death penalty in every case where a defendant had been
convicted of capital murder, regardless of the mitigating
factors and or aggravating factors, regardless of the facts and
circumstances, would you do that?

"P.J. [C.T.]: Would I?

"THE COURT: You want me to rephrase it?

"P.J. [C.T.]: Yes. Yes, sir.

"THE COURT: If there's a penalty phase in the case, would
you, despite my instructions about these factors,
automatically vote in favor of the death penalty in every case
where the defendant had been proven beyond a reasonable
doubt guilty of capital murder, regardless of the facts and
circumstances?

"P.J. [C.T.]: Yes."

(R. 2362-63.) As noted above, C.T.'s responses were inconsistent.

Defense counsel then indicated that he had a problem with C.T.'s

remaining on the venire and stated that she should be removed.

The circuit court explained why it was denying Perez's motion to

strike C.T. for cause:

"I don't think it's a close call, really. She didn't say I
believe in an eye for eye, or I'm going to require an eye for an
eye. She said, I've always said an eye for an eye, but -- but it
would be hard to circle Number 6.

28
CR-2024-0206

"And she didn't circle Number 6. She circled Number 4.
You keep reading Number 6, but she circled Number 4. She
said it would be hard to circle Number 6 because there are
circumstances for everything, mental conditions, self-defense,
et cetera. There may be others she said.

"And I asked her repeatedly could she consider both and
vote for either one. She clearly is a person who will consider
the death penalty. You would consider her pro death penalty.
She actually considered Paragraphs 4 and 3 on the
questionnaire.

"It could be debated whether she really hesitated in
death penalty or not. She actually hesitated in response to
one of the State's questions about whether she would impose
the death penalty. I heard that. So I don't know that she is
pro death penalty.

"But given the totality of what's presented to me, the
questionnaire, her demeanor, her credibility in her answers,
the answers she gave to me as the neutral instead of the
questions that are very often framed by each side in a leading
manner -- they can appear to be -- presented with some
pressure, as if you're seeking a particular answer. That's the
way these people may see this, and I see that with some of
these jurors, too.

"The totality of factors and circumstances, the Court
finds that your challenge is due to be denied."

(R. 2369.)

"Because the qualification of a juror is a matter within the

discretion of the trial judge, on appeal this Court will look to the

questions asked and the answers given only to see if the trial court's

29
CR-2024-0206

discretion was properly exercised." Ex parte Cochran, 500 So. 2d 1179,

1183 (Ala. 1985). "A trial judge's finding on whether or not a particular

juror is biased 'is based upon determinations of demeanor and credibility

that are peculiarly within a trial judge's province.' ... That finding must

be accorded proper deference on appeal." Martin v. State, 548 So. 2d 488,

490-91 (Ala. Crim. App. 1988). Given that C.T.'s responses were

inconsistent, we must give considerable deference to the circuit court,

who was present and could see the juror's demeanor during questioning.

We cannot say that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying

Perez's motion to remove C.T. for cause.

Moreover, the record shows that defense counsel removed C.T. by

the use of his first peremptory strike. (Supp. C. 1224.) She did not serve

on Perez's jury; therefore, any possible error was harmless. See Calhoun.

932 So. 2d at 944-45. For the above reasons, Perez is due no relief on this

claim.

B.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion

to remove prospective juror S.E. for cause because, he argues, this

30
CR-2024-0206

prospective juror clearly expressed that he would automatically vote for

the death penalty.

The record shows that S.E. indicated on the questionnaire in

response to Question 60: "I'm for the death penalty in practically all

murders, especially crimes against women and children who are

defenseless." (S.E.'s juror questionnaire, p. 13.) During voir dire

questioning, S.E. said:

"Well, after what he said -- after what the judge said, if the --
he described the two factors, mitigating and the other one. If
the -- if the reasons for life in prison are greater than the
reasons for death, I would probably -- I might go with life in
prison as opposed to death. …

"Maybe if the person had kids and the kids -- you know,
spending the rest of their life in prison anyway, but if they
have kids, I mean, you know, I wouldn't want to take a father
from the kid, maybe the kids would want to come see him, you
know, something along those lines. That would be something
that tugged at my heart strings not to --

"I mean, I would have to hear everything he said -- I'm
sorry -- and just know about it."

(R. 1542-43.) S.E. also gave examples of more factors that he would

consider before voting for any sentence.

Defense counsel indicated that he did not "think [S.E.] could be a

fair juror in this case and impose life without parole under the

31
CR-2024-0206

circumstances and conditions the Court may instruct him to do." (R.

1545.) The circuit court responded: "Given the totality of the facts and

circumstances and the demeanor of the witness, the very candid and

respectful manner in which he accepted the authority of this Court to

give these instructions, the Court respectfully denies the challenge for

cause." (R. 1547.)

The above quotes from the record show that S.E. indicated that he

would follow the instructions given by the circuit court. Given S.E.'s

responses, we cannot say that the circuit court abused its considerable

discretion in denying Perez's motion to remove S.E. for cause after he was

rehabilitated. See Martin v. State, supra.

Furthermore, S.E. did not serve on Perez's jury but was removed

when defense counsel used his second peremptory strike. (Supp. C.

1224.) Thus, any error in denying the challenge for cause was harmless.

See Calhoun, supra. For these reasons, Perez is due no relief on this

claim.

C.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in not granting his

challenge for cause of prospective juror C.M. because, he says, C.M.'s

32
CR-2024-0206

responses on her questionnaire indicated that she was in favor of the

death penalty when someone kills another.

The record shows that, in response to Question 60, C.M. wrote:

"Simply put: You kill someone and all the evidence is there then you

should be up for capital punishment." (C.M.'s juror questionnaire, p. 13.)

In response to Question 61, she indicated: "I would usually vote to impose

the death penalty in a case where the law allows me to do so." (C.M.'s

juror questionnaire, p. 14.)

When C.M. was questioned about her responses, she said that she

could set aside her personal beliefs about the death penalty. (R. 1967.)

The following occurred:

"THE COURT: But I ask you this. Would you be able to set
aside, at least temporarily, any personal beliefs that you have
about the death penalty, one way or another?

"P.J. [C.M.]: I could.

"THE COURT: You follow? It's a longer --

"P.J. [C.M.]: Sorry.

"THE COURT: Would you be able to set aside your personal
beliefs, whatever they are, about the death penalty, follow
your oath as a juror and my instructions as to the law, and
consider both life without parole and the death penalty in this
weighing process during the penalty phase, and then vote for
either life without parole or the death penalty, depending

33
CR-2024-0206

upon where you find that weighing process takes you under
the law and the facts? Could you do both?

"P.J. [C.M.]: Yes, sir.

"THE COURT: Could you vote for either one?

"P.J. [C.M.]: I could."

(R. 1967.) C.M. was questioned further by both parties. When denying

Perez's motion to remove C.M. for cause, the circuit court stated:

"So considering the totality of the evidence -- testimony of the
juror, the questionnaire, body language, the body language
including repeatedly throughout -- particularly after the
Court defined the weighing process, the death penalty, she
would do the scales of justice symbol with her hands when she
was answering, the Court finds her testimony has been very
credible, and the Court finds that she is an appropriate juror."

(R. 1983.)

Clearly C.M. indicated that she would follow the law. The circuit

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to remove C.M.

for cause. See Martin v. State, supra. Accordingly, Perez is due no relief

on this claim.

D.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in denying his request

to remove prospective juror W.M. for cause because, W.M. says, he

indicated that he was strongly in favor of the death penalty.

34
CR-2024-0206

The record shows that, in response to Question 60, W.M. wrote: "I

believe in an eye for an eye, tooth for tooth. If you take a life intentionally

and maliciously." (W.M.'s juror questionnaire, p. 13.) The circuit court

asked W.M. if he could follow its instructions regarding whether a

sentence of life without parole or a death sentence was appropriate. W.M.

indicated that he could set aside his opinions and follow the law as

instructed by the court. (R. 2509.) After questioning, defense counsel

moved that W.M. be struck for cause because of his strong feelings in

favor of the death penalty. The circuit court stated:

"[W.M.] says I can set aside my personal views. He said
it repeatedly, and he really was unequivocal, even on sort of
cross-examination by the Defense.

"He went into mitigating factors in answer to the
Defense's questions. So, the Court finds he's death qualified.
He's confirmed, and he's very credible to me that he can set
aside any personal experiences that he's had. So the Court
will respectfully seat the juror and overrule the challenge by
the Defense."

(R. 2525-26.) W.M.'s responses indicated that he could set aside any

personal views and render a verdict based on the circuit court's

instructions. The circuit court did not err in denying Perez's motion to

remove W.M. for cause. See Ex parte Davis, 718 So. 2d 1166, 1171 (Ala.

1998). For these reasons, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

35
CR-2024-0206

III.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in denying his Batson

v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), motion because, he says, the State used

its peremptory strikes "in a racially discriminatory manner." (Perez's

brief at p. 73.)

In Batson, the United States Supreme Court held that it was a

violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution

to remove black jurors from a black defendant's jury based solely on their

race. This holding was extended to white defendants, Powers v. Ohio,

499 U.S. 400 (1991); to defense counsel in criminal cases, Georgia v.

McCollum, 505 U.S. 42 (1992); and to gender, J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S.

127 (1994).

" 'When reviewing a trial court's ruling on a Batson
motion, this Court gives deference to the trial court and will
reverse a trial court's decision only if the ruling is clearly
erroneous.' Yancey v. State, 813 So. 2d 1, 3 (Ala. Crim. App.
2001). 'A trial court is in a far better position than a reviewing
court to rule on issues of credibility. Woods v. State, 789 So.
2d 896, 915 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999). 'Great confidence is
placed in our trial judges in the selection of juries. Because
they deal on a daily basis with the attorneys in their
respective counties, they are better able to determine whether
discriminatory patterns exist in the selection of juries.'
Parker v. State, 571 So. 2d 381, 384 (Ala. Crim. App. 1990)."

Doster v. State, 72 So. 3d 50, 73-74 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010).

36
CR-2024-0206

The record shows that 60 prospective jurors remained out of the 154

that were called for jury service after some prospective jurors were

removed for cause and for various other reasons. (R. 3340.) The State

had 20 peremptory strikes.14 After the peremptory strikes were

completed, defense counsel made a Batson objection. (R. 3339.) He

argued that out of the 60 prospective jurors in the venire, only 15 of those

prospective jurors were minorities and that the State had used 70% of its

strikes to remove minorities. (R. 3340-41.) The circuit court found a

prima facie case under Batson. (R. 3346.)

The State gave very detailed and multiple reasons for all of its

peremptory strikes. There was also a discussion about whether Perez

had violated Batson by striking only white prospective jurors and not

removing one minority. At the conclusion of that discussion, the circuit

court agreed to substitute two black prospective jurors that the State had

struck for two white prospective jurors from the final jury. (R. 3461.)

"[Prosecutor]: This is the agreement with [Perez] waiving all
Batson challenges. And [Perez] agreeing that this is a
strategic decision by the Defense to accept and waive any

14"Rule 18.4(g)(3), Ala. R. Crim. P., provides that the last person or

persons struck shall be the alternates. For purposes of Batson we view
the alternate jurors as having been struck." Thompson v. State, 153 So.
3d 84, 124 n.11 (Ala. Crim. App. 2012).
37
CR-2024-0206

challenges and that this is a tactical strategic choice. So we
have to have that agreement with the Defense.

"THE COURT: Is that right, [defense counsel]?

"[Defense counsel]: That is correct.

"[Prosecutor]: And that the State also agrees to not raise its
own Batson challenge and require [Perez] to give their race
neutral reasons for striking all white members of the jury."

(R. 3461-62.)

That discussion shows that Perez waived any Batson objection.

This Court recognized in Calhoun, 932 So. 2d at 942-43, that a Batson

objection could be affirmatively waived by a defendant's attorney. A

waived error or an invited error is reviewed only for plain error. See Ex

parte Bankhead, 585 So.2d 112, 126 (Ala.1991). This Court has held that

it will no longer review a Batson claim for plain error. See Henderson v.

State, [Ms. CR-21-0044, May 3, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App.

2024).

Also, when the circuit court proposed that two black prospective

jurors be placed on the jury and two white prospective jurors be removed,

Perez did not object to the circuit court's method of handling the Batson

issue.

38
CR-2024-0206

"In light of the variety of jury selection practices
followed in our state and federal trial courts, we make no
attempt to instruct these courts how best to implement our
holding today. For the same reason, we express no view on
whether it is more appropriate in a particular case, upon a
finding of discrimination against black jurors, for the trial
court to discharge the venire and select a new jury from a
panel not previously associated with the case ... or to disallow
the discriminatory challenges and resume selection with the
improperly challenged jurors reinstated on the venire ...."

Batson, 476 U.S. at 99 n.24.

