USA v. David Larche, Jr.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12352
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DAVID BRIAN LARCHE, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Alabama
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cr-00228-KD-B-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-12352
Before WILSON, J ILL PRYOR , and L UCK , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
David Brian Larche, Jr., appeals his convictions for pos-
sessing with intent to distribute methamphetamine and for pos-
sessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. He ar-
gues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
evidence. After careful consideration, we affirm.
I.
Narcotics officers with the Mobile County Sheriff’s Office in-
vestigated Larche for distributing methamphetamine. They
learned from a confidential informant that he kept his supply of
drugs in a safe and never went anywhere without the safe.
Members of the narcotics team participating in the investi-
gation asked Glenn Gazzier, an officer in the K-9 unit, for assistance
in surveilling Larche. They told Gazzier that Larche was being sur-
veilled for suspected narcotics activity and directed him to be on
the lookout for Larche driving a “jacked-up single-cab black Chevy
pickup truck” with spray-painted sides. Doc. 161 at 12.1 And they
told Gazzier that Larche had an outstanding warrant for his arrest
and also that his truck had a “switched tag,” meaning a license plate
that belonged to another vehicle.
1 “Doc.” numbers refer to the district court’s docket entries.
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21-12352 Opinion of the Court 3
Before beginning surveillance, Gazzier searched the Na-
tional Crime Information Center database and confirmed that
Larche had an outstanding arrest warrant for driving with a sus-
pended license. He also reviewed Larche’s picture.
While performing surveillance, Gazzier spotted a truck that
matched the description of Larche’s vehicle pulling into a gas sta-
tion. After confirming that the driver appeared to be Larche,
Gazzier initiated a stop. At the time of the stop, a passenger was
riding in the truck.
As Gazzier approached the driver’s side of the truck, Larche
exited. Gazzier placed him under arrest pursuant to the arrest war-
rant. When Gazzier patted down Larche, he found a black Crown
Royal bag in Larche’s pants pocket. Inside the bag was more than
$5,000 in cash. Other officers on the scene then took Larche aside
for an interview.
Gazzier returned to Larche’s truck. He had his trained and
certified drug-detection dog, Lemmy, conduct an open-air sniff of
the truck. Lemmy alerted for the presence of narcotics inside the
vehicle. It took a “few minutes” for Lemmy to perform the open-
air sniff. Id. at 27.
In addition, Gazzier ran the truck’s license plate through a
law enforcement database. The search showed that the license
plate belonged to a different vehicle. Gazzier then issued Larche a
citation for switching the tag on the vehicle.
Gazzier and other officers searched the truck. They found
three guns inside the truck. They also uncovered a safe hidden
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-12352
inside a gym bag. Ultimately, the officers had the truck towed.
They later obtained a search warrant to open the safe and found
approximately 100 grams of methamphetamine.
A grand jury indicted Larche, charging him with, among
other crimes, one count of possession with intent to distribute
more than 50 grams of methamphetamine and possessing a firearm
in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. Larche initially pled not
guilty.
Larche filed a motion to suppress, arguing that his Fourth
Amendment rights were violated during the stop. He asserted that
the initial stop was pretextual and that the officers lacked any basis
to search the vehicle. The government opposed the motion to sup-
press.
The district court held a hearing on the motion to suppress.
At the hearing, Larche’s attorney explained that Larche had wanted
him to gather evidence from the officers’ body cameras and vehicle
cameras to show that the stop was pretextual, but the attorney had
recently learned that no such videos existed. Larche’s attorney then
asked to withdraw the motion to suppress.
The court permitted Larche to withdraw the motion. It
briefly addressed Larche’s theory that the stop was pretextual and
thus unlawful, stating, “[i]n a Fourth Amendment analysis, it
doesn’t matter if it was pretext.” Doc. 154 at 3. The court explained
that the officers could legitimately stop Larche because they had a
warrant for his arrest and had probable cause to believe that he was
driving a vehicle with a switched tag in violation of Alabama law.
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21-12352 Opinion of the Court 5
A few months later, Larche, through new counsel, filed a
second motion to suppress, again arguing that his constitutional
rights were violated during the stop.2 The government opposed the
motion.
The district court held a hearing on the second motion to
suppress. The only witness to testify at the hearing was Gazzier,
who described what occurred during the stop. At the conclusion of
the hearing, the district court denied the second motion to sup-
press, concluding there was no Fourth Amendment violation. It ex-
plained that Gazzier had the authority to stop Larche and arrest
him based on the outstanding warrant. The court further con-
cluded that Gazzier had probable cause to search the vehicle based
on Lemmy alerting to drugs in the car.
After the district court denied the motion to suppress,
Larche entered into a written agreement to plead guilty to one
count of possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of
methamphetamine and one count of possession of a firearm in fur-
therance of a drug trafficking crime. As part of the plea agreement,
Larche waived his right to file “any direct appeal or any collateral
attack” subject to certain limited exceptions. Doc. 124 at 12. He re-
served the right to bring an appeal “challeng[ing] the Fourth
Amendment validity of the stop that formed the basis of his arrest
2 After the motion-to-suppress hearing, Larche’s appointed attorney filed a
motion to withdraw, citing a breakdown of the attorney-client relationship. A
magistrate judge permitted him to withdraw and appointed replacement
counsel to represent Larche.
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-12352
and that was litigated at the suppression hearing in this case.” Id.
(alterations adopted). The agreement specified that the issues liti-
gated at the hearing included his “contention that the stop was pre-
textual, and thus, constituted an unlawful seizure.” Id. (alterations
adopted). The agreement warned that “these are the only issue[s]”
that Larche reserved the right to appeal. Id. (alterations adopted).
