Affinity Healthcare Group Voorhees, LLC; Dr. Kenneth Brown v. Township of Voorhees

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
______________
No. 22-2769
______________
AFFINITY HEALTHCARE GROUP VOORHEES, LLC; DR. KENNETH BROWN,
Appellants
v.
TOWNSHIP OF VOORHEES; VOORHEES TOWNSHIP ZONING BOARD; ZONING
OFFICER JACLYN BRADLEY; VOORHEES TOWNSHIP PLANNING BOARD
______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. Civil No. 1-21-cv-00800)
U.S. District Judge: Honorable Renee M. Bumb
______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
January 16, 2024
______________
Before: SHWARTZ, MATEY, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: January 18, 2024)
______________
OPINION∗
______________
∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

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SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiffs Affinity Healthcare Group Voorhees, LLC and its member, Dr. Kenneth
Brown, (“Affinity”) appeal the District Court’s order granting summary judgment to
Defendants1 on claims that Voorhees Township’s handling and denial of its applications
to operate a methadone clinic violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”),
Rehabilitation Act (“RA”), and Equal Protection Clause, and deprived it of substantive
due process. Because Affinity has failed to adduce evidence upon which a reasonable
jury could conclude that the Township’s conduct violated these laws, we will affirm.
I.
Affinity provides counseling and medication-assisted treatment (“MAT”), such as
methadone, to outpatients with Opioid Use Disorder (“OUD”). The Township approved
Affinity’s initial zoning application and issued a certificate of occupancy and a permit to
operate a “professional office providing behavioral health services on an outpatient
basis”2 in a building across the street from an elementary school.3 The building is in the
“O1 Office 1 Zone,” for “[o]ffices of a recognized profession, including . . . medicine[.]”
1 Defendants are the Township of Voorhees, the Voorhees Township Zoning
Board (the “Board”), Township Zoning Officer Jaclyn Bradley, and the Voorhees
Township Planning Board. Collectively, we refer to Defendants as the “Township.”
2 The application did not mention an intent to administer MAT to OUD patients.
See App. 128. After Affinity submitted the application, but before the Township
approved it, Affinity delivered to Elaine Powell, the then Township Zoning Officer,
materials detailing the MAT services it planned to provide, which specifically set forth
Affinity’s intent to: (1) use methadone, (2) have nine employees, (3) operate seven days
per week from 4:30 a.m. until 2:00 p.m., and (4) occupy a building that could treat up to
600 patients.
3 The permit allotted Affinity twenty of the eighty-one parking spots,

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Voorhees, N.J., Twp. Code § 152.052(A) (2021).4 The purpose of this zone is “to
provide for office uses on small lots” to “create a transition zone between residential uses
and more intensive commercial or industrial uses.” Twp. Code § 152.051. The
Township Code has separate zones for, among other things, medical clinics and
hospitals.5
Affinity then applied to the New Jersey Department of Health (“NJDOH”) for a
license to operate its treatment facility. NJDOH denied the application because Affinity
failed to submit: (1) a certificate of occupancy that described the facility as an “Opioid
Treatment Program”; and (2) proof “that [it] notified [the Township] of the full scope of
4 A year before Affinity’s application, the Township permitted Recovery Centers
of America (“RCA”) to operate an opioid treatment facility in a building in the O-1
Office 1 Zone located across the street from a daycare center. RCA planned to offer
scheduled outpatient counseling services to all patients as well as medications, including
vivitrol and suboxone, but not methadone, to under fifty percent of its patients. RCA
expected to operate from Monday through Friday, from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., and on
Saturdays, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and to treat between twenty-five and seventy-five
patients per day. RCA further explained that the traffic impact of its office would “be
minimal” and that to get to the facility patients would “drive[,] . . . get dropped off, [or]
utilize public transportation [or] . . . RCA’s provided car service[.]” App. 487. Unlike its
requirements for Affinity, the Township did not require RCA to (1) seek a use variance,
(2) produce a certificate of need, (3) provide a traffic study, or (4) appear before the
Planning Board.
5 See Twp. Code §§ 152.102 (A), 103(A) (reserving “Major Business Zone” for
“medical professional offices, doctors [sic] offices, professional hospital support
facilities,” including “hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, medical clinics, medical
offices and the like”) (capitalization altered); § 152.132(L) (designating “Township
Center Zone” for “medical and dental clinics, nursing homes and hospitals”).