Furthermore, the State gave detailed reasons for each of its

peremptory strikes and the State had multiple reasons for striking each

minority prospective juror. (R. 3347-3454.) Minority prospective jurors

were struck based on their opposition to the death penalty -- A.H., T.D.,

T.M., D.J. Prospective juror A.S. was struck because he had shot a person

in self-defense. Prospective jurors T.W. and M.B. were struck because

they had relatives with criminal convictions. Prospective juror Z.B. was

struck because he had been court-martialed for theft while in the Marine

Corps. Prospective jurors L.H. and C.D. were struck because they had

negative encounters with police -- L.H. said that her husband had

frequently been targeted by police, and C.D. said that he had been

wrongfully accused and acquitted of a crime. Prospective juror J.L. was

struck because she was a police officer who taught police procedure and

39
CR-2024-0206

the prosecutor was concerned that she would question the police

procedural decisions that were made in Perez's case. None of the above

reasons violate Batson. See Acklin v. State, 790 So. 2d 975, 988 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2000) ("Mixed feelings or reservations regarding imposition

of the death penalty are valid race-neutral reasons for peremptory

strikes."); Ex parte McNair, 653 So. 2d 353, 356 (Ala. 1994) ("Striking

the relative of a person who has been convicted of a crime is racially

neutral."); Spencer v. State, 659 So. 2d 1000, 1002 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994)

("[T]his court has repeatedly held that striking a juror with a criminal

history does not violate Batson."); Stephens v. State, 580 So.2d 11, 19

(Ala. Crim. App. 1990) ("A hostile attitude toward law enforcement or

dissatisfaction with the police has also been upheld as a sufficiently race-

neutral explanation for the use of a peremptory challenge."); Allen v.

State, 659 So. 2d 135, 147 (Ala. Crim. App. 1994) ("Within the context of

Batson, a 'race-neutral' explanation 'means an explanation based on

something other than the race of the juror.").

After reviewing the record, we cannot say that the circuit court

abused its considerable discretion in its manner of handling the Batson

motion. For these reasons, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

40
CR-2024-0206

IV.

Perez also contends that the circuit court erred in allowing the

State to present evidence indicating that, six months before this shooting,

Perez had eight prior adjudications for breaking and entering into motor

vehicles and was granted YO status in each case. At the time of the

murder, Perez was on probation for YO adjudications. He asserts that

the State presented this evidence by admitting the probation order

related to those offenses, Snapchat messages, and the testimony of

Perez's probation officer. Perez's entire argument in his original brief

appears to be that because he was granted YO status in those cases,

according to § 15-19-5, Ala. Code 1975, any reference to those

adjudications was barred by law because, he says, "juvenile adjudications

'shall not be admissible as evidence against [the defendant] in any case

or proceeding in any other court.' " (Perez's brief at p. 36.)15

15Section 15-19-7(a), Ala. Code 1975, reads: "No determination
made under the provisions of [the Youthful Offender Act] shall disqualify
any youth for public office or public employment, operate as a forfeiture
of any right or privilege or make him ineligible to receive any license
granted by public authority, and such determination shall not be deemed
a conviction of crime; provided, however, that if he is subsequently
convicted of crime, the prior adjudication as youthful offender shall be
considered." (Emphasis added.)
41
CR-2024-0206

Perez filed a motion in limine and argued that the State should be

prevented from presenting evidence of any outstanding warrants against

Perez at the time of the shooting. Perez argued that he "had a warrant

outstanding for violations of pretrial release in federal court. There were

no other outstanding warrants unless they were for violations of YO

probation, which is obviously confidential and would not be proper to be

disclosed." (Supp. C. 954.) Perez also objected to the introduction of

prior-act evidence under Rule 404(b), Ala. R. Evid. (Supp. C. 988.) Perez

argued that the prior-act evidence should have been excluded because

that evidence was not relevant to "intent or any other exception under

Rule 404(b)." (Supp. C. 988.) This issue was addressed at a pretrial

hearing. After a lengthy argument, the circuit court stated:

"Because you have a defense of self-defense in which
there's an issue of whether his conduct was justified, who the
initial aggressor was, all of these things.

"This evidence bears substantively on those things,
whether he was justified in his conduct, his probation status,
whether he had missed a Federal Court hearing, was he
justified in acting that way? These things are related. And
so there's a really compelling argument it's not even [Rule]
404 evidence.

"I'm going to rule that the -- look. I'm going to give you
both time. If you come up with any case law, just let me know.

42
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If you find some cases that say, look, this is Youthful Offender,
you can't talk about it no matter what.

"But, to me, at the end of the day, this journey we're on
in this case, the same as every case, which is a search for the
truth. We're in a search for the truth. And the truth is he
was on probation when this happened. And to artificially
impose a standard in a case involving a charge of murder, that
you can't talk about the probation status because it happened
to be Youthful Offender when the probation status I find to be
intricately intertwined with the facts and timeline in that last
10 to 14 days, it's intricately intertwined with it.

"And so I'm going to rule that you'll just say he's on a
Circuit Court probation."

(R. 3650-51.) At the conclusion of that hearing, the circuit court stressed

that its ruling was conditional and was subject to modification depending

on the facts developed at trial. (R. 3665.)

"It is the law 'that an appellant who suffers an adverse ruling
on a motion to exclude evidence (or other matters, e.g.,
argument of counsel), made in limine, preserves this adverse
ruling for post-judgment and appellate review only if he
objects to the introduction of the proffered evidence or other
matters and assigns specific grounds therefor at the time of
trial, unless he has obtained express acquiescence of the trial
judge that such subsequent objection to evidence proffered at
trial and assignment of grounds therefor are not necessary."

Phillips v. State, 527 So. 2d 154, 156 (Ala.1988).

The State first argues that this issue is not preserved for appellate

review because the pretrial ruling was conditional and no objection was

43
CR-2024-0206

made when the evidence was admitted and that, therefore, we should

only apply the plain-error standard of review to this claim. It is clear

from a review of the pretrial hearing that the circuit court's ruling was

not final but was conditional and could be revisited based on the evidence

that was presented at trial.

The record further shows that Cassius Williams from the Alabama

State Bureau of Probation testified that he was Perez's probation officer

for cases out of Mobile County. (R. 3837.) He did not identify the specific

crimes that formed the basis for Perez's probation. There was no

objection to Williams's testimony. Again, when the State moved to admit

the order of probation, defense counsel, in response to the circuit court's

question, specifically stated that he had no objection. (R. 3834.) Yet

again, when Snapchat messages between Perez and Savannah Brewer,

the mother of Perez's child, that referred to Perez being on probation were

introduced, the only objections were that those messages were not

relevant and were hearsay. (R. 4177.) When Brewer testified that she

had texted with Perez and had said: "Your probation officer even called

to talk to -- called your mom to talk to you" (R. 4237), no objection was

made. When Sgt. Lorenzo Matthews was asked about Perez, he said that

44
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Perez had a probation violation. No objection was made to that

testimony. (R. 4815.) Therefore, our review of this issue is for plain error.

See Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P.

Rule 404(b)(2), Ala. R. Evid., provides exceptions to the general

exclusionary rule and states that evidence of other crimes may be

admissible: "for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,

intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or

accident." "The question of admissibility of evidence is generally left to

the discretion of the trial court, and the trial court's determination on

that question will not be reversed except upon a clear showing of abuse

of discretion." Ex parte Loggins, 771 So.2d 1093, 1103 (Ala. 2000).

The State asserts that though Perez was on probation for YO

adjudications, they were properly admitted pursuant to Rule 404(b), Ala.

R. Evid., to show Perez's motive to kill Off. Tuder. It cites the case of

Williams v. State, 389 So. 3d 385 (Ala. Crim. App. 2023), to support its

argument.

In Williams, this Court considered the scope of § 15-19-5, Ala. Code

1975, as it related to the admission of a YO adjudication to show the

defendant's motive:

45
CR-2024-0206

"The circuit court ruled that § 15-19-5, Ala. Code 1975, did not
'exclude evidence of a youthful offender plea' and that 'there
is no code section that excludes evidence of a youthful offender
plea being admissible for anything other than sentencing.' (R.
14.) When asked to further explain how the previous
conviction showed motive, the State explained:

" 'To the issue of motive, motive in the case
that we represented to Your Honor, Brownlee v.
State, [197 So. 3d 1024 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015),]
case is very similar in that the State was trying to
introduce prior bad acts or uncharged, actual,
victims in the case, that he was charged with rape
and it was a similar - - so the motive as defined is
an inducement or that which leads or attempts to
do or commit the crime. ...

" 'Specifically, in this case -- the
caselaw in this case talks about the
testimony regarding collateral acts of
sexual abuse was admissible to show
the defendant's motive, i.e., his
unnatural sexual desire for young
girls.'

"(R. 19-20.) The circuit court found that the prior act was
admissible to establish motive and that 'its probative value is
substantial in this case and is not outweighed by the
prejudicial effect to [Williams].' (R. 22-23.)

"….

" 'The decision whether to allow or not to allow evidence
of collateral crimes or acts as part of the State's case-in-chief
rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge.' Blanco v.
State, 515 So. 2d 115, 120 (Ala. Crim. App. 1987). When
discussing the application of Rule 404(b), Ala. R. Evid., this
Court has stated:

46
CR-2024-0206

" 'Rule 404(b), Ala. R. Evid., provides, in pertinent part:

" ' "Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is not admissible to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for
other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident....'

" 'A trial judge should exclude evidence falling within
one of the exceptions listed in [R]ule 404(b) only if the
probative value of that evidence is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Ex parte Register, 680
So. 2d 225 (Ala. 1994).

" 'Under the general exclusionary rule in Rule 404(b), a
prior act of sexual abuse would be inadmissible. However,
in this case, the alleged prior bad act was offered to prove
motive.

" ' " 'Motive is defined as "an inducement, or
that which leads or tempts the mind to do or
commit the crime charged." Spicer v. State, 188
Ala. 9, 11, 65 So. 972, 977 (1914). Motive has
been described as "that state of mind which works
to "supply the reason that nudges the will and
prods the mind to indulge the criminal intent.' "
[Charles Gamble, Character Evidence: A
Comprehensive Approach 42 (1987).]

" ' " 'Furthermore, testimony offered for the
purpose of showing motive is always admissible.
McClendon v. State, 243 Ala. 218, 8 So. 2d 883
(1942). Accord, Donahoo v. State, 505 So. 2d 1067
(Ala. Cr. App. 1986). " 'It is permissible in every

47
CR-2024-0206

criminal case to show that there was an
influence, an inducement, operating on the
accused, which may have led or tempted him to
commit the offense' McAdory v. State, 62 Ala. 154
[(1878)]." Nickerson v. State, 205 Ala. 684, 685,
88 So. 905, 907 (1921).' "

" 'Hatcher v. State, 646 So. 2d 676, 679 (Ala. 1994), quoting
Bowden v. State, 538 So. 2d 1226, 1237 (Ala. 1988).

" 'In determining whether evidence of a
collateral act of sexual abuse is admissible to prove
motive, the trial court must consider the following
factors: " '(1) the offense(s) charged; (2) the
circumstances surrounding the offense(s) charged
and the collateral offense(s); (3) the other
collateral evidence offered at trial; and (4) the
other purpose(s) for which it is offered.' " Campbell
v. State, 718 So. 2d 123, 130 (Ala. Crim. App.
1997), quoting Bowden, 538 So. 2d at 1237.'

"Proctor v. City of Prattville, 830 So. 2d 38, 41-42 (Ala. Crim.
App. 2001). See also Garner v. State, 977 So. 2d 533 (Ala.
Crim. App. 2007); Estes v. State, 776 So. 2d 206 (Ala. Crim.
App. 1999). "

Williams, 389 So. 3d at 389-91.

Furthermore, in 1984 this Court, in Thomas v. State, 445 So. 2d 992

(Ala. Crim. App. 1984), held that evidence of a YO adjudication was

admissible to rebut the defendant's testimony that he did not commit the

offense now charged. We stated:

"We firmly adhere to the general rule that a youthful
offender adjudication cannot be used for impeachment

48
CR-2024-0206

purposes. We find, however, a significant distinction between
using adjudication as a youthful offender to impeach
credibility (which is not permitted because an adjudication is
not a conviction, Alderson v. State, 370 So. 2d 1119, 1122 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1979)), and using a guilty plea as a youthful offender
for an offense to contradict the witness's testimony that he did
not commit that offense.

"While the Youthful Offender Act is for the protection of
the accused, the act cannot be perverted to allow an accused
to enter a guilty plea to an offense and then, in a separate but
related proceeding against a co-defendant, deny his
participation in that same offense. Cf. United States ex rel.
Rohrlich v. Fay, 240 F. Supp. 848 (S.D.N.Y. 1965) (where
court noted that the New York Youthful Offender Act, which
is very similar to the Alabama Youthful Offender Act, would
not permit a witness who had been previously adjudged a
youthful offender to be 'vouched for to a jury as a saint when
in fact he is a sinner'). Under the circumstances of this case,
we think that the State's policy interest in protecting the
confidentiality of a youthful offender's record must yield to the
public's right to the integrity of the judicial system."

