United States v. Lett

18‐749‐cr
United States v. Lett
1
United States Court of Appeals 2
for the Second Circuit 3
4
August Term, 2019 5
6
(Argued: October 17, 2019 Decided: December 12, 2019) 7
8
Docket No. 18‐749‐cr 9
_____________________________________ 10
11
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 12
13
Appellant, 14
15
v. 16
17
KESTON LETT, 18
19
Defendant‐Appellee. 20
_____________________________________ 21
22
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 23
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 24
_____________________________________ 25
26
Before: 27
28 WINTER, POOLER, and PARK, Circuit Judges. 29
30
The United States appeals a decision of the United States District Court for 31
the Eastern District of New York (Brodie, J.) dismissing an indictment against 32
Keston Lett with prejudice. Notwithstanding a district court’s release order 33
pursuant to the Bail Reform Act, the government has the authority under the 34
Immigration and Nationality Act to detain a criminal defendant who is an alien 35

-- 1 of 14 --

2
in the course of an administrative removal proceeding. Therefore, we VACATE 1
and REMAND with instructions for the district court to reinstate the indictment. 2
3
D AVID L IZMI, Assistant United States 4
Attorney (David C. James, Assistant United 5
States Attorney, on the brief), for Richard P. 6
Donoghue, United States Attorney for the 7
Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, 8
New York, for Appellant. 9
10
S. ISAAC W HEELER , Federal Defenders of 11
New York, New York, New York for 12
Defendant‐Appellee. 13
14
Park, Circuit Judge: 15
This case presents the question whether a district court’s authority to 16
release criminal defendants under the Bail Reform Act (“BRA”) is inconsistent 17
with the government’s authority to detain aliens under the Immigration and 18
Nationality Act (“INA”). The district court found that these two statutes are in 19
conflict and that a release order pursuant to the BRA precludes the government 20
from detaining a criminal defendant pursuant to the INA. We conclude that 21
there is no conflict between the detention‐and‐release provisions of the two 22
statutes, and we hold that immigration authorities may lawfully detain a 23
criminal defendant ordered to be released under the BRA pursuant to their 24
authority under the INA to detain aliens seeking admission into the United 25

-- 2 of 14 --

3
States who are not “clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted” for 1
removal proceedings. 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Accordingly, we VACATE and 2
REMAND with instructions for the district court to reinstate the indictment. 3
I 4
Keston Lett is a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago who was arrested at John F. 5
Kennedy International Airport after United States Customs and Border 6
Protection (“CBP”) allegedly found 2.12 kilograms of cocaine in his suitcase. 7
CBP paroled Lett into the United States for criminal prosecution and transferred 8
him to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”), and the government filed a 9
criminal complaint charging Lett with importing cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. 10
§§ 952(a), 960. That same day, a magistrate judge ordered that Lett be detained 11
pending trial pursuant to the BRA, but granted leave for Lett to renew his bail 12
application at a later date. Meanwhile, United States Immigration and Customs 13
Enforcement (“ICE”) lodged an immigration detainer against him. A grand jury 14
later returned a two‐count indictment charging Lett with importing cocaine and 15
possessing cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 16
841(a). 17

-- 3 of 14 --

4
At a status conference, Lett renewed his application for pretrial bail. The 1
government argued that Lett was a flight risk given his limited relationship to 2
the United States, but the district court ordered his release. The government did 3
not appeal this ruling and agreed to release Lett from BOP custody. Pursuant to 4
the detainer ICE had lodged against him, BOP transferred Lett to the custody of 5
the Department of Homeland Security, who moved him to an ICE detention 6
facility in New Jersey. Shortly afterwards, ICE initiated removal proceedings 7
against Lett, serving him with a “Notice to Appear” in immigration court. The 8
“Notice to Appear” alleged that Lett was an inadmissible alien subject to 9
removal as a controlled substance trafficker. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(C)(i). 10
Lett filed a motion to dismiss the indictment in his criminal case, arguing 11
that his continued detention by ICE violated the BRA. The district court heard 12
oral argument on Lett’s motion and ordered the government to release Lett 13
within a week “if it intended to proceed with the prosecution.” App’x at 89. The 14
district court concluded that, under the BRA, the government had “to either 15
decide to prosecute a defendant such as Mr. Lett or proceed with removal 16
proceedings to deport him, one or the other.” App’x at 83. One week later, the 17
government submitted a letter to the district court explaining that ICE would not 18

-- 4 of 14 --

5
release Lett from custody. In response, the district court issued an order 1
dismissing the indictment with prejudice. This appeal followed. 2
II 3
“We review conclusions of law and questions of statutory interpretation de 4
novo.” Lander v. Hartford Life & Annuity Ins. Co., 251 F.3d 101, 107 (2d Cir. 2001). 5
A 6
“The courts are not at liberty to pick and choose among congressional 7
enactments, and when two statutes are capable of co‐existence, it is the duty of 8
the courts, absent a clearly expressed congressional intention to the contrary, to 9
regard each as effective.” Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 551 (1974). Here, there 10
is no statutory conflict between the detention‐and‐release provisions of the BRA 11
and the INA. 12
Congress enacted the BRA to address “the way federal courts consider bail 13
applications and the circumstances under which bail is granted.” United States v. 14
Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 742 (1987). Pursuant to the BRA, if a judicial officer, after a 15
hearing, “finds that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably 16
assure the appearance of the [defendant] as required and the safety of any other 17

-- 5 of 14 --

6
person and the community, such judicial officer shall order the detention of the 1
[defendant] before trial.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)(1). 2
Separately, Congress enacted the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1101, et seq., which 3
provides that an alien seeking admission into the United States “shall be 4
detained” pending removal proceedings unless that alien is “clearly and beyond 5
a doubt entitled to be admitted.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A); see also United States v. 6
Vasquez‐Benitez, 919 F.3d 546, 553 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (noting that the INA authorizes 7
the detention of aliens during removal proceedings “to facilitate [their] removal 8
from the country”). 9
The BRA and the INA thus serve different purposes, govern separate 10
adjudicatory proceedings, and provide independent statutory bases for 11
detention. There is no conflict between the detention‐and‐release provisions of 12
the two statutes. The government’s authority to detain an alien pursuant to the 13
INA “does not disappear merely because the U.S. Marshal cannot detain him 14
under the BRA pending his criminal trial.” Vasquez‐Benitez, 919 F.3d at 553. A 15
district court’s conclusion that a person is not a flight risk or a danger to the 16
community under the BRA has no bearing on whether that individual can 17
demonstrate that he is “clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted” to 18

-- 6 of 14 --

7
the United States under the INA. 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Similarly, a person’s 1
release from detention pursuant to the INA would have no bearing on a district 2
court’s decision to detain him pursuant to the BRA. 3
We therefore conclude, as the Third, Sixth, and D.C. Circuits have recently 4
held, that the BRA does not preclude the government from exercising its 5
independent detention authority under the INA. See United States v. Soriano 6
Nunez, 928 F.3d 240, 247 (3d Cir. 2019) (holding that “there is no textual conflict 7
between the BRA and the INA,” and that “criminal and removal processes can 8
proceed simultaneously”); Vasquez‐Benitez, 919 F.3d at 553 (“Congress has never 9
indicated that the BRA is intended to displace the INA.”); United States v. Veloz‐ 10
Alonso, 910 F.3d 266, 269 (6th Cir. 2018) (“[N]othing in the BRA prevents other 11
government agencies or state or local law enforcement from acting pursuant to 12
their lawful duties.”). 13
The district court below, joining several other district courts in our Circuit 14
and around the country, held to the contrary that pretrial release under the BRA 15
forecloses detention under the INA. See, e.g., United States v. Boutin, 269 F. Supp. 16
3d 24 (E.D.N.Y. 2017); United States v. Trujillo‐Alvarez, 900 F. Supp. 2d 1167 (D. 17
Or. 2012); United States v. Ventura, No. 17‐cr‐418, 2017 WL 5129012 (E.D.N.Y. 18

-- 7 of 14 --

8
Nov. 3, 2017); United States v. Galitsa, No. 17‐cr‐324, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 185550 1
(S.D.N.Y. July 28, 2017). The district court reasoned that the government was 2
required to choose whether it wished “to prosecute a defendant such as Mr. Lett 3
or proceed with removal proceedings to deport him, one or the other.” App’x at 4
83; see also Trujillo‐Alvarez, 900 F. Supp. 2d at 1179 (“[T]he Executive Branch has a 5
choice to make. It may take an alien into custody for the purpose of removing or 6
deporting that individual or it may temporarily decline to do so while criminal 7
proceedings are maintained against that person.”); Ventura, 2017 WL 5129012, at 8
*2 (“[T]he Executive branch should decide where its priorities lie: either with a 9
prosecution in federal district court or with removal of the deportable alien.”). 10
But neither the BRA nor the INA precludes the government from 11
exercising its detention authority pursuant to the other statute. Nor can the 12
courts order the Executive Branch to choose between criminal prosecution and 13
removal. As the Sixth Circuit observed, “[r]eading the BRA’s permissive use of 14
release to supersede the INA’s mandatory detention does not follow logically nor 15
would doing so be congruent with our canons of statutory interpretation.” Veloz‐ 16
Alonso, 910 F.3d at 270. The BRA and the INA authorize the government to 17
pursue both criminal prosecution and removal simultaneously, and there is no 18

-- 8 of 14 --

9
conflict between the detention‐and‐release provisions of the two statutes. The 1
district court’s bail release order under the BRA thus did not preclude the 2
government from detaining Lett pursuant to the INA as an inadmissible alien 3
subject to removal. 4
B 5
Lett’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. 6
First, Lett argues that the BRA takes precedence over the INA. He points 7
to section 3142(d) of the BRA, which provides that, if a judicial officer determines 8
that a defendant “may flee or pose a danger to any other person or the 9
community” and is “not a citizen of the United States or lawfully admitted for 10
permanent residence,” then 11
such judicial officer shall order the detention of such person, for a 12
period of not more than ten days, . . . and direct the attorney for the 13
Government to notify the appropriate . . . official of the Immigration 14
and Naturalization Service. If the official fails or declines to take 15
such person into custody during that period, such person shall be 16
treated in accordance with the other provisions of this section, 17
notwithstanding the applicability of other provisions of law 18
governing release pending trial or deportation or exclusion 19
proceedings. 20
21
18 U.S.C. § 3142(d). Lett argues that this provision provides ICE with one, 22
exclusive avenue for taking custody of criminal defendants, reflecting Congress’s 23

-- 9 of 14 --

10
understanding that “criminal prosecution generally takes priority over removal, 1
unless the government elects otherwise” during the ten‐day statutory period. 2
Appellee’s Br. at 9–10. Any other interpretation, he contends, would render the 3
statutory ten‐day period “meaningless.” Id. at 32. 4
This argument misconstrues section 3142(d). The ten‐day period is a 5
limitation on the district court’s authority to release a defendant pursuant to the 6
BRA. It has no bearing on the government’s authority to detain a defendant 7
pursuant to the INA at a later date. Section 3142(d) is primarily a “notice 8
provision designed to give other agencies an opportunity to take custody of a 9
defendant before a BRA release order is issued.” Soriano Nunez, 928 F.3d at 246; 10
see also id. (“By providing these other agencies an opportunity to take custody of 11
such persons, the BRA effectively gives respect to pending cases and allows 12
those officials to act before bail is set in the federal case.”). “The BRA’s 13
temporary detention scheme thus reflects Congress’ recognition that 14
immigration authorities . . . have separate interests.” Id. It does not “give[] a 15
district court the authority to compel another sovereign or judge in federal 16
administrative proceedings to release or detain a defendant.” Id. 17

-- 10 of 14 --

11
Lett’s emphasis on the final clause of section 3142(d) is similarly 1
misplaced. The BRA states that, if an Immigration and Naturalization Service 2
official fails to take custody of an alien criminal defendant during the ten‐day 3
statutory period, the defendant “shall be treated in accordance with the other 4
provisions of this section, notwithstanding the applicability of other provisions of law 5
governing release pending trial or deportation or exclusion proceedings.” 18 6
U.S.C. § 3142(d) (emphasis added). But this does not preclude the government 7
from detaining a defendant under the INA; it merely clarifies that “the presence 8
of an ICE detainer and the threat of potential removal alone are not sufficient to 9
deny BRA pretrial release.” Soriano Nunez, 928 F.3d at 245 n.4. In other words, 10
the district court must apply the BRA as it would to any other criminal 11
defendant, notwithstanding the existence of any parallel proceedings. Indeed, 12
the “notwithstanding” clause supports our conclusion that the INA remains 13
“applicab[le]” to defendants who are released under the BRA after the close of 14
the ten‐day statutory period. 18 U.S.C. § 3142(d)(2). 15
Second, Lett asserts that detention pursuant to the INA is not mandatory 16
and that the government could have exercised its discretion to extend his parole 17
into the United States until the conclusion of his criminal case. Even assuming 18

-- 11 of 14 --

12
that the government could have extended Lett’s parole, however, it was under 1
no obligation to do so. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)(A) (providing the Secretary of 2
Homeland Security with discretion to return paroled aliens to ICE custody 3
“when the purposes of such parole shall, in the opinion of the [Secretary of 4
Homeland Security], have been served”). As explained above, the INA plainly 5
authorizes the government to detain an alien seeking admission into the United 6
States in the course of administrative removal proceedings, regardless of the 7
alien’s bail status in any parallel criminal proceedings. See 8 U.S.C. 8
§ 1225(b)(2)(A). 9
Third, Lett contends that ICE is barred from deporting criminal defendants 10
during the pendency of their criminal cases—and therefore from detaining such 11
defendants under the INA—pursuant to its own regulations. See 8 C.F.R. 12
§§ 215.2(a), 215.3(g) (together, providing that “[n]o alien” “who is . . . a party to[] 13
any criminal case under investigation or pending in a court in the United States” 14
“shall depart, or attempt to depart, from the United States.”). But these 15
regulations merely prohibit aliens who are parties to a criminal case from 16
departing from the United States voluntarily; they do not affect the government’s 17
authority to deport such aliens pursuant to final orders of removal. See, e.g., 18

-- 12 of 14 --

13
United States v. Ailon‐Ailon, 875 F.3d 1334, 1339 (10th Cir. 2017) (referring to 8 1
C.F.R. § 215.2(a) as governing “voluntary departure”). This interpretation is 2
confirmed by the remainder of section 215, entitled “Controls of Aliens 3
Departing from the United States,” 8 C.F.R. § 215, which is separate from the 4
regulations governing “Removal of Aliens Ordered Removed,” id. § 236. See, e.g., 5
id. § 215.2(a) (requiring immigration officers to issue a “written temporary order 6
directing [the alien] not to depart, or attempt to depart, from the United States”); 7
id. § 215.4(a) (providing for a hearing at which the alien can contest the denial of 8
his departure); id. § 215.6 (providing for a parallel framework for aliens who 9
“seek[] to depart” from the territories of the United States); id. § 215.8 10
(contemplating eligibility for reentry into the United States for departing aliens, 11
subject to certain “departure requirements”). 12
Finally, Lett contends that the government’s decision to initiate 13
administrative proceedings and to detain him pursuant to the INA was 14
pretextual and intended to secure his appearance in the criminal case. But the 15
district court did not address this issue, and Lett argued below that it did not 16
need to do so. Accordingly, Lett’s pretext argument is waived, and we need not 17
address it. See In re Nortel Networks Corp. Sec. Litig., 539 F.3d 129, 132 (2d Cir. 18

-- 13 of 14 --

14
2008) (“It is a well‐established general rule that an appellate court will not 1
consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.”) (internal quotation marks 2
and alterations omitted). 3
III 4
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is VACATED, 5
and we REMAND with instructions for the district court to reinstate the 6
indictment against Lett. 7

-- 14 of 14 --