The district court ultimately accepted Larche’s guilty plea. It
imposed a total sentence of 180 months’ imprisonment. This is
Larche’s appeal.
II.
When we review the denial of a motion to suppress, we re-
view the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its appli-
cation of the law to those facts de novo. United States v. Gibson,
708 F.3d 1256, 1274 (11th Cir. 2013). We accept the credibility de-
termination of a factfinder unless it is “contrary to the laws of na-
ture” or “so inconsistent or improbable on its face that no reasona-
ble factfinder could accept it.” United States v. Holt, 777 F.3d 1234,
1255–56 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).
III.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits “unreasonable searches
and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Evidence obtained in an en-
counter with police that violated the Fourth Amendment generally
cannot be used against a defendant in a criminal trial. See United
States v. Perkins, 348 F.3d 965, 969 (11th Cir. 2003).
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21-12352 Opinion of the Court 7
On appeal, Larche does not dispute that Gazzier had reason-
able suspicion to stop his vehicle. He also does not dispute that
Gazzier had probable cause, based on the outstanding warrant, to
arrest him. He nevertheless argues that a Fourth Amendment vio-
lation occurred when Gazzier unlawfully prolonged the seizure of
his vehicle to conduct the dog sniff.3
Even when an officer had a lawful basis for an initial stop, a
Fourth Amendment violation occurs if the officer “diverts from the
stop’s purpose and adds time to the stop in order to investigate
other crimes” without reasonable suspicion. United States v. Camp-
bell, 26 F.4th 860, 884 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc). For purposes of
this appeal, we assume that Gazzier prolonged the seizure of the
vehicle when he conducted the dog sniff. See Rodriguez v. United
States, 575 U.S. 348, 357 (2015) (recognizing that a dog sniff must
be supported by reasonable suspicion when it “adds time to . . . the
stop” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We nevertheless con-
clude that the continued seizure of the vehicle for the time it took
to complete the dog sniff was lawful because it was supported by
reasonable suspicion.
When deciding whether reasonable suspicion existed, we
“look at the totality of the circumstances . . . to see whether the . . .
officer [had] a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal
3 The government argues that we should review this issue for plain error be-
cause Larche did not raise it below. We need not resolve whether plain error
review applies because, even assuming that Larche adequately raised this issue
below, he is not entitled to relief.
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-12352
wrongdoing.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted); see Whren v. United States, 517 U.S.
806, 813 (1996) (explaining that officer’s subjective motivations are
immaterial). The reasonable-suspicion standard requires “consider-
ably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evi-
dence” and is “obviously less demanding” than the probable-cause
standard. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989). It does not
require officers to observe a crime being committed and instead
“may be formed by observing exclusively legal activity.” United
States v. Acosta, 363 F.3d 1141, 1145 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quo-
tation marks omitted). But “an inchoate and unparticularized sus-
picion or hunch of criminal activity does not satisfy the reasonable
suspicion standard.” United States v. Braddy, 11 F.4th 1298, 1311
(11th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).
After looking at the totality of the circumstances in this case,
we conclude that Gazzier had reasonable suspicion to believe that
there was contraband inside the truck. At the time of the stop, he
knew that Larche was operating the truck with a license plate that
did not belong to the vehicle. And from the pat down he discovered
that Larche was carrying over $5,000 in cash. These facts taken to-
gether were sufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion that the
truck was being used for criminal activity and supported extending
the detention of the truck for a short period of time to conduct the
dog sniff. See Holt, 777 F.3d at 1256 (“Once an officer develops rea-
sonable suspicion, he has a duty to investigate more.”).
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21-12352 Opinion of the Court 9
On appeal, Larche argues that the fact that he was carrying
a large amount of cash did not create a reasonable suspicion that
the truck was being used for criminal activity. But Larche frames
the issue too narrowly. We are not saying that Gazzier had reason-
able suspicion simply because Larche was carrying a large amount
of cash. Instead, we conclude that this fact together with the fact
that Larche was driving a truck with a switched license plate, which
could suggest he was trying to hide that the truck belonged to him,
was sufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion. We thus con-
clude that no constitutional violation occurred when the seizure of
the vehicle continued while Gazzier conducted the dog sniff.
We also conclude that no Fourth Amendment violation oc-
curred when officers searched the truck. After Gazzier conducted
the dog sniff and Lemmy alerted to contraband in the vehicle, the
officers had probable cause to search the vehicle. See United States
v. Tamari, 454 F.3d 1259, 1264–65 (11th Cir. 2006) (recognizing that
probable cause existed when credentialed drug detection dog
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-12352
alerted to vehicle).4 Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s de-
nial of the motion to suppress.5
AFFIRMED.
4 At the suppression hearing, the government argued that regardless of
whether there was probable cause to search the truck, officers could search it
as part of an inventory search because they were having it towed. There is
indeed an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement when
police conduct “an inventory search of an arrestee’s personal property to item-
ize its contents pursuant to standard inventory procedures.” United States v.
Cohen, 38 F.4th 1364, 1371 (11th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Under the inventory-search exception, officers may search an impounded car
when they “have the authority to impound the car and follow department
procedures governing inventory searches.” Id. Because we conclude that
Gazzier had reasonable suspicion to prolong the seizure of the vehicle while
Lemmy conducted an open-air sniff and Lemmy’s alert created probable cause
to search the vehicle, we do not address whether the government carried its
burden to establish that the inventory-search exception to the warrant require-
ment applied.
5 The government moved to dismiss the appeal based on the plea agreement’s
appeal waiver. We previously carried the government’s motion with the case.
Given our conclusion that the district court did not err in denying the motion
to suppress, we do not decide the appeal-waiver issue. Accordingly, the gov-
ernment’s motion to dismiss is DENIED as moot.
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