445 So. 2d at 994-95.

In Cooley v. State, 686 So. 2d 546 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996), this Court

reaffirmed our holding in Thomas and held that evidence of a YO

adjudication was admissible to show that the appellant was "predisposed

to sell controlled substances." 686 So. 2d at 546. We stated:

"This court's ruling in Thomas [v. State, 445 So. 2d 992
(Ala. Crim. App. 1984)], as quoted above, is controlling here.
The admission of this evidence to show the predisposition of
the [defendant] was not error. The evidence went towards
establishing the [defendant's] state of mind, i.e., his

49
CR-2024-0206

predisposition to sell drugs, and towards rebutting his
testimony that he had never sold drugs before. The admission
of the evidence did not violate the traditional rules of
evidence. As the United States Supreme Court noted in
Sorrells [v. United States, 287 U.S. 435 (1932)], the state's
inquiry into the conduct of an accused who has raised an
entrapment defense is 'searching.' "

686 So. 2d at 551.

This Court has also modified our prior decisions that excluded

evidence of YO adjudications for impeachment purposes. In Saunders v.

State, 10 So. 3d 53 (Ala. Crim. App. 2007), we noted that, although

evidence of YO adjudications is typically not admissible for impeachment,

a defendant may open the door to it admission.

"Although youthful-offender adjudications are generally not
admissible, a defendant can open the door in his direct
testimony and render a youthful-offender adjudication
admissible in cross-examination or on rebuttal. See, e.g.,
Williams v. State, 695 So. 2d 644 (Ala. Crim. App. 1996)
('[T]he appellant 'opened the door' for the admission of his
prior juvenile adjudications by denying that he had ever been
involved in anything similar to the offense for which he was
charged.'), and Thomas v. State, 445 So. 2d 992 (Ala. Crim.
App. 1984) (holding that although a youthful-offender
adjudication may not be used to impeach credibility, when the
witness opens the door by denying his criminal intent in a
case, his prior youthful-offender plea of guilty to the same
offense is admissible). Thus, the trial court correctly ruled
that if Saunders testified that he had never been in any
trouble before, then the prosecutor would be permitted to
cross-examine Saunders about the prior youthful-offender
adjudication."

50
CR-2024-0206

10 So. 3d at 88.

Contrary to Perez's arguments on appeal, what the above cases

clearly show is that Alabama appellate court have not automatically

barred the admission of evidence of YO adjudications but, instead,

Alabama appellate courts have held that its admission is dependent on

the specific facts in each case.

More recently, the Alabama Supreme Court reversed this Court's

decision affirming the admission of a evidence of YO adjudication

because, it held, it was not relevant to the defendant's claim of self-

defense or, more specifically, the issue of standing one's ground. See Ex

parte Walton, [Ms. SC-2024-0862, Aug. 29, 2025] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala.

2025). That Court stated:

"Rule 404(b)(1) provides that evidence of a person's
other crimes, wrongs, or acts cannot be admitted 'to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith.' Such evidence can, however, be considered for
'other purposes.' Rule 404(b)(2). Of course, if the evidence is
offered for 'other purposes,' it still must be 'relevant' to be
admissible. Rule 402, Ala. R. Evid. ' "Relevant evidence"
means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.' Rule 401, Ala. R. Evid. Even if technically
relevant, evidence of prior crimes should not be admitted if its
probative value does not outweigh its prejudicial effects:

51
CR-2024-0206

" ' "Judicial inquiry does not end with a
determination that the evidence of another crime
is relevant and probative of a necessary element of
the charged offense. It does not suffice simply to
see if the evidence is capable of being fitted within
an exception to the rule. Rather, a balancing test
must be applied. The evidence of another similar
crime must not only be relevant, it must also be
reasonably necessary to the government's case,
and it must be plain, clear, and conclusive, before
its probative value will be held to outweigh its
potential prejudicial effects." '

"Averette v. State, 469 So. 2d 1371, 1374 (Ala. Crim. App.
1985) (quoting United States v. Turquitt, 557 F.2d 464, 468-
69 (5th Cir. 1977)).

"It is doubtful whether evidence of Walton's prior crimes
was relevant at all, because that evidence did not seem to
prove 'any fact that is of consequence' to the resolution of the
reckless-manslaughter case. Rule 401. The only issue that
has been identified as possibly being affected by the fact that
Walton had committed prior crimes was whether he was
acting unlawfully, and therefore had a duty to retreat, when
he allegedly shot Champion. But the duty to retreat simply
was not an issue for the jury in this case. The concept of the
right to stand one's ground was mentioned to potential jurors
during voir dire, but, as Judge Cole noted in his dissent below,
Walton's counsel stated during voir dire only that ' "[t]his is a
stand your ground state, meaning you don't even have to run,
you can stand your ground; okay? Anybody got a problem
with that? Anybody got a problem with the right to defend
yourself, to defend yourself with a gun?" ' Walton v. State,
[CR-2022-1342, Aug. 23, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ [(Ala. Crim.
App. 2024)] (Cole, J., dissenting). Walton's counsel made no
mention of stand-your-ground principles during opening
statements or the remainder of the trial. And Walton

52
CR-2024-0206

specifically disavowed any intent to rely on a stand-your-
ground defense. Indeed, consistent with that position, the
trial court refused to instruct the jury on stand-your-ground
principles and specifically instructed the jury that Walton had
a duty to retreat. Such an instruction seems to confirm that
evidence of Walton's prior crimes and the resulting firearm
ban was simply irrelevant to the issues submitted to the jury.
We can find nothing to justify the admission of any evidence
of Walton's prior crimes because his illegal possession of the
gun was directly conceded by the defense and indirectly
accepted by the judge's instructions to the jury."

Walton, ___ So. 3d at ___.

Factually, this case and Walton are distinguishable. This case

involves a capital-murder conviction that required the State to prove that

Perez had the specific intent to kill Off. Tuder. In Walton, the defendant

was originally indicted for murder and was convicted of reckless

manslaughter. The sole basis in Walton for the admission of evidence of

the prior YO adjudication was that it was relevant to the issue of a duty

to retreat. However, the Supreme Court found that this was not an issue

at trial and that, thus, the evidence of the prior YO adjudication was not

relevant. Perez claimed that he feared for his life and that he shot and

killed Off. Tuder in self-defense. Evidence of the prior YO adjudications

was relevant to rebut this claim and show that Perez did not fear for his

53
CR-2024-0206

life but had a motive to kill that was distinct from his claim of self-

defense. Therefore, Walton is factually distinguishable from this case.

Here, the State argues that evidence of Perez's YO adjudications

were relevant to show Perez's motive "to evade arrest and avoid returning

to jail for violating his probation." (State's brief at p. 33.) Given that

Perez claimed self-defense, the State had a heavier burden than in a

typical case.

"Once the issue of self-defense is raised, the State 'must
prove that the accused did not act in self-defense in the sense
that the State must prove a prima facie case of unjustified
homicide.' Mack v. State, 348 So. 2d 524, 529 (Ala. Cr. App.
1977). That is, the State continues to have the burden of
proving all of the elements of murder and must counter any
evidence presented by the defendant which would raise a
reasonable doubt as to the existence of one of these elements.
Townsend v. State, 402 So. 2d 1097 (Ala. Cr. App. 1981). See
also, Vaughn v. State, 293 Ala. 365, 304 So. 2d 6 (1974). The
weight and credibility of that evidence is a question for the
jury. Mack, supra."

Ex parte Johnson, 433 So. 2d 479, 481 (Ala. 1983).

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has noted that, once a

defendant claims self-defense, the defendant makes motive an issue.

"The appellant testified to self-defense and that she had
no intent to kill. She wanted the jury to believe her testimony.
The State was authorized to show that she shot another man
sometime later to show her intent which tended to disprove
her testimony. Appellant cites Lolmaugh v. State, 514 S.W.2d

54
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758 (Tex. Cr. App. 1974). Lolmaugh shot and killed his wife's
lover. The appellant claimed self-defense. This Court held
that a part of his confession in which he admitted to a prior
shooting of a man who had been his wife's lover was
admissible. When the appellant raised the issue of self-
defense, motive became an issue. The prior shooting tended
to show Lolmaugh's state of mind at the time he committed
the offense for which he was charged.

"In Lolmaugh there was the additional fact of the motive
of the defendant. The fact that Lolmaugh is a stronger case
for the admission of the extraneous offense does not make the
testimony in the present case inadmissible."

Halliburton v. State, 528 S.W.2d 216, 218 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)

(emphasis added). See also Render v. State, 347 S.W.3d 905 (Tex. Ct.

App. 2011). We agree with the circuit court that, given the facts of this

case, the fact that Perez was on probation for YO adjudications was

relevant and admissible to show his motive at the time that he fired the

fatal shots.

Also, the circuit court gave very detailed jury instructions on the

use of this evidence. In fact, each time this type of evidence was

presented, the circuit court gave a limiting instruction on the use of this

evidence and told the jury that it was only admissible to show Perez's

motive. "Jurors are presumed to follow the court's instructions."

Thompson v. State, 153 So. 3d 84, 171 (Ala. Crim. App. 2012).

55
CR-2024-0206

Alternatively, the State argues that this evidence was admissible

because it was part of the res gestae and "part of the chain or sequence

of events which became part of the history of the case and formed part of

the natural development of the facts." (State's brief at p. 31.) We agree

with the State and the circuit court that the fact that Perez was on

probation was a necessary factor to complete the story of why Perez was

on the run from police and why Off. Tuder was actively seeking to locate

him.16

The probative value of the evidence outweighed any possible

prejudice. See Rule 403, Ala. R. Evid. Indeed, the circuit court, in an

effort to minimize the impact of the evidence of prior YO adjudications

ruled that only the fact that Perez was on probation was admissible and

that the crimes for which he was adjudicated that resulted in that

probation were not to be mentioned at trial. (R. 3651.)

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion in allowing evidence that Perez was on probation

16This exception to the exclusionary rule is discussed in more detail

in Part V of this opinion.
56
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from YO adjudications at the time that he shot and killed Off. Tuder.

Accordingly, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

V.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in not excluding

highly irrelevant and prejudicial prior-act evidence under Rule 404(b),

Ala. R. Evid. Specifically, he argues that the circuit court erred in

allowing the State to present evidence indicating that he stole three

different cars, broke into a fourth car, and stole a .40 caliber pistol from

that fourth car in the 10-day period from January 9 to January 18, 2019,

immediately before Off. Tuder was shot and killed on January 20. Perez

says that the offenses were not relevant, were not connected to each

other, and evidence of them was too prejudicial to be admitted.

The record shows that Perez moved in limine to prevent the State

from referencing the five property crimes because, he argued, admission

evidence of those crimes would violate Rule 404(b), Ala. R. Evid. After a

hearing, the circuit court ruled that evidence of the crimes was

admissible to prove Perez's motive. The circuit court stated:

"It shows the sequence of events in a very close proximate
amount of time, within two weeks of the shooting, what he
was doing, why he was acting the way he was to try to avoid
capture -- trying to evade capture, to try to resist arrest, to try

57
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to run, whatever he was doing, all of these things contributed,
they say -- I'm not saying -- they say contributed to the event
that happened on the on the terrible day. That's what they
say."

(R. 3625-26.) After more argument, the circuit court concluded: "And so

the State can argue them. Now, the State -- they're not automatically in

evidence by virtue of my ruling." (R. R. 3637.) Based on the circuit court's

comments, it is clear that the circuit court's pretrial ruling was not a final

ruling. (R. 3637.) When a pretrial ruling is conditional, the defendant

must object when the evidence is admitted to properly preserve that issue

for appellate review. See Phillips, supra.

The record further shows that the first witness, Sgt. Owens,

testified that the gun used by Perez in the shooting was traced back to a

gun that had been stolen out of a vehicle. (R. 3800.) No objection was

made. Charles Petty testified that, on January 20, 2019, he owned an

F-150 truck and that, after he heard about the shooting at the Peach

Place Apartments, a location not far from his house, he went to his truck

to see if his firearm was still in his vehicle. (R. 3864.) He reported that

his gun had been stolen, and Sgt. Owens contacted him. (R. 3866.) Perez

did not object that this evidence violated Rule 404(b). Kaitlyn Davis

testified that on January 9, 2019, her 2013 Honda Accord was stolen

58
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when it was parked on the street in front of a friend's house. Perez did

not object to this testimony. Davis further testified that her car was

recovered about a week later, that the car had been trashed, and that all

of the tires were popped. (R. 5141.) Perez's only objection was that this

evidence was not relevant. Cpl. Russell Benefield of the Mobile County

Sheriff's Office testified that, after fingerprints were collected from a

receipt found in a stolen Honda vehicle, those prints were matched to

Perez. (R. 5180.) Perez did not object to this testimony. Howard Cassidy

testified that he was a friend of Perez's and that, around December 18,

2018, he saw Perez, that Perez had a gun, and that he told Cassidy that

that gun had been stolen. (R. 4042.) Perez made no objection that this

evidence violated Rule 404(b). Bradley Hudson with the Mobile Police

Department testified that he issued a BOLO for a 2009 Lincoln MKX

because the vehicle had been reported stolen. Defense counsel stated:

"Judge, of course, we had previously made objections about the entire

subject matter. Without waiving those, we have no objection to this." (R.

5285.) The circuit court then gave a detailed limiting instruction on the

use of the evidence. (R. 5287.)

59
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First, the State argues that the five property crimes were

admissible to prove Perez's motive because Perez claimed self-defense

and the State had to prove that Perez's actions were intentional.

" '[T]estimony offered for the purpose of showing motive is
always admissible. McClendon v. State, 243 Ala. 218, 8 So.
2d 883 (1942). Accord, Donahoo v. State, 505 So.2d 1067 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1986). " 'It is permissible in every criminal case to
show that there was an influence, an inducement, operating
on the accused, which may have led or tempted him to commit
the offense.' McAdory v. State, 62 Ala. 154 [(1878)]."
Nickerson v. State, 205 Ala. 684, 685, 88 So. 905, 907 (1921).' "

Hatcher v. State, 646 So. 2d 676, 679 (Ala. 1994) quoting Bowden v. State,

538 So. 2d 1226, 1235 (Ala. 1988)). We agree with the circuit court that

this evidence was admissible to show Perez's motive to kill Off. Tuder.

(See our discussion in Part IV of this opinion.)

Second, the State argues that evidence of the property crimes was

admissible to tell the complete story of Perez's actions during the 10-day

crime spree that culminated in Off. Tuder's death, and thus, that they

were admissible under the res gestae or complete-story exception to the

exclusionary rule. As this Court discussed in Doster v. State, 72 So. 3d

50 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010):

" '[One such] "special circumstance" where
evidence of other crimes may be relevant and
admissible is where such evidence was part of the

60
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chain or sequence of events which became part of
the history of the case and formed part of the
natural development of the facts. Commonwealth
v. Murphy, 346 Pa. Super. 438, 499 A.2d 1080,
1082 (1985), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams,
307 Pa. 134, 148, 160 A. 602, 607 (1932). This
special circumstance, sometimes referred to as the
"res gestae" exception to the general proscription
against evidence of other crimes, is also known as
the complete story rationale, i.e., evidence of other
criminal acts is admissible "to complete the story
of the crime on trial by proving its immediate
context of happenings near in time and place." '

"Commonwealth v. Lark, 518 Pa. 290, 303, 543 A.2d 491, 497
(1988). Evidence of a defendant's criminal actions during the
course of a crime spree is admissible. See Phinizee v. State,
983 So. 2d 322, 330 (Miss. App. 2007) ('Evidence of prior bad
acts is admissible to "[t]ell the complete story so as not to
confuse the jury." '); Commonwealth v. Robinson, 581 Pa. 154,
216, 864 A.2d 460, 497 (2004) ('The initial assault on Sam-
Cali took place approximately two weeks before the Fortney
homicide and Sam-Cali's testimony provided the jury with a
"complete story" of Appellant's criminal spree from the
Burghardt homicide in August of 1992 to Appellant's capture
in July of 1993.'); St. Clair v. Commonwealth, 140 S.W.3d 510,
535 (Ky. 2004) ('Here, the trial court properly permitted the
Commonwealth to introduce evidence of Appellant's prior
crimes and bad acts that were part of a continuous course of
conduct in the form of a "crime spree" that began with
Appellant's escape from an Oklahoma jail and ended with his
flight from Trooper Bennett.'); People v. Sholl, 453 Mich. 730,
556 N.W.2d 851 (1996) (' "Evidence of other acts is admissible
when so blended or connected with the crime of which
defendant is accused that proof of one incidentally involves
the other or explains the circumstances of the crime." '); State
v. Charo, 156 Ariz. 561, 565, 754 P.2d 288, 292 (1988) (' "The
'complete story' exception to the rule excluding evidence of

61
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prior bad acts holds that evidence of other criminal acts is
admissible when so connected with the crime of which
defendant is accused that proof of one incidentally involves
the other or explains the circumstances of the crime." '); State
v. Long, 195 Or. 81, 112, 244 P.2d 1033, 1047 (1952) ('It is
fundamental that the state is entitled to the benefit of any
evidence which is relevant to the issue, even though it
concerns the commission of the collateral crimes. If evidence
of a collateral crime tends to prove the commission of the
crime charged in the indictment, the general rule of exclusion
has no application.'); State v. Schoen, 34 Or. App. 105, 109,
578 P.2d 420, 422 (1978) ('The evidence, therefore, was
relevant to complete the story of the crime charged.... The
state is not required to "sanitize" its evidence by deleting
background information to the point that the evidence
actually presented seems improbable or incredible.').

"As we stated in Cothren v. State, 705 So. 2d 849 (Ala.
Crim. App. 1997):

" 'We agree with the trial court's ruling in
receiving evidence of collateral offenses under the
above exceptions. "The two crimes are intertwined
and connected to such an extent that they form one
continuous transaction." Bush [v. State], 695 So.
2d [70,] 86 [(Ala. Crim. App. 1995)]. C. Gamble,
McElroy's Alabama Evidence, § 70.01(12)(b) (5th
ed.1996), in regard to the res gestae exception,
states, "The prosecution may prove the accused's
commission of collateral crimes, wrongs or acts if
the evidence warrants a reasonable inference that
such other crime was a part of the same
transaction as the now-charged homicide."

" 'The appellant's foremost argument
regarding this issue does not dispute the
exceptions to the general exclusionary rule, but
rather, argues that the 'common plan or scheme'

62
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exception does not apply to this particular capital
offense. Specifically, he argues that because 12
hours had elapsed between the two murders, the
act could not be part of one "common plan or
scheme." We disagree.

" 'In Ex parte Windsor, 683 So. 2d 1042, 1053
(Ala. 1996), the Alabama Supreme Court stated:

" ' "The robbery and murder of
Rayford Howard and the robbery and
murder of Randall Earl Pepper
occurred only hours apart, on the same
day. Both victims were convenience
store owners, and the crimes were
factually similar. Therefore, the trial
court did not err in admitting evidence
regarding Windsor's participation in
the robbery and murder of Randall
Earl Pepper."

" 'See also Guthrie v. State, 616 So. 2d 914 (Ala. Cr.
App. 1993).

" 'The Alabama Supreme Court in Windsor
created no time limitation. The facts of this case
clearly establish that the collateral capital
offenses were part of a continuous crime spree.'

"705 So. 2d at 859-60.

"Clearly, evidence of the collateral crimes that were
committed during the two-week crime spree was correctly
received into evidence in order to tell the complete story of the
actions of Doster and his codefendant from the time they
escaped from the Covington County jail on November 4, 2002,
until they were eventually apprehended in Texas on
November 18, 2002. The collateral offenses explained how

63
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Doster and Phillips came to be in possession of the murder
weapon, how they obtained the clothes they were wearing
when they were arrested, how they obtained certain other
items that were discovered in the truck, and the extent of
their efforts to elude police after their escape from the
Covington County jail."

Doster, 72 So. 3d at 88-89. See Thompson v. State, 153 So. 3d 84, 136-37

(Ala. Crim. App. 2012). Other courts agree with our holding in Doster.

See Mosley v. State, 307 Ga. 711, 715, 838 S.E.2d 289, 296 (2020) ("[T]he

evidence suggests that [LaQuan] Brown and [Rashad] Mosley engaged in

a week-long crime spree. The burglary of [Prince] Owens 'was a link in

the chain of events leading up to [Carter's] murder."); United States v.

McLean, 138 F.3d 1398, 1403 (11th Cir. 1998) quoting United States v.

Williford, 764 F.2d 1493, 1499 (11th Cir. 1985)) (" 'Evidence, not part of

the crime charged but pertaining to the chain of events explaining the

context, motive and set-up of the crime, is properly admitted if it is linked

in time and circumstances with the charged crime, or forms an integral

and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary to complete

the story of the crime for the jury.' ").

In this section of Perez's brief, he also argues that, because these

property charges were severed from his capital-murder charge, that fact

alone showed that evidence of the property crimes should not have been

64
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admitted pursuant to Rule 404(b). When granting Perez's motion to

sever the charges, the circuit court specifically stated:

"Upon consideration of the totality of the facts and
circumstances presented, and the record before this Circuit
Court, the Court finds that the non-capital offenses are not of
a 'same or similar character' to the capital offense and the
non-capital offenses do not have a 'general likeness' to the
capital offense. This Court further finds that while there are
connections between the alleged commission of the capital
offense and the non-capital offenses, those connections are
limited and are not sufficient alone to prevent severance or to
justify consolidation under Rule 13.4, [Ala. R. Crim. P.] The
Court also finds that the non-capital offenses share no
common characteristics with the capital offenses. Further,
even assuming for purposes of analysis that certain evidence
of the non-capital offenses would be admissible for 404(b) or
other purposes at the trial of the capital offense, that factor
alone is not sufficient to prevent severance."

(Suppl. C. 583.)

The crime-spree evidence was relevant to show why the Mobile

Police Department Gang Unit was actively pursuing Perez and why Off.

Tuder was at the location where he ultimately confronted Perez. It was

admissible to show the lengths that Perez resorted to in order to avoid

arrest. Also, the testimony that Perez stole a pistol was relevant to show

how Perez came to be in possession of the gun that he used to kill Off.

Tuder. We agree that the crimes committed in the 10-day period after

Perez left his parent's home and was actively evading police and in

65
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violation of his probation were necessary to complete the story of the

escalating events that resulted in Off. Tuder's death.

In Hosch v. State, 155 So. 3d 1048 (Ala. Crim. App. 2013), this Court

held that if Rule 404(b) evidence is admitted under the res gestae

exception no limiting instruction is necessary.

"Other jurisdictions that have considered this issue have
concluded that a limiting instruction is not required when
evidence of other crimes or prior bad acts is properly admitted
as part of the res gestae of the crime with which the defendant
is charged. See People v. Coney, 98 P.3d 930 (Colo. Ct. App.
2004) (holding that evidence of other offenses or acts that are
part and parcel of the charged offense is admissible as res
gestae and may be admitted without a limiting instruction);
State v. Long, 173 N.J. 138, 171, 801 A.2d 221, 242 (2002)
(evidence of the defendant's actions 'served to paint a
complete picture of the relevant criminal transaction' and
therefore was admissible, and a limiting instruction was
unnecessary because the evidence was admitted under the res
gestae exception); and Camacho v. State, 864 S.W.2d 524, 535
(Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (holding the evidence of the extraneous
offenses showed the context in which the criminal act
occurred, i.e., the res gestae, and was therefore admissible
and not subject to the requirement of a limiting instruction)."

155 So. 3d at 1084.

Moreover, we agree with the circuit court that the probative value

of the evidence outweighed its prejudicial effect. See Rule 403, Ala. R.

Evid. The property crimes were a vital part of the story of Perez's actions

and reflected the extent that Perez was willing to go to evade police. They

66
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were also admissible to establish Perez's motive to kill Off. Tuder. The

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing this evidence to be

admitted. Therefore, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

VI.

Perez next argues that the circuit court improperly allowed a State

witness, Det. Jermaine Rogers, to narrate the presentation of still

photographs that had been taken from a video of the confrontation

between Perez and Off. Tuder. He argues that Det. Rogers's testimony

violated Rules 602 and 701, Ala. R. Evid.,17 because he had no personal

knowledge of what occurred on the video or still photographs. (This

evidence was admitted as State's Exhibit number 6.) Specifically, he

argues that Det. Rogers should not have been allowed to narrate the

17Rule 602, Ala. R. Evid., states: "A witness may not testify to a
matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that
the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove
personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness's own
testimony. This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 703 [Ala. R.
Evid.,] relating to opinion testimony by expert witnesses."

Rule 701, Ala. R. Evid., states: "If the witness is not testifying as
an expert, the witness's testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is
limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on
the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of
the witness's testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.
67
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presentation of the photographs because his comments implied that

Perez should have known that Off. Tuder was a police officer. As stated

previously, Perez argued that he had acted in self-defense in shooting Off.

Tuder and that he did not know that he was a police officer.

The State first asserts that this issue is not properly preserved

because, when this testimony was presented, Perez's only objection was

the following: "Judge, I'm going to have to object to narration. I mean, it

speaks for itself. We don't have to have the witness to tell the jury what's

going on in the picture." (R. 5098.) The circuit court overruled the

objection and explained: "Just for the record, the reason the Court's

allowing it, this is an examination of a witness who's one of the

investigating detectives and the jury is seeing what's going on at the

same time. He's not just narrating without a picture being up there." (R.

5099.) Perez did not make the argument at trial that he now makes in

his brief on appeal. Thus, we review this claim for plain error. See Rule

45A, Ala. R. App. P.

The State further argues that "Det. Rogers merely identified

individuals and items shown in the still images; he did not offer any

opinion or provide inferences beyond what was captured." (State's brief

68
CR-2024-0206

at p. 49.) Perez suggests that Det. Rogers told the jury that there was

evidence that showed that Off. Tuder's police badge was clearly visible

when he opened his car door. However, our review of the record does not

support Perez's assertions. Det. Rogers identified individuals on still

images made from the video of the shooting and identified the location of

Off. Tuder's gun and the location of his badge on his person. Also, like

defense counsel stated in the quote above, the video speaks for itself. The

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Det. Rogers to make

comments on the photographs. Accordingly, Perez is due no relief on this

claim.

VII.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in allowing the State

to admit evidence indicating that Perez had falsely reported that he had

been kidnapped, that his parents had reported to police that he was

missing, and that the false allegations had resulted in his being convicted

of a misdemeanor offense.

The record shows that Perez filed a motion to exclude this evidence.

At a pretrial hearing, this issue was discussed. (R. 3550-54.) Six months

after Off. Tuder was shot, Perez pleaded guilty to making a false

69
CR-2024-0206

statement to police by reporting a fake kidnapping. (R. 3542.) The State

asserted that it intended to present evidence that Perez had pleaded

guilty to that charge and "reported the kidnapping to avoid law

enforcement." (R. 3543.) It asserted that such evidence was admissible

to give "a complete picture to the jury about the events surrounding" the

shooting, that it was admissible to show motive, and that it was relevant

to Perez's state of mind because self-defense was raised in the case. (R.

3548.) Perez argued that this evidence would inflame the jury and "make

him look like a bad guy" and that its prejudice outweighed its probative

value. (R. 3542.) The following occurred:

"[Prosecutor]: The kidnapping is the catalyst that got all of
this started. Had he not faked his kidnapping, and had he
gone to his federal probation officer on the 8th, we wouldn't
be here.

"[Defense counsel]: I think the 'and' part -- maybe the second
half of the 'and.' But this didn't get started because he faked
a kidnapping. It started because he didn't show up in Federal
Court.

"THE COURT: So the definition of relevant evidence.
Relevant evidence means, quote, evidence having any
tendency -- that's the first part -- to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence. That's materiality, a fact of
consequence -- to the determination of the act more probable
or less. That's probative. Is it probative or not -- then it would
be without the evidence.

70
CR-2024-0206

"So relevant evidence means -- I'm going to read it all
together now -- evidence meaning -- evidence having any
tendency -- any tendency -- to make the existence of any fact
of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.

"I have to find that this is relevant. I have to find it's
relevant because it bears directly on his motive and why he
acted the way he did on the day of the shooting.

"Now, the question is whether the remoteness of it, you
know, if I consider materiality and probative value. It meets
the relevancy definition under [Rule] 401.

"You argue about remoteness of time. So the question
there becomes a [Rule] 403[18] balancing issue, as I see it.

"And [Rule] 403 says, although relevant, evidence may
be excluded. In other words, it can still be excluded if … its
relevance if the probative value, that is, whether it's more
probable or less, is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
jury. And that's squarely what you're arguing.

"[Defense counsel]: Yes, sir.

"THE COURT: And it's [a] compelling argument -- or it's a
good faith argument, I should say. It's a good faith argument.

"But, given that chronology and sequence of events, I do
not find, as I do my trial judge discretion of weighing the

18Rule 403, Ala. R. Evid., states: "Although relevant, evidence may

be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury,
or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence."
71
CR-2024-0206

danger of unfair prejudice versus probative value, that is, I do
not find that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially
outweighs the probative value. I just can't find that, given the
totality of the circumstances. So the Court's going to deny
that motion in limine."

(R. 3552-54.) The ruling on this motion was a final ruling that preserved

this issue for appeal. See Saunders v. State, 10 So. 3d 53, 87 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2007).

Sgt. Owens testified that he assisted in the investigation of the

kidnapping report that Perez's parents had made, based on text messages

they had received from Perez's cellular telephone, on January 8, 2019;

that, after an investigation, that report was determined to be false; and

that as a result, an arrest warrant for making a false report was issued

for Perez on January 9 or January 10. (R. 3794.) Municipal Court Judge

Holmes Whiddon testified that, on July 23, 2019, Perez "appeared for a

trial. A plea bargain was worked out, a negotiated plea, and I accepted

his plea of guilty and imposed a sentence." (R. 3955.) At the plea hearing,

Judge Whiddon said, Perez admitted that he made a false report to "avoid

law enforcement." (R. 3966.)

After Judge Whiddon's testimony, the circuit court, ex mero motu,

gave the following limiting instruction on the use of this evidence:

72
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"I charge you that you may only consider that evidence
as potentially bearing on the Defendant's motive at the time
of the incident made the basis of the capital murder
indictment.

"You may not consider that evidence as a basis to
conclude that, on the date of the incident made the basis of
the capital murder indictment, the Defendant acted in
conformity with that alleged prior conduct, and may not
consider that evidence as a basis to conclude that the
Defendant committed the acts made the basis of the capital
murder indictment."

(R. 3934-35.) A similar instruction was also given after Sgt. Owen's

testimony.

Perez argues that evidence of the false report was not admissible

for purposes of showing his motive, that it was not reasonably necessary

to the State's case, and that it was unduly prejudicial. The State argues

that this evidence was admissible for two reasons -- to show Perez's

motive and to tell the complete story of the events leading up to Off.

Tuder's murder. We agree that this evidence was admissible to show

motive.

" 'The question of admissibility of evidence is generally left to
the discretion of the trial court, and the trial court's
determination on that question will not be reversed except
upon a clear showing of abuse of discretion.' Ex parte Loggins,
771 So. 2d 1093, 1103 (Ala. 2000). 'A trial court has wide
discretion in determining whether to exclude or to admit
evidence, and the trial court's determination on the

73
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admissibility of evidence will not be reversed in the absence
of an abuse of that discretion.' Woodward v. State, 123 So. 3d
989, 1014 (Ala. Crim. App. 2011). Additionally, '[t]rial courts
are vested with considerable discretion in determining
whether evidence is relevant, and such a determination will
not be reversed absent plain error or an abuse of discretion.'
Hayes v. State, 717 So. 2d 30, 36 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997)."

Floyd v. State, 289 So. 3d 337, 409 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017).

"Evidence tending to establish motive is always
admissible. Perkins v. State, 808 So. 2d 1041, 1084 (Ala.
Crim. App. 1999), aff'd, 808 So. 2d 1143 (Ala. 2001), vacated
on other ground, 536 U.S. 953, 122 S.Ct. 2653, 153 L.Ed.2d
830 (2002). See also McElroy's Alabama Evidence §
70.01(12)(e). … 'If the prior bad act falls within [the motive]
exception and is relevant and reasonably necessary to the
State's case, and the evidence that the accused committed
that act is clear and conclusive, it is admissible.' Boyd v.
State, 715 So. 2d 825, 838 (Ala. Crim. App. 1997), aff'd, 715
So. 2d 852 (Ala.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 968, 119 S.Ct. 416, 142
L.Ed.2d 338 (1998)."

Irvin v. State, 940 So. 2d 331, 350 (Ala. Crim. App. 2005).

Moreover, the evidence was admissible to tell the complete story of

the events that led to Off. Tuder's death.

"Evidence of the accused's commission of another crime
or act is admissible if such other incident is inseparably
connected with the now-charged crime. Such collateral
misconduct has historically been admitted as falling within
the res gestae of the crime for which the accused is being
prosecuted. Most modern courts avoid use of the term 'res
gestae' because of the difficulty in measuring its boundaries.
The better descriptive expression is perhaps found in the
requirement that the collateral act be contemporaneous with

74
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the charged crime. This rule is often expressed in terms of the
other crime and the now-charged crime being parts of one
continuous transaction or one continuous criminal
occurrence. This is believed to be the ground of admission
intended when the courts speak in terms of admitting other
acts to show the 'complete story' of the charged crime. The
collateral acts must be viewed as an integral and natural part
of the circumstances surrounding the commission of the
charged crime."

Harris v. State, 2 So. 3d 880, 908 (Ala. Crim. App. 2007).

For these reasons, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion in allowing the State to present evidence indicating that Perez

was convicted of making a false report to police. Accordingly, Perez is

due no relief on this claim.

VIII.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in allowing the State

to admit what, he says, were highly irrelevant and prejudicial

photographs of Off. Tuder's body. Perez does not cite the specific exhibit

numbers of the photographs he challenges on appeal, but he does list the

page numbers of the record where copies of those photographs are

contained.

The pages numbers cited by Perez correspond to State's Exhibits

291 through 307. (C. 434-50.) All of these exhibits are photographs that

75
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show Off. Tuder's body after he had received medical treatment and after

his death. State's Exhibits 291 through 295 are close-up photographs of

Off. Tuder's head and upper body; State's Exhibit 296 is a full-body

photograph; State's Exhibits 297 through 299 are close-up photographs

of Off. Tuder's hand; State's Exhibit 300 through 302 are photographs of

Off. Tuder's arm raised to show the trajectory of a bullet; State's Exhibit

303 is a photograph of Off. Tuder's back; and State's Exhibits 304 through

307 are close-up photographs that show no injuries but show the top of

Off. Tuder's pants, with one showing a gun holster and one showing a set

of handcuffs.

The record further shows that the photographs were admitted when

former Lt. Joseph Rose of the Mobile Police Department testified that he

went to Providence Hospital when he learned where Off. Tuder had been

taken and that he took the photographs of Off. Tuder's body. (R. 4954-

55.) When the State moved to admit State's Exhibits 290 through 313,

defense counsel objected and stated: "No objection to 297. No objection

to 298. No objection to 299. … No objection to 303. No objection to 304.

I don't think we have an objection to the rest." (R. 4956.) Counsel

specifically stated that he objected to State's Exhibits 291, 292, 293, 296,

76
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300, and 302. (R. 4957.) He asserted that those photographs were "overly

prejudicial" and not probative. The State asserted that the photographs

of Off. Tuder were "needed to show the injuries." (R. 4958.) At the

conclusion of the discussion, the circuit court stated:

"They are very graphic in nature. And I do have to do
the[Rule] 403 balancing. I'm very aware of the law governing
these types of pictures and it's widely within the discretion of
the Court. And I think all of the pictures have a probative
value. I do not find that the probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of prejudice or confusion of the
issues. So I'm going to allow them all in."

(R. 4960.)

As this Court has stated:

"Photographic evidence is admissible in a criminal
prosecution if it tends to prove or disprove some disputed or
material issue, to illustrate some relevant fact or evidence, or
to corroborate or dispute other evidence in the case.
Photographs that tend to shed light on, to strengthen, or to
illustrate other testimony presented may be admitted into
evidence. Chunn v. State, 339 So. 2d 1100, 1102 (Ala. Cr. App.
1976). To be admissible, the photographic material must be a
true and accurate representation of the subject that it
purports to represent. Mitchell v. State, 450 So. 2d 181, 184
(Ala. Cr. App. 1984). The admission of such evidence lies
within the sound discretion of the trial court. Fletcher v.
State, 291 Ala. 67, 277 So. 2d 882, 883 (1973); Donahoo v.
State, 505 So. 2d 1067, 1071 (Ala. Cr. App. 1986) (videotape
evidence). Photographs illustrating crime scenes have been
admitted into evidence, as have photographs of victims and
their wounds. E.g., Hill v. State, 516 So. 2d 876 (Ala. Cr. App.
1987). Furthermore, photographs that show the external

77
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wounds of a deceased victim are admissible even though the
evidence is gruesome and cumulative and relates to
undisputed matters. E.g., Burton v. State, 521 So. 2d 91 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1987). Finally, photographic evidence, if relevant, is
admissible even if it has a tendency to inflame the minds of
the jurors. Hutto v. State, 465 So. 2d 1211, 1212 (Ala. Cr.
App. 1984)."

Ex parte Siebert, 555 So. 2d 780, 783-84 (Ala. 1989). "The fact that a

photograph is gruesome is not grounds to exclude it as long as the

photograph sheds light on issues being tried." Ex parte Bankhead, 585

So. 2d 112, 118 (Ala. 1991). The circuit court did not abuse its

considerable discretion in allowing the photographs to be admitted into

evidence. For these reasons, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

IX.

Perez next argues that the circuit court erred in allowing the

admission of an autopsy report and testimony from a doctor who did not

perform the autopsy on Off. Tuder's body because, he says, the testimony

and the report violated the Confrontation Clause and the United States

Supreme Court's holding in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004).

Specifically, he argues that the autopsy report was testimonial in nature

and that it was a violation of his right to confrontation to have someone

who did not conduct the autopsy admit that report.

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Dr. Frank Dunton testified that in 2019 he was employed by the

Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences and that the autopsy on Off.

Tuder's body had been conducted by Dr. Staci Turner. Dr. Turner was

no longer employed at the department and had moved to another state,

he said. (R. 5345.) Dr. Dunton testified to the procedures that are

performed when conducting an autopsy, that he was the supervisor over

death investigations, and that he had reviewed Dr. Turner's autopsy

report and all other documentation that had been compiled during that

autopsy. It was normal practice, he said, to review the results of other

medical examiner's findings. (R. 5346.) Dr. Dunton testified that the

autopsy performed in this case "conform[ed] to the standard autopsy

protocols at the Department of Forensic Sciences." (R. 5346.) Off. Tuder

had "eight separate wounds that were associated with gunshots" and died

of those multiple gunshot wounds, Dr. Dunton said. (R. 5351.)