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services, including opioid treatment, to be provided at the [property].” Dist. Ct. ECF No.
74-26 at 20 (quoting N.J.A.C. § 10:161B-11.1(a)).6
Affinity then submitted a second zoning application to the Township’s Zoning
Administrator, Jaclyn Bradley, explaining in a letter affixed to the application, that it
needed a certificate of occupancy containing the state-required language.7 The second
application represented that Affinity intended to use the property as a “Medical
Office/Opioid Treatment Center,” App. 152, but provided no other details about the
services it intended to offer. Bradley denied Affinity’s second application because of
technical problems with the building’s exit signs and the next day she asked Affinity for a
more detailed description of the facility’s services and operations. Bradley said that she
hoped to “process the resubmission quickly” and that she had sought the Zoning Board’s
solicitor’s expertise in evaluating the application. App. 179. Five days later, Bradley
reminded Affinity of her request and inquired specifically about the facility’s “hours of
operation, number of employees, [and] number of doctors and patients on-site during
peak time(s)[,] [so as to] verify that there [would be] sufficient parking[.]” App. 520.
The record does not reveal whether Bradley received the requested information.
Affinity eventually contacted Chris Norman, the Zoning Board’s Solicitor, and
submitted a third application identical to its second one. Norman directed Affinity to
6 The Administrative Code also requires opioid treatment programs to “[m]eet all
applicable local . . . zoning and other codes for the siting of an opioid treatment
program[.]” N.J.A.C. § 10:161B-11.1(a)(7).
7 Around that time, Affinity also submitted materials detailing the MAT services it
planned to provide to the Township Administrator.

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provide a “description of the proposed use” so that Bradley could determine “whether [it
would] be similar to a medical office in terms of land use impacts.”8 App. 212. The
following day, Affinity emailed Norman, but not Bradley, materials describing its use of
methadone, hours of operation, and expected number of employees and patients. Around
the same time that day, Bradley advised Affinity that (1) it had provided her with only
“generic information” about the facility; (2) the Township “verif[ies] that [a] site . . .
contains sufficient parking for the proposed use,” and “[she] was informed that” facilities
like the one apparently proposed by Affinity “typically do not operate like a standard
medical practice with scheduled appointments,” but instead “function more similarly to a
retail[er]” whose “peak parking demands are accommodated by larger [] lots”; and
(3) because “the proposed change of use appear[ed] to be significantly different than the
previously permitted uses on [the] site,” Affinity needed to obtain a change of use from
the Planning Board, in accordance with § 156.018 of the Township Code.9 App. 246.
8 Norman also informed Affinity that it was “free to file an application for zoning
interpretation under N.J.S.A. § 40:55D-70(b) [on] whether the proposed opioid treatment
constitutes a medical office use.” App. 213.
9 Under the Township Code,
(E) The [] Board will . . . conduct a public hearing on the proposed change
of use application. The applicant will be responsible to clearly state all
aspects of the proposed use of the property.
(F) . . . The reviewing board will make a final determination on the
application . . . based on the testimony provided to the reviewing board.
Failure of the reviewing board to act within the prescribed time period shall
constitute approval of the application.
(G) The reviewing board may condition a change of use approval upon
compliance with any reasonable condition not in violation with the terms of
this chapter or other applicable local, state, or federal law.
Twp. Code § 156.018(E)-(G).

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Affinity then applied to the Board for a change of use.10 Four public hearings
ensued, during which Affinity’s witnesses testified that: (1) the facility anticipated
treating between 200 and 275 patients per day, eighty to ninety percent of whom would
arrive between 5:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. (“Peak Hours”); (2) during Peak Hours, between
fifty and seventy-five percent of patients would be triaged by one of three nurses, receive
oral medication, and then leave; (3) approximately twenty-five percent of patients during
Peak Hours would undergo that same process and a drug screen; (4) treatments during
Peak Hours would “take more than a minute,” App. 1112, with a typical treatment lasting
no more than five to ten minutes, although some could last up to twenty-five minutes; and
(5) after Peak Hours, approximately six patients per day would receive counseling.
Affinity’s traffic expert, David Shropshire, testified that neither the facility’s anticipated
Peak Hours, nor its patients’ pattern of arrivals and departures, are typical of a traditional
medical office.11 Shropshire explained that “[b]ecause of the uniqueness of” Affinity’s
facility he did not use data from the Institute of Transportation Engineers (“ITE”) in his
traffic analysis for Affinity, even though ITE “[has] a category of use for medical
10 Before the hearing, Voorhees residents emailed the Township expressing their
view that the treatment facility (1) would increase illegal activity, and (2) was located too
close to an elementary school.
11 Shropshire also issued a written report, which concluded that (1) Affinity’s
facility would have “minimal impact on the adjacent roadways”; (2) there would be
“more than sufficient[] parking,” assuming a “total available parking supply of 78 spaces
on-site”; and (3) eighty vehicles would arrive at different times during a peak hour. App.
654-55. These observations do not account for the fact that Affinity would be assigned
only twenty of the parking spots in the lot and that it has nine employees.

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offices[.]” App. 1205-06. He instead used traffic metrics from an addiction treatment
facility located in a neighboring town to predict the traffic flow to Affinity’s location.
Separately, during one hearing, Board Solicitor Stuart Platt asked Affinity whether
“there [were] any [] conditions that [Affinity] would proffer or agree to on [its]
application,” to which Affinity responded that it would be open to the Board’s imposing a
275 patient-per-day limitation, but that Affinity could not then agree to any other
conditions. App. 1452.12
The Board unanimously voted to deny Affinity’s application based on the
facility’s high traffic, lack of sufficient parking, and commercial nature. In its final
resolution, the Board expounded that “the intensity of the proposed use [and] unique
hours of operation” made the facility “the equivalent of a medical clinic,” a use “not
permitted in the ‘transitional and less intensive’ O-1 Zoning District, but rather in only
12 Affinity also presented two doctors who testified about the serious nature of the
opioid crisis. The Board also permitted eight members of the public to comment during
the final two hearings, all of whom opposed the facility, mostly based on their personal
view that it would attract illicit drug users, increase crime, or pose harm to elementary
schoolers.
The Board members asked many questions, including about the: (1) need for
increased security at the facility, (2) consequences of locating the facility near an
elementary school, (3) use of intravenous needles in providing treatment (which was a
mistaken assumption as the provided treatment is oral), (4) side effects of methadone,
and (5) whether OUD patients are susceptible to being “preyed on by . . . those in the
[illicit] drug trade.” App 1138-39. As explained herein, these areas of inquiry do not
show that the Board’s decision was based on anything other than the volume of activity at
the facility and the land use impact.

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the more commercial [Major Business] and [Township Center] Zoning Districts.”13 App.
447.
II14
Affinity sued the Township, alleging (1) disparate treatment, disparate impact, and
failure to accommodate in violation of the ADA and RA; (2) selective enforcement under
the Equal Protection Clause; and (3) a violation of the substantive due process guarantees
of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the
District Court determined that Affinity’s claims failed because: (1) an intention to
exclude OUD patients did not motivate the Township’s handling or denial of Affinity’s
applications, (2) the Township had legitimate reasons for denying the applications,
(3) Affinity failed to show that the Township could reasonably accommodate the facility
in its selected location, and (4) Affinity did not show that the Township’s decision to
deny it the right to use the leased property shocked the conscience. See generally
13 Because the Board found that Affinity’s proposed use “for a medical clinic is
not a permitted use in [its preferred] [z]one,” it concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to
grant relief and told Affinity that it could “apply to the Voorhees Zoning Board of
Adjustment . . . [for] use variance approval, pursuant to . . . N.J.S.A. [§] 40:55D-70d.”
App. 449.
14 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1334.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of the
District Court’s order granting summary judgment. Resch v. Krapf’s Coaches, Inc., 785
F.3d 869, 871 n.3 (3d Cir. 2015). We apply the same standard as the District Court,
viewing facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in the non-movant’s favor. Hugh v.
Butler Cnty. Family YMCA, 418 F.3d 265, 266-67 (3d Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is
appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Unsupported assertions,
conclusory allegations, or mere suspicions are insufficient to overcome a motion for
summary judgment.” Betts v. New Castle Youth Dev. Ctr., 621 F.3d 249, 252 (3d Cir.
2010).

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Affinity Healthcare Grp. Voorhees, LLC v. Twp. Of Voorhees, 624 F. Supp. 3d 494
(D.N.J. 2022). Affinity appeals.15
III
A
The ADA and RA prohibit discrimination based on disability. Title II of the ADA
provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability,
be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or
activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42
U.S.C. § 12132.16 An ADA claim may proceed under any of the following theories of
liability: (1) disparate treatment or intentional discrimination, (2) disparate impact, or
(3) failure to make a reasonable accommodation. See Cmty. Servs., Inc. v. Wind Gap
Mun. Auth., 421 F.3d 170, 176 (3d Cir. 2005) (Fair Housing Amendments Act
(“FHAA”) case); see also Hansen Found., Inc. v. Atlantic City, 504 F. Supp. 3d 327, 334-
15 Because Affinity presented no substantive arguments challenging the dismissal
of its state law selective enforcement and New Jersey Law Against Discrimination
claims, those claims are forfeited. See Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 182 (3d Cir.
1993) (failure to “set forth [an] issue[] on appeal and to present [an] argument in support
of [that] issue[] in [one’s] opening brief” generally amounts to “abandon[ment] and
waive[r of] that issue . . . and it need not be addressed by the court of appeals.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)); see also United States v. Hoffecker, 530 F.3d 137, 162 (3d
Cir. 2008) (holding that “a one-sentence footnote falls far short of meeting the
requirement that an appellant raise an issue in his [or her] opening brief or else waive the
issue on appeal”). Even if we were to consider those claims, they would fail for the
reasons set forth herein.
16 Because “the ADA simply expands the [RA]’s prohibitions against
discrimination into the private sector, [and] Congress has directed that the two acts’
judicial and agency standards be harmonized,” New Directions Treatment Servs. v. City
of Reading, 490 F.3d 293, 302 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted), the same analysis applies
in this case to Affinity’s RA claim.

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35 (D.N.J. 2020) (stating that courts use the FHAA framework to examine to ADA and
RA claims). To evaluate claims brought under these theories, “courts [] typically adopt[]
the analytical framework of their analogues in employment law,” which requires that if a
plaintiff satisfies the elements of the prima facie case of discrimination, then the burden
shifts to the defendant to show it had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action.
431 E. Palisade Ave. Real Estate, LLC v. City of Englewood, 977 F.3d 277, 284 (3d Cir.
2020) (quoting Wind Gap, 421 F.3d at 176).
1
To establish a prima facie case for discrimination, “a plaintiff must show that he
is a qualified individual with a disability; . . . was excluded from a service, program, or
activity of a public entity; and . . . was excluded because of his disability.” Disability
Rights N.J., Inc. v. Comm’r, N.J. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 796 F.3d 293, 301 (3d Cir. 2015)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The parties here do not dispute that
(1) Affinity’s patients suffering OUD are qualified persons under the ADA and RA, New
Directions, 490 F.3d at 308-09 & n.11; (2) the Township is a public entity that provides
services, 42 U.S.C. § 12131(1)(A); (3) services include access to treatment; and (4) a
zoning ordinance can result in an exclusion from such services, see New Directions, 490
F.3d at 305 (holding that a law “singl[ing] out methadone clinics for different zoning
procedures” facially violates the ADA).
The parties dispute only whether “some discriminatory purpose” to exclude OUD
patients from receiving MAT “was a motivating factor behind” the Township’s
procedures and denial of Affinity’s applications. Wind Gap, 421 F.3d at 177 (internal

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quotation marks and citation omitted). The record does not provide a basis for a
reasonable jury to conclude that it was. As a preliminary matter, the Township Code is
facially neutral insofar as it does not single out methadone clinics or OUD patients.
Moreover, the Township did not subject Affinity’s application to atypical procedures. As
to the zoning application process, the Township approved the first application based on
Affinity representing that it intended only to operate a “[m]edical office,” App. 213. It
then accepted a second application, which (1) resulted from Affinity’s failure to comply
with NJDOH’s certificate of occupancy and notice requirements, and (2) contained a
revised description of the proposed use, namely “Medical Office/Opioid Treatment
Center,” without any other details about the facility’s operations, App. 152. It then
denied the second application for technical reasons related to the facility’s exit signs but,
in light of the second application’s revised use description, twice requested additional
information about the facility’s practices and land use impacts. When Affinity submitted
a third application that mirrored the land use information in the second application, the
Township denied this application after Affinity failed to send Bradley the information
that she had twice requested.
Affinity then applied for, and the Board considered, a change of use.17 The Board
reviewed written materials and testimony which showed that, unlike traditional medical
offices, the facility was “the equivalent of a ‘medical clinic,’” a use not permitted in the
O-1 Zoning District, as reflected by its unique hours of operation and high volume of
17 Affinity also opted not to appeal Bradley’s denial of its application. See
N.J.S.A. § 40:55D-70.

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activity, which could result in increased traffic and parking problems. For example, the
facility would receive as many as 245 unscheduled patients daily, between 5:00 a.m. and
9:30 a.m., with the first permit allotting Affinity only twenty parking spaces in its lot to
accommodate its patients and employees. Affinity’s own expert acknowledged the
facility’s “uniqueness” and relied on traffic metrics from a nearby addiction treatment
facility to predict the traffic flow to Affinity’s location, rather than on traffic data for
traditional medical offices. Based on these facts, the Board concluded that the volume of
activity and traffic impact was inconsistent with the O-1 Zoning District.
Neither the Board’s questions, nor objections from residents, which may have
been based on a misunderstanding of OUD patients and treatments, show that the Board’s
decision was motivated in any way by anti-OUD patient bias. The Board’s questions
reflect an effort to understand Affinity’s services and probe the traffic and parking issues
presented by the number of patients expected to visit each day during the Peak Hours.
Additionally, there is no evidence that the residents’ comments impacted the Board’s

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decision. Because Affinity has not shown that discriminatory intent motivated the
Township’s decision,18 it has not established a prima facie case of disparate treatment.19
2
Affinity has also failed to adduce evidence to support a disparate impact claim.20
“[T]o make a prima facie case of disparate impact . . . [a] plaintiff must show that the
Township’s action had a greater adverse impact on [a] protected group”—here, patients
with OUD—“than on others.” Lapid-Laurel, L.L.C. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of
Twp. of Scotch Plains, 284 F.3d 442, 466-67 (3d Cir. 2002). Proof of discriminatory
intent is not required. Id. at 466 (citing Doe v. City of Butler, 892 F.2d 315, 323 (3d Cir.
1989). If the plaintiff succeeds in offering evidence of a measurable disproportionate
18 Further undermining Affinity’s disparate treatment claim is the fact that one
year before denying its zoning application, the Township approved RCA’s application to
operate an addiction treatment office in a building located across the street from a
daycare center. In contrast to the 160 to 245 unscheduled patients that Affinity expected
to treat between 5:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m., RCA expected to treat between twenty-five and
seventy-five patients during appointments scheduled between 9:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.
The Township’s approval of RCA and denial of Affinity’s applications support the
conclusion that the Township did not act to exclude individuals with OUD, but rather
sought to uphold the purposes of the zone in which Affinity sought to operate.
19 Affinity also brings a selective enforcement claim. To maintain a selective
enforcement claim, a plaintiff must show: (1) “the administration of [a facially neutral
policy] . . . resulted in ‘unequal application to those who are entitled to be treated alike,’
. . . [and (2)] ‘an element of intentional or purposeful discrimination’” on the part of the
defendant. PