Alexander Godwin v. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_______________
No. 22-1416
_______________
ALEXANDER GODWIN,
Appellant
v.
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION;
PENNDOT ENGINEERING DISTRICT 8; BOB COLDREN;
DANIEL BOWERS; DIANA WEAVER
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 5:19-cv-04951)
Magistrate Judge: Honorable Timothy R. Rice
_______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a):
January 20, 2023
_______________
Before: AMBRO,* PORTER, and FREEMAN,
Circuit Judges.
(Filed: May 3, 2023)
______________
OPINION
______________
* Judge Ambro assumed senior status on February 6, 2023.
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not
binding precedent.

-- 1 of 8 --

2
PORTER, Circuit Judge.
Alexander Godwin appeals the entry of summary judgment for the Pennsylvania
Department of Transportation (PennDOT) on Godwin’s claims under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Pennsylvania Human Rights Act. Godwin’s arguments
lack sufficient merit, so we will affirm.
A
Alexander Godwin joined PennDOT in November 2014. A black man, he alleges
that he experienced racism at work three times in 2018. One coworker told Godwin he
had been hired as a “token.” J.A. 7, 44. Another “used the n-word to describe a video he
was watching on his phone.” J.A. 7. And a third “asked Godwin the meaning of a phrase
containing the n-word.” Id.
Following these incidents, Godwin spoke at the worksite’s morning meeting on
September 26, 2018, and asked his colleagues to apologize. Only one did. Godwin
testified that he did not hear another discriminatory comment at PennDOT after that
meeting. On October 3, Godwin complained to PennDOT’s human resources department.
PennDOT’s investigation revealed that racial slurs were used regularly at its
worksites. The three employees Godwin identified received the following discipline: the
first was reprimanded, the second had to attend counseling, and the third was told she
would be fired in the event of “any future incident of the same or similar nature.” J.A. 9.
Godwin remained employed by PennDOT, and he sought other opportunities. On
November 7, 2018—while PennDOT’s investigation was still in progress—Godwin

-- 2 of 8 --

3
interviewed with Robert Ludgate for a construction job with the City of Lancaster. The
interview went well, but Godwin was Ludgate’s second pick to fill the position.
Ludgate then phoned Godwin’s three references. The first had worked with
Godwin before he joined PennDOT and provided a positive reference. The second
reference was a supervisor at PennDOT. Ludgate testified that the supervisor “was
surprised that he had been listed as a reference” because “Godwin had not worked for
him very long”—just one week. J.A. 440. Ludgate explained that the supervisor told him
there was little he could say about Godwin. Id. Ludgate never spoke with the third
reference.
Ludgate hired his top choice: a current city employee with similar experience who
was also bilingual, “another strong factor in his favor.” J.A. 441. Ludgate testified that
the supervisor’s failure to provide a reference did not hurt Godwin’s candidacy.
Neither side deposed Godwin’s PennDOT supervisor. But Godwin remembered
things differently than Ludgate. He testified that Ludgate and another City of Lancaster
official told him that “it was between me and another guy and I didn’t get it due to the
fact that I got a bad reference from a supervisor at PennDOT.” J.A. 107.
B
“Title VII requires a claimant in Pennsylvania to file a charge with the [Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission] within 300 days of an unlawful employment
practice.” Mikula v. Allegheny Cnty. of PA, 583 F.3d 181, 183 (3d Cir. 2009). Godwin
filed his charge on July 31, 2019, so events before October 4, 2018, were untimely. He
alleged that he experienced racial discrimination at PennDOT from November 10, 2014,

-- 3 of 8 --

4
when he was hired, until November 26, 2018, when he went on leave for a work-related
injury. He checked the boxes for discrimination based on “RACE,” “COLOR,” and
“RETALIATION,” but not the “CONTINUING ACTION” box. The EEOC issued
Godwin a right-to-sue notice on August 10, 2019, before completing its investigation,
and terminated its processing of his charge.
Godwin then sued PennDOT for violating Title VII and the Pennsylvania Human
Rights Act by subjecting him to a hostile work environment that culminated in the
allegedly retaliatory reference. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; 43 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat.
§ 951 et seq. He also sued three individual employees of PennDOT. After they defaulted,
Magistrate Judge Timothy K. Rice ordered them to pay $25,000 in damages.
After discovery, the magistrate judge entered summary judgment for PennDOT.
The Court held that Godwin’s Title VII claim was time-barred because the last racist
comment he identified occurred in September 2018, more than 300 days before his EEOC
charge, and was not part of a “continuing violation.” The Court determined that Godwin
did not establish that his PennDOT supervisor gave him a bad reference in November
2019—within the 300-day window—because Godwin relied only on his own hearsay
testimony for support. Even if the bad reference did occur, the Court decided that
“incidents that are actionable on their own, like specific retaliatory actions, cannot serve
as a basis for a continuing violation theory.” J.A. 13.
Godwin timely appealed.

-- 4 of 8 --

5
The parties consented to jurisdiction by Magistrate Judge Rice under 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(c)(1). The Court had subject-matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f). We have jurisdiction over its final order under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 636(c)(3) and 1291. Jones v. Unknown D.O.C. Bus Driver & Transp. Crew, 944 F.3d
478, 481 (3d Cir. 2019).
We review the summary judgment de novo. Blunt v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 767
F.3d 247, 265 (3d Cir. 2014). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We view the facts and their
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-movant and may affirm “on
any grounds supported by the record.” Nicini v. Morra, 212 F.3d 798, 805–06 (3d Cir.
2000).
Godwin alleges that PennDOT subjected him to a hostile work environment that
included racist comments from coworkers and culminated in a bad reference from his
supervisor. Even if we assume the bad reference occurred and could support a claim
otherwise based on untimely allegations, Godwin has not asserted that prohibited
discrimination was the likely reason for the bad reference. He has therefore failed to
show that there is a genuine dispute of fact on this issue, so summary judgment for
PennDOT was appropriate.

-- 5 of 8 --

6
Title VII prohibits an employer from discriminating against an employee “because
he has opposed any practice” made unlawful by Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). And
the PHRA says that employers may not “discriminate in any manner against any
individual because such individual has opposed any practice forbidden by this act.” 43
P.S. § 955(d). It follows that, to survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff
advancing a retaliation claim must “produce[] evidence from which a reasonable
factfinder could conclude that [his] engagement in a protected activity was the likely
reason for the adverse employment action.” Carvalho-Grevious v. Del. State Univ., 851
F.3d 249, 259 (3d Cir. 2017); accord Spanish Council of York, Inc. v. Pa. Hum. Rels.
Comm’n, 879 A.2d 391, 397–99 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2005) (citing McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973)). Godwin has not done that here, so summary
judgment for PennDOT was appropriate.1
Godwin testified in his deposition that he heard from Ludgate that his PennDOT
supervisor provided a “bad reference.” J.A. 107. But he did not produce any evidence that
the supervisor was motivated by Godwin’s protected activity. When asked at his
1 Had Godwin shown that his protected activity was the likely reason for his
supervisor’s conduct, we would need to decide whether providing an unwarranted
negative reference for a position at another employer—or no reference at all—in
retaliation for protected activity is actionable under Title VII. See E.E.O.C. v. L.B. Foster
Co., 123 F.3d 746, 753–55 (3d Cir. 1997). We would also need to decide whether a
discrete act, such as a retaliatory reference, can support a hostile work environment claim
if it is part of a “series of separate acts that collectively constitute one ‘unlawful
employment practice.’ ” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117
(2002). We reach neither question because Godwin has not alleged a causal link between
his protected activity and the supervisor’s conduct.

-- 6 of 8 --

7
deposition whether the supervisor even knew about his complaints about the racist
remarks, Godwin answered, “[n]ot from me personally, I would say no.” J.A. 107. He
suggested that the supervisor “could have heard it from anyone on the job,” but then
reiterated: “I don’t believe that he knew about them.” Id. Godwin did not depose the
supervisor, but he did depose Ludgate, who testified that the supervisor told him that he
was unable to give Godwin a reference because the two had only worked together for a
week. That’s a nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged conduct that Godwin does
not meaningfully rebut. See Carvalho-Grevious, 851 F.3d at 260.
Five weeks passed between Godwin’s complaint to PennDOT’s human resources
department and Ludgate’s reference call. Timing that is “unusually suggestive” of
prohibited discrimination may support an inference of causation, but we have held that a
three-week gap is not necessarily sufficient. Thomas v. Town of Hammonton, 351 F.3d
108, 114 (3d Cir. 2003). And although we may consider “timing plus other evidence,” id.,
Godwin has provided no evidence of a causal link between his workplace complaint and
the “bad reference.” So whether his supervisor gave him a “bad reference” or no
reference at all, Godwin has failed to support the causation element that Title VII claims
require.2
2 The Court suggested that it did not consider Godwin’s hearsay statements that
the supervisor gave him a bad reference because those statements would not have been
admissible at trial. But the substance of Godwin’s testimony may have been admissible if
the actual declarant was available for examination. Stelwagon Mfg. Co. v. Tarmac
Roofing Sys., Inc., 63 F.3d 1267, 1275 n.17 (3d Cir. 1995). And when hearsay statements
may be admissible at trial, district courts can consider them on a motion for summary
judgment. Id. Any error on this front was immaterial, though, because even if one

-- 7 of 8 --

8
The cornerstone of Godwin’s Title VII and PHRA claims is the alleged “bad
reference” his supervisor gave him in November 2018. Even if we assume that is what
happened, Godwin has not shown that his “engagement in a protected activity was the
likely reason for the adverse employment action.” Carvalho-Grevious, 851 F.3d at 259.
In fact, Godwin negated any such inference when he testified that his supervisor was
likely unaware of Godwin’s workplace complaints. So we will affirm the entry of
summary judgment for PennDOT.
assumes the truth and admissibility of Godwin’s testimony, he admits that his supervisor
likely did not know about his protected conduct, which defeats his claims. Carvalho-
Grevious, 851 F.3d at 260.

-- 8 of 8 --