The record also shows that, when the State requested that Dr.

Dunton be considered an expert in the field of forensic pathology, defense

counsel specifically stated that he had no objection. (R. 5342.) Also,

immediately before Dr. Dunton testified, the State moved to admit the

autopsy report as State's Exhibit 347.

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CR-2024-0206

"[Prosecutor]: And State's exhibit 347, the autopsy report,
Your Honor.

"THE COURT: Any objection?

"[Defense counsel]: No, sir.

"THE COURT: It's in without objection."

(R. 5339.) During Dr. Dunton's testimony, Perez did not object that his

right to confrontation was being violated. Thus, we review this issue for

plain error. See Rule 45A, Ala. R. App. P.

This Court has held that autopsy reports are not testimonial in

nature and are admissible under the business-records exception to the

hearsay rule.

"In Perkins v. State, 897 So. 2d 457 (Ala. Crim. App.
2004), we held that it was not a violation of the Confrontation
Clause to admit an autopsy report without the medical
examiner's testimony or testimony indicating that he or she
was not available. We stated:

" 'In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36,
124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004), the United
States Supreme Court held that the admission of
a wife's out-of-court statements to police officers,
regarding an incident in which the defendant, her
husband, allegedly stabbed the victim, violated the
Confrontation Clause. The Supreme Court stated
that an out-of-court statement by a witness that is
testimonial is barred under the Confrontation
Clause, unless the witness is unavailable and the
defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-

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examine the witness, regardless of whether such
statement is deemed reliable by the trial court,
abrogating its previous holding in Ohio v.
Roberts[, 448 U.S. 56 (1980)]. While the Supreme
Court applied a stricter standard to the admission
of testimonial hearsay, however, it did not do so
with regard to nontestimonial hearsay, noting:

" ' "Where nontestimonial hearsay is at
issue, it is wholly consistent with the
Framers' design to afford the States
flexibility in their development of
hearsay law -- as does Roberts, and as
would an approach that exempted such
statements from Confrontation Clause
scrutiny altogether."

" '541 U.S. at 68, 124 S.Ct. at 1374, 158 L.Ed.2d at
203.

" 'Unlike the hearsay in Crawford v.
Washington, the hearsay at issue in this case is
nontestimonial in nature -- an autopsy report on
the victim, Wysteria Mathews. As the Court noted
in White [v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992)]:
"[w]here [the] proffered hearsay has sufficient
guarantees of reliability to come within a firmly
rooted exception to the hearsay rule, the
Confrontation Clause is satisfied." 502 U.S. at
356.

" 'Both Alabama and federal caselaw have
recognized that the business records exception is a
firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule. See,
e.g., McNabb v. State, 887 So.2d 929, 969
(Ala.Crim.App.2001); Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. at
66 n. 8, 100 S.Ct. 2531. Moreover, under Alabama
law, 'An autopsy report made in the regular course

81
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of business is admissible under the business
records exception.' 2 Charles W. Gamble,
McElroy's Alabama Evidence § 254.01(18) (5th
ed.1996) (footnote omitted). See also Adams v.
State, 955 So. 2d 1037, 1072-73 (Ala. Crim. App.
2003); Baker v. State, 473 So. 2d 1127, 1129 (Ala.
Crim. App. 1984). The results of Dr. Embry's
autopsy and the supporting materials are business
records, which bear the earmark of reliability or
probability of trustworthiness and further the
" 'integrity of the fact-finding process,' " see Coy v.
Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1020, 108 S.Ct. 2798, 101
L.Ed.2d 857 (1988) (quoting Kentucky v. Stincer,
482 U.S. 730, 736, 107 S.Ct. 2658, 96 L.Ed.2d 631
(1987))....'

"897 So. 2d at 463-65. See Gobble v. State, 104 So. 3d 920
(Ala. Crim. App. 2010); Sharifi v. State, 993 So. 2d 907 (Ala.
Crim. App. 2008). See also Annot., Evidence -- Confrontation
Clause -- Second Circuit Holds that Autopsy Reports are not
Testimonial Evidence -- United States v. Feliz, 467 F.3d 227
(2d Cir. 2006), 120 Harv. L. Rev. 1707, 1714 (2007). In
Thompson's case, the admission of the autopsy reports, which
were nontestimonial in nature, did not implicate the
Confrontation Clause or Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.
36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)."

Thompson v. State, 153 So. 3d 84, 128-29 (Ala. Crim. App. 2012). See

also Henderson v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0044, May 3, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___

(Ala. Crim. App. 2024).

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Moreover, Perez does not argue on appeal that the State failed to

comply with Rule 803(6), Ala. R. Evid.19 Indeed, our review of the record

shows that the State fully complied with this Rule. Furthermore, the

majority of the testimony that Perez cites was testimony based not on the

autopsy report, but on Dr. Dunton's knowledge as an expert pathologist,

specifically, the trajectory of bullets and the result of the injuries that

Off. Tuder sustained as a result of those bullets.

Dr. Dunton's testimony concerning the cause of Off. Tuder's death

did not constitute reversible error.

"In addition, Dr. [Frank] Dunton, who was subject to
cross-examination, testified as to the causes of the victims'
deaths. And, although Dr. Dunton referred to the causes of
deaths set forth in Dr. [Kathleen] Enstice's autopsy reports,
he did not merely recite her conclusions. Instead, Dr. Dunton
testified that he had conducted an 'in-depth review' of 'the

19Rule 803(6), Ala. R. Evid., provides that the following are not
excluded by the hearsay rule:

"A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form,
of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the
time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if
kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was
the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum,
report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the
custodian or other qualified witness, or by certification that complies
with Rule 902(11), Rule 902(12), [Ala. R. Evid.,] or a statute permitting
certification, unless the source of information or the method or
circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness."
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entire file,' including the autopsy photographs (R. 1622), and
he provided his own expert opinions regarding the causes of
death based on his personal review of the file. (R. 1635-36,
1647-48, 1663.) Thus, Dr. Dunton's testimony was
cumulative to the information contained in the autopsy
reports. See Gobble v. State, 104 So. 3d 920, 959 (Ala. Crim.
App. 2010) (' "The erroneous admission of evidence that is
merely cumulative is harmless error." ' (quoting Dawson v.
State, 675 So. 2d 897, 900 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995))); and Ex
parte Phillips, 287 So. 3d 1179, 1209 (Ala. 2018) (holding that
any Confrontation Clause violation that had occurred was
rendered harmless by cumulative evidence)."

Henderson v. State, ___ So. 3d at ___.

Furthermore, if any error occurred, that error was harmless. The

cause of Off. Tuder's death was not in dispute. Indeed, Perez said that

he shot Off. Tuder but acted in self-defense.

"Regardless, as noted above, 'violations of the
Confrontation Clause are subject to harmless-error analysis.
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431,
89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986).' Smith [v. State], 898 So. 2d [907] at
917 [(Ala. Crim. App. 2004)]. As explained above, even if the
trial court erred in admitting the results of the urine
pregnancy test, that error would be, at worst, harmless
because it was cumulative to Dr. Ward's testimony that she
actually observed the 'products of conception' and to Phillips's
statement to Investigator Turner. Accordingly, Phillips is due
no relief as to this claim."

Phillips v. State, 287 So. 3d 1063, 1112 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015).

The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the autopsy

report to be admitted into evidence and in allowing Dr. Dunton to testify

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concerning the cause of Off. Tuder's death. Accordingly, Perez is due no

relief on this claim.

X.

Perez next argues that his conviction should be reversed after the

admission of victim-impact evidence in the guilt phase of his capital-

murder trial because, he argues, that evidence was not relevant to any

issue of guilt. Specifically, he argues that the State called Off. Tuder's

wife, Kristen Tuder, and that she testified concerning "her experience on

the day of her husband's death." (Perez's brief at p. 97.)

The record shows that Kristen was asked if her husband received a

telephone call on the day he was shot. She testified that after the

telephone call her husband got dressed, that he left in his "regular car,"

that she texted him, that he did not respond, that she started to worry,

that she was informed of the shooting, and that she "freaked out." (R.

4632.) Perez made no objection during her testimony that her testimony

constituted improper victim-impact testimony.

"It is well settled that victim-impact statements ' "are
admissible during the guilt phase of a criminal trial only if the
statements are relevant to a material issue of the guilt phase.
Testimony that has no probative value on any material
question of fact or inquiry is inadmissible." ' Ex parte Crymes,
630 So. 2d 125, 126 (Ala.1993) (emphasis in original)."

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McCray v. State, 88 So. 3d 1, 37 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010).

The State first argues that Kristen's testimony was not victim-

impact evidence but that her testimony explained her husband's actions

on the day of the shooting and was "relevant to prove the circumstances

leading to the crime and to show that Off. Tuder was going to work when

he left his house." (State's brief at p. 78.)

"This Court has explained that, to be victim-impact
evidence, the evidence must ' " 'typically "describe the effect of
the crime on the victim and his family." ' " ' Russell v. State,
272 So. 3d 1134, 1162 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017) (quoting Townes
v. State, 253 So. 3d 447, 474 (Ala. Crim. App. 2015) (opinion
on return to remand), quoting in turn Turner v. State, 924 So.
2d 737, 770 (Ala. Crim. App. 2002), quoting in turn Payne v.
Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 821, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed. 2d
720 (1991)) (emphasis added). If it does not describe the effect
of the crime on the victim or the victim's family, then it is not
victim-impact evidence."

Brooks v. State, 340 So. 3d 410, 463 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020). We agree

with the State's assessment of the evidence.

Moreover, in Ex parte Rieber, 663 So. 2d 999 (Ala. 1995), the

Alabama Supreme Court held that the admission of victim-impact

evidence in the guilt phase of a capital-murder trial may be harmless

error.

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"We agree with Rieber that Mr. Craig's [the victim's
husband's] testimony concerning Ms. Craig's children, their
ages, and the status of their custody after the murder was not
relevant with respect to the question of his guilt or innocence
and, therefore, that it was inadmissible in the guilt phase of
the trial. The only issue before the jury during the guilt phase
of the trial was whether Rieber had robbed and killed Ms.
Craig. However, in Ex parte Crymes, 630 So. 2d 125 (Ala.
1993), a plurality of this Court held in a capital murder case
in which the defendant was sentenced to life-imprisonment
without parole that a judgment of conviction can be upheld if
the record conclusively shows that the admission of the victim
impact evidence during the guilt phase of the trial did not
affect the outcome of the trial or otherwise prejudice a
substantial right of the defendant. See, also, Giles v. State,
632 So. 2d 568 (Ala. Crim. App. 1992), aff'd, 632 So. 2d 577
(Ala. 1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1213, 114 S.Ct. 2694, 129
L.Ed.2d 825 (1994); Ex parte Parker, 610 So.2d 1181 (Ala.
1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 929, 113 S.Ct. 3053, 125 L.Ed.2d
737 (1993); Lawhorn v. State, [581 So. 2d 1159 (Ala. Crim.
App. 1990), aff'd, 581 So. 2d 1179 (Ala. 1991) ]; Hooks v. State,
534 So. 2d 329 (Ala. Crim. App. 1987), aff'd, 534 So. 2d 371
(Ala. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1050, 109 S.Ct. 883, 102
L.Ed.2d 1005 (1989); and Ex parte Whisenhant, [555 So. 2d
235 (Ala. 1989)], applying a harmless error analysis in death
penalty cases. Our review of the record indicates that Rieber's
attorneys did not object to Mr. Craig's brief references to Ms.
Craig's children or ask him any questions on cross-
examination. The trial court clearly instructed the jury that
it had to determine, based on all of the evidence, whether
Rieber had robbed and killed Ms. Craig. The jury was
instructed that it could not find Rieber guilty unless the
prosecutor had established his guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. The jury was also instructed not to let sympathy or
prejudice affect its verdict. We caution prosecutors that the
introduction of victim impact evidence during the guilt phase
of a capital murder trial can result in reversible error if the
record indicates that it probably distracted the jury and kept

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it from performing its duty of determining the guilt or
innocence of the defendant based on the admissible evidence
and the applicable law. However, after examining the record
in its entirety, we conclude that the aforementioned portions
of Mr. Craig's testimony, although they should not have been
permitted, did not operate to deny Rieber a fair trial. It is
presumed that jurors do not leave their common sense at the
courthouse door. It would elevate form over substance for us
to hold, based on the record before us, that Rieber did not
receive a fair trial simply because the jurors were told what
they probably had already suspected -- that Ms. Craig was not
a 'human island,' but a unique individual whose murder had
inevitably had a profound impact on her children, spouse,
parents, friends, or dependents (paraphrasing a portion of
Justice Souter's opinion concurring in the judgment in Payne
v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 838, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 2615, 115
L.Ed.2d 720 (1991))."

Ex parte Rieber, 663 So. 2d at 1005-06. This Court has repeatedly held

that the admission of some victim-impact evidence at the guilt phase of

a capital-murder trial does not constitute reversible error. See Ex parte

Rieber, supra; Johnson v. State, [Ms. CR-2023-0911, Dec. 19, 2025] ___

So. 3d ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2025); Keaton v. State, 375 So. 3d 44 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2021); Campbell v. State, 241 So. 3d 749 (Ala. Crim. App.

2017); Wilson v. State, 142 So. 3d 732 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010). We agree

with the State that if any of Kristen's testimony could be victim-impact

evidence, its admission was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Accordingly, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

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CR-2024-0206

XI.

Perez next argues that the prosecutor repeatedly engaged in

misconduct that denied him a fair trial. In his brief, he lists four different

grounds to support this claim.

Perez did not object to all the now-challenged instances of

prosecutorial misconduct. As this Court has noted:

" 'While this failure to object does not preclude review in
a capital case, it does weigh against any claim of prejudice.'
Ex parte Kennedy, 472 So. 2d [1106,] 1111 [(Ala. 1985)] ….
'This court has concluded that the failure to object to improper
prosecutorial arguments ... should be weighed as part of our
evaluation of the claim on the merits because of its suggestion
that the defense did not consider the comments in question to
be particularly harmful.' Johnson v. Wainwright, 778 F.2d
623, 629 n.6 (11th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 872, 108
S.Ct. 201, 98 L.Ed.2d 152 (1987)."

Kuenzel v. State, 577 So. 2d 474, 489 (Ala. Crim. App. 1990).

" 'Prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments rarely
constitutes plain error that requires reversal.' People v.
Walters, 148 P.3d 331, 335 (Colo. App. 2006). ' "[T]he
impropriety of the argument must be gross indeed in order for
this Court to hold that a trial judge abused his discretion in
not recognizing and correcting ex mero motu an argument
which defense counsel apparently did not believe was
prejudicial when he heard it." State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 355,
369, 259 S.E.2d 752, 761 (1979).' State v. Gregory, 340 N.C.
365, 424, 459 S.E.2d 638, 672 (1995)."

Iervolino v. State, 402 So. 3d 844, 882 (Ala. Crim. App. 2023).

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CR-2024-0206

A.

Perez first argues that in the guilt-phase closing argument the

prosecutor misrepresented the facts by referring to Perez as a "fleeing

felon" who had been "convicted of multiple felonies." (Perez's brief at p.

99.) Perez asserts that he had prior adjudications as a youthful offender,

and such adjudications, he says, are not felonies.

The record shows that, in the State's rebuttal closing argument, the

prosecutor argued:

"You might not like what [Off. Tuder] did out there that
day, but he did what he thought he should do in a moment to
get this criminal, the Defendant Marco Perez off the streets.

"You might think he disregarded his own safety. But he
was trying to protect everyone out there that day at Peach
Place Apartments. He was trying to protect the community
from this wanted fugitive, from a fleeing felon."

(R. 5786 (emphasis added).) Later in the same rebuttal argument, the

prosecutor stated:

"The Defendant was a dangerous person. He was
convicted of multiple felonies. He was wanted by the Federal
authorities. He was deliberately evading arrest by the police.
He was armed and dangerous and he wasn't going back to jail.
And that is when the public is most at risk."

(R. 5813 (emphasis added).) Perez made no objection to the prosecutor's

argument; thus, we review this claim for plain error. See Rule 45A, Ala.

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R. App. P. Perez's failure to object weighs against any claim of prejudice.

See Iervolino v. State, supra.

" 'In reviewing allegedly improper prosecutorial argument, we
must first determine if the argument was, in fact, improper.
If we determine that the argument was improper, the test for
review is not whether the comments influenced the jury, but
whether they might have influenced the jury in arriving at its
verdict.' Smith v. State, 698 So. 2d 189, 202-03 (Ala. Cr. App.
1996), aff'd, 698 So. 2d 219 (Ala. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S.
957, 118 S.Ct. 385, 139 L.Ed.2d 300 (1997) (citations omitted);
Bush v. State, 695 So. 2d 70, 131 (Ala. Cr. App. 1995), aff'd,
695 So. 2d 138 (Ala. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 969, 118
S.Ct. 418, 139 L.Ed.2d 320 (1997) (citations omitted). 'The
relevant question is whether the prosecutor's comments "so
infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting
conviction a denial of due process." ' Darden v. Wainwright,
477 U.S. 168, 181, 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2471, 91 L.Ed.2d 144
(1986), quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 94
S.Ct. 1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974). Comments made by the
prosecutor must be evaluated in the context of the whole trial.
Duren v. State, 590 So. 2d 360, 364 (Ala. Cr. App. 1990), aff'd,
590 So. 2d 369 (Ala. 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 974, 112
S.Ct. 1594, 118 L.Ed.2d 310 (1992). 'Prosecutorial misconduct
is subject to a harmless error analysis.' Bush v. State, 695 So.
2d at 131 (citations omitted); Smith v. State, 698 So. 2d at 203
(citations omitted)."

Simmons v. State, 797 So. 2d 1134, 1161-62 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999)

(opinion on return to remand).

" 'The test of a legitimate argument is that whatever is based
on facts in evidence is within the scope of proper comment and
argument to the jury.' Ward v. State, 440 So. 2d 1227, 1230
(Ala. Cr. App. 1983). 'Counsel for both the State and [the]
defendant are allowed wide latitude in drawing reasonable

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inferences from the evidence in their closing arguments. A
prosecutor as well as defense counsel has a right to present
[her] impression from the evidence, if reasonable, and may
argue every legitimate inference.' Manigan v. State, 402 So.
2d 1063, 1072 (Ala. Cr. App.), citations omitted, cert. denied,
402 So. 2d 1072 (Ala. 1981). 'A prosecutor may express her
opinion concerning reasonable inferences, deductions, and
conclusions to be drawn from the facts and evidence, as long
as she does not express an opinion as to the defendant's guilt.
Sams v. State, 506 So. 2d 1027, 1029 (Ala. Cr. App. 1986).'
Cross v. State, 536 So. 2d 155, 160 (Ala. Cr. App. 1988)."

Wright v. State, 641 So. 2d 1274, 1282 (Ala. Crim. App. 1993).

Given that Perez did not object to this argument, we are confident

that the prosecutor's argument did not so infect the " 'trial with

unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process." '

Simmons v. State, 797 So. 2d at 1162 (citation omitted). Accordingly,

Perez is due no relief on this claim.

B.

Perez next argues that the prosecutor hugged the victim's family

members in the presence of the jury, thereby vouching and bolstering the

testimony of Off. Tuder's family members.

The record shows that, after Sgt. Dorothea Long testified, the

circuit court indicated that Perez's parents were in the courtroom and

that they should not engage in any outbursts. The court then stated:

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"I'm not going to allow the State in open court to be
hugging or holding the hands of the victim's side in this case
in front of the cameras, for the media, or the jury. I'm going
to expect the same of the Defense. Because that is getting in
the direction of vouching for personally the position of that
party or that witness. This is very important. All right?

"I'm going to direct both sides, no hugging of their client
or holding hands with their client or holding hands with their
client's parents in front of the cameras or in front of the jury.
I'm not going to have this kind of stuff."

(R. 3891.)

However, nothing in the record shows that the prosecutor did, in

fact, hug any member of the victim's family. In fact, these comments by

the circuit court were made after the State requested that it be allowed

to treat Perez's parents as hostile witnesses and that the circuit court

instruct his parents not to make any emotional outbursts. (R. 3883-84.)

The circuit court asked that defense counsel talk with the Perezes. After

a brief recess, the circuit court stated that it would consider the Perezes

as hostile witnesses and that it would allow the prosecutor to ask leading

questions. (R. 3886.) The record reflects that when Perez was being led

back into the courtroom, he said "I can't do it, man," and a notation in the

record states: "Defendant runs from courtroom because lockup area." (R.

3889.) Immediately after this exchange, the circuit court made comments

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about physical displays in front of the jury. The circuit court also

instructed the jury to disregard what happened in the courtroom as it

had no bearing on the case. (R. 3893-94.) There is no indication in the

record that the circuit court's comments were caused by the prosecutor

hugging any member of the victim's family. We agree with the State that

this allegation by Perez is not supported by the record.

"This Court has repeatedly held that it will not find
plain error based on a silent record, and an error must be
obvious on the face of the record or it cannot rise to the level
of plain error. E.g., Ex parte Walker, 972 So. 2d 737, 755 (Ala.
2007) ('Speculation from a silent record will not support a
finding of prejudice.[']). Carroll v. State, 215 So. 3d 1135 (Ala.
Crim. App. 2015), Woodward v. State, 123 So. 3d 989, 1006
(Ala. Crim. App. 2011)."

Henderson v. State, 248 So. 3d 992, 1042 (Ala. Crim. App. 2017). For

these reasons, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

C.

Perez next argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by

expressing his personal views about whether Off. Tuder was on duty at

the time of the shooting.

The record shows that, on recross-examination of Off. Blakely

Miles, the following occurred:

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CR-2024-0206

"[Defense counsel]: When you go on duty, you typically call
in dispatch, right?

"[Prosecutor]: No.

"[Defense counsel]: Judge, I would object. She is
shaking her head no to this witness.

"[Prosecutor]: I am.

"THE COURT: Let's don't have -- and this applies
to both sides. No signs of exasperation or
expressions of disagreement that might be
interpreted wrongfully by a witness or the jury or
anybody else."

(R. 4445.) Based on the above, it appears that the circuit court agreed

with Perez and instructed the attorneys not to show any expression of

disagreement. "An adverse ruling is a preliminary requirement to

preservation of error for appellate review." Trawick v. State, 431 So. 2d

574, 578 (Ala. Crim. App. 1983). Perez argues that the circuit court did

not instruct the jury to disregard the comment. The record shows that

defense counsel did not request that the circuit court instruct the jury to

disregard the prosecutor's comment. Nonetheless, the circuit court

instructed the jury in its jury instructions that any comments or

statements by the lawyers were not considered to be evidence. (R. 5819.)

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CR-2024-0206

We agree with the State that the prosecutor's actions did not so

infect the trial with unfairness that Perez was denied due process. We

note that, during the redirect examination by the prosecutor, the

prosecutor asked Off. Miles: "[P]olice can be on duty if they check in with

their supervisor, can't they?" (R. 4443.) He responded yes. There was a

basis in the record for the prosecutor's comment. For these reasons, we

find that Perez is due no relief on this claim.

D.

Perez next argues that during closing argument the prosecutor

made arguments that, he says, were irrelevant, not supported by the

evidence, and served only to prejudice the jury when he argued: "[I]f self-

defense applied in Perez's case, there could be no accountability for others

who shoot police officers in the future." (Perez's brief at p. 101-102.)

Specifically, Perez challenges the following argument made in the

prosecutor's closing argument in the guilt phase:

"The judge will also instruct you on what's called
provocation manslaughter. And we would have to prove the
three elements, that Sean Tuder's dead, Defendant caused his
death, he did it intentionally, and that the Defendant caused
by provocation recognized by law and before a reasonable time
for the passion to cool and for reason to reassert itself.

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"And so they're going to want you to believe that this is
some sort of he was acting in a sudden heat of passion.

"This isn't a sudden heat-of-passion situation. Under
this logic, every single fugitive who has ever had a gun drawn
on him by law enforcement could just shoot the police and say,
oh, it's just sudden heat of passion manslaughter. There
would be no accountability, no responsibility.

"If this situation is legal provocation, then I guess any
future police officer that's attempting to effect a lawful arrest
is just a free target to a suspect who can then claim later what
they were provoked into shooting them."

(R. 5722.) Perez made no objection to this argument; thus we must

review this claim of prejudice under our plain-error analysis. Rule 45A,

Ala. R. App. P.

"[P]rosecutors are to be allowed a wide latitude in their
exhortations to the jury. Varner v. State, 418 So. 2d 961 (Ala.
Cr. App. 1982). 'Statements of counsel and argument must be
viewed as in the heat of debate and must be valued at their
true worth rather than as factors in the formation of the
verdict.' Orr v. State, 462 So. 2d 1013, 1016 (Ala. Cr. App.
1984)."

Armstrong v. State, 516 So. 2d 806, 809 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986).

As we stated previously, the circuit court instructed the jury that

arguments of counsel were not evidence. (R. 5819.) We cannot say that

the prosecutor's comments resulted in reversible error. See Iervolino v.

State, supra. Accordingly, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

97
CR-2024-0206

Penalty-Phase Issues

XII.

Perez next argues that the circuit court improperly bolstered the

testimony of the State's rebuttal expert, Dr. Jessica Kirk, when it stated

that Dr. Kirk had previously been found to be an expert in its courtroom.

He argues: "The trial judge's impermissible bolstering of Dr. Kirk's

credibility rendered the jury's weighing process unreliable in the penalty

phase." (Perez's brief at p. 71.)

The record shows that, during the penalty phase, Perez called Dr.

Stephen Zieman, a licensed psychologist, to provide expert testimony

about adolescent brain development. As previously stated, Perez was 19

years old at the time of the shooting. To rebut that testimony, the State

called Dr. Kirk. The following occurred:

"[Prosecutor]: I'll move to admit Dr. Kirk as an expert in the
field of pediatrics.

"THE COURT: Any objection?

"[Defense counsel]: Yes, sir. This is the rebuttal witness as
to the psychologist that testified. The qualifications she's
announced are not applicable to the field to be testified to.

"THE COURT: [Prosecutor] do you want to lay --

"[Prosecutor]: I will.

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"THE COURT: Let me just say. I know of the medical
qualifications very well of Dr. Kirk. She's testified in my court
many times as an expert on pediatric medicine areas. But I
would give a little more predicate on the psychological,
psychiatric training she might have relative to minors, or
people under 21; people 19 and under."

(R. 6258.) Clearly, the circuit court agreed with Perez and stated that

more predicate would have to be established regarding Dr. Kirk's

psychological background before it would find her an expert.

The State relies on this Court's recent decision in Spencer v. State,

[Ms. CR-2022-1280, Dec. 20, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2024),

to support its argument that the circuit court's comments did not amount

to reversible error. In Spencer, the trial court stated: " 'They've done a

really good job, and so have all the officers that have testified, a lot of

experience. A lot of experiences, different people have testified, doctors,

different folks. It's been some really interesting testimony, been

presented in very interesting ways …." ' ___ So. 3d at ___.

"Spencer complains only about the emphasized portion
of the court's comment above. However, '[t]he trial judge's
statement to the jury must be viewed within the context of the
entire charge.' McCovery [v. State], 365 So. 2d [358] at 362
[(Ala. Crim. App. 1978)]. ' "[I]solated statements which
appear prejudicial when taken out of context may be
innocuous when viewed in light of the entire trial." ' Id.

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(citing United States v. McCoy, 539 F.2d 1050, 1063 (5th Cir.
1976)).

"Reading the judge's comment in the context of the
court's entire charge in this case, there is no indication that
the court meant his statement to bolster the State's case or
the defendant's case. The trial judge's statement also did not
appear to be an intentional comment on the evidence that had
been presented, nor was the judge speaking to the issues
presented at Spencer's trial. To the contrary, the record
indicates that the court was merely explaining the trial
process to the jury and, in doing so, commented on how the
trial had been handled up until that point by all the witnesses
and attorneys involved. Additionally, immediately before the
statement to which Spencer now challenges, the judge had
explained to the jury that the arguments of counsel were not
to be considered evidence, and the judge also explained to the
jury that the jury would be the finders of fact in this case.
Considering the entirety of the trial judge's statement to the
jury and the context with which the statement was made,
there is nothing in the record to suggest that the statement
affected the result of Spencer's trial, and, therefore, we find
no error in the trial judge's comment to the jury. See
McCovery, 365 So. 2d at 362."

Spencer, ___ So. 3d at ___.

"The law does not prohibit the trial judge from giving
trial counsel his reasons in making certain rulings as to the
law applicable to the case.... Bedingfield v. State, [47 Ala.
App. 677, 681, 260 So. 2d 408, 412 (1972)].

"In 23 C.J.S., Criminal Law § 993, p. 1024, it is said,
'Generally, it is not improper to comment on the evidence for
the judge to explain his ruling on a matter of law, and he may
refer to testimony and state its legal effect, in deciding a point
raised during the trial.' "

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McDonald v. State, 340 So. 2d 80, 83 (Ala. Crim. App. 1976).

"The fact that the trial court makes a brief personal remark
to or about a witness does not necessarily improperly
comment upon the credibility of the witness. O'Hara v. State,
241 Ga. App. 855, 859(3), 528 S.E.2d 296 (2000).
Unquestionably, the trial court is authorized to control the
conduct of the trial and to guide counsel to ensure a fair trial
and the orderly administration of justice. Adams v. State, 282
Ga. App. 819, 824(4), 640 S.E.2d 329 (2006). 'While a court
may not express an opinion as to what has or has not been
proven, OCGA § 17-8-57, remarks made by the court
regarding the admissibility of evidence or explaining the
court's rulings are not such a comment or opinion. [Cits.]'
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mitchell v. State, 275
Ga. 42, 44(4), 561 S.E.2d 803 (2002)."

Smith v. State, 292 Ga. 588, 589-90, 740 S.E.2d 129, 131-32 (2013).

"[W]e cannot agree with [the defendant] that the trial court

undermined the integrity of the process or improperly enhanced the

credibility of this witness by engaging in this brief, friendly exchange to

which [the defendant] posed no objection." O'Hara v. State, 241 Ga. App.

855, 859, 528 S.E.2d 296, 300 (2000). Accordingly, Perez is due no relief

on this claim.

XIII.

Perez next argues that the jury's nonunanimous death verdict

violates state and federal law. Specifically, he argues that Alabama's

"sentencing scheme, permitting non-unanimous jury verdicts, violated

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Perez's rights to a jury trial, a fair trial, to be free from cruel and unusual

punishment, and due process under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Alabama

law." (Perez's brief at p. 110.)

Here, the jury, by a vote of 11 to 1, sentenced Perez to death. (C.

13.) This Court has held that a nonunanimous verdict for death does

not violate the United States Supreme Court's line of cases that started

with Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002). As we stated in Keaton v.

State, 375 So. 3d 44 (Ala. Crim. App. 2021):

"Keaton argues that her death sentence is unconstitutional
because the jury did not unanimously recommend the death
penalty. However, ' "Alabama law does not require that the
jury's advisory verdict be unanimous before it can recommend
death," ' Thompson [v. State], 153 So. 3d [84] at 179 [(Ala.
Crim. App. 2012)] (quoting Miller v. State, 913 So. 2d 1148,
1169 n.4 (Ala. Crim. App. 2004)), and Keaton cites no case
from the United States Supreme Court that requires such
unanimity. See State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487, 504 (Fla. 2020),
cert. denied 592 U.S. ___, 141 S. Ct. 1051, 208 L.Ed.2d 521
(2021) (holding that the 'requirement of a unanimous jury' for
the imposition of the death penalty 'finds no support in'
caselaw from the United States Supreme Court). See also
Lane [v. State], 327 So. 3d [691] at 776-77 [(Ala. Crim. App.
2020)] (noting that ' "both this Court and the Alabama
Supreme Court have upheld death sentences imposed after
the jury made a less-than-unanimous recommendation that
the defendant be sentenced to death" ' (quoting Brownfield v.
State, 44 So. 3d 1, 39 (Ala. Crim. App. 2007))). Keaton's
reliance on Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. 83, 140 S. Ct. 1390,

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206 L.Ed.2d 583 (2020), is misplaced because Ramos held only
that the United States Constitution requires a unanimous
verdict to support a conviction, not a sentence. See Ruiz v.
Davis, 819 F. App'x 238, 246 n.9 (5th Cir. 2020) (noting that
the United States Supreme Court held in Ramos that ' "the
Sixth Amendment's right to a jury trial requires a unanimous
verdict to support a conviction," not a sentence' (quoting
Ramos, 590 U.S. at 93, 140 S. Ct. at 1397))."

Keaton v. State, 375 So. 3d at 136-37.

More recently, this Court reaffirmed that holding:

"Henderson argues that § 13A-5-46(f), Ala. Code 1975,
[20] violates the Sixth Amendment because it allows a jury to

recommend a death sentence by the votes of only 10 jurors,
rather than requiring a unanimous vote. Specifically,
Henderson argues that § 13A-5-46(f) 'can no longer stand in
light of' the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ramos
v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. 83, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 206 L.Ed.2d 583
(2020). However, this Court has already rejected that
argument, noting that 'Ramos held only that the United
States Constitution requires a unanimous verdict to support
a conviction, not a sentence.' Keaton [v. State], 375 So. 3d [44]
at 137 [(Ala. Crim. App. 2021)], cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 143
S. Ct. 2585, 216 L.Ed.2d 1195 (2023). Henderson also argues
that § 13A-5-46(f) violates the Eighth Amendment to the
United States Constitution, but he cites no authority that
supports that argument. We also note that § 13A-5-46(f) has

20Section 13A-5-46(f), Ala. Code 1975, states:

"The decision of the jury to return an advisory verdict
recommending a sentence of life imprisonment without parole
must be based on a vote of a majority of the jurors. The
decision of the jury to recommend a sentence of death must be
based on a vote of at least 10 jurors. The verdict of the jury
must be in writing and must specify the vote."
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been part of Alabama's Criminal Code for more than 40 years,
and the United States Supreme Court has yet to hold that a
jury's less-than-unanimous sentencing verdict violates any
part of the United States Constitution."

Henderson v. State, [Ms. CR-21-0044, May 3, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___, ___

(Ala. Crim. App. 2024). See also Newton v. State, [Ms. CR-2023-0953,

Sept. 27, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2024); Smith v. State, 424

So. 3d 934, 957 (Ala. Crim. App. 2024). Based on this Court's holdings in

Keaton and Henderson, Perez is due no relief on this claim.

XIV.

Perez next argues that his sentence of death violates state and

federal law because, he says, it is grossly disproportionate to sentences

in similar cases. Perez argues that his "sentence is disproportionate in

comparison to similar, or even more aggravated, cases involving shooting

deaths of law enforcement officers." (Perez's brief at p. 111.) To support

this argument, Perez cites Russell v. State, 272 So. 3d 1134 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2017), and Jackson v. State, 169 So. 3d 1 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010).21

21We note that, in Russell, the defendant was originally sentenced

to death, but the case was remanded for a new sentencing hearing after
this Court found that the circuit court had erroneously applied an
aggravating circumstance. Russell v. State, 272 So. 3d at 1196.

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However, our research shows that the sentence in this case is not

disproportionate to sentences imposed in similar cases involving the

murder of a police officer. See Woodward v. State, 123 So. 3d 989, 1059

(Ala. Crim. App. 2011); Albarran v. State, 96 So. 3d 131, 215 (Ala. Crim.

App. 2011); Woods v. State, 13 So. 3d 1, 42 (Ala. Crim. App. 2007);

McNabb v. State, 887 So. 2d 929, 993 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001); Centobie

v. State, 861 So. 2d 111, 1145 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001). Thus, Perez is due

no relief on this claim.

XV.

Last, § 13A-5-53, Ala. Code 1975, requires that this Court address

the propriety of Perez's sentence of death. Our review shows that the

death sentence was not imposed under the "influence of passion,

prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor." § 13A-5-53(b)(1), Ala. Code

1975.

In Jackson, the defendant was originally sentenced to death, but,
because of defects in the sentencing order, the circuit court on remand
sentenced Jackson to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Jackson v. State, 169 So. 3d at 117-18 (opinion on return to remand).
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The jury unanimously found that the "the capital offense was

committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or

effecting an escape from custody." 13A-5-49(5), Ala. Code 1975.

In mitigation, Perez presented the testimony of seven witnesses at

the penalty phase. Eugene Perez, Perez's brother, testified that he

communicates with Perez every week and that Perez has frequently

expressed remorse for shooting Off. Tuder. (R. 6130.) Perez's father,

Francisco Perez, testified that Perez was his first son, that Perez

struggled in school, that he had been absent from his son's life during his

childhood, that Perez has a great work ethic, and that Perez did not

graduate high school but got his GED. Savannah Brewer testified that

she is the mother of Perez's son, that his son is named Mateo, that he was

four years old at the time of trial, and that he frequently communicates

with his father. Ryreizcia Perez testified that she is Perez's sister, that

they speak weekly, and that they have a good relationship. Tiffany Perez,

Perez's mother, testified that Perez is her oldest child, that he helped her

with his younger siblings, and that he had been diagnosed with ADHD

(attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder). (R. 6213.) Dr. Stephen

Zieman, a licensed psychologist specializing in clinical neuropsychology,

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testified that he had examined Perez for 12 hours while he was in the

Mobile Metro jail, that it was his opinion that Perez has ADHD, and that

Perez has low verbal comprehension. Dr. Zieman testified that a human

brain does not fully mature until a person is around 25 years of age and

that a 19-year-old would have "five to six years of maturation to occur

before the brain gets fully developed." (R. 6176.)22

According to § 13A-5-53(b)(2), Ala. Code 1975, this Court has

independently weighed the aggravating and the mitigating

circumstances and are confident that the sentence of death was the

appropriate sentence in this case.

Previously, we addressed whether Perez's sentence of death was

disproportionate to the sentences imposed in similar cases. Perez's

sentence is neither excessive nor disproportionate to the penalties

imposed in similar capital-murder cases. § 13A-5-53(b)(3), Ala. Code

1975.

22In rebuttal, the State presented the testimony of Dr. Jessica Kirk,

a pediatric doctor. She testified that, "even if you're three years behind
the curve, the average, you're still 17 by the time your brain has been
able to really grasp that consequences of my action, cause and effect,
future oriented thinking that an adult would have." (R. 6263-64.)

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For the above-stated reasons, we affirm Perez's conviction for the

capital murder of Off. Tuder and his sentence of death.

AFFIRMED.

Windom, P.J., and Minor and Anderson, JJ., concur. Cole, J.,

concurs in the result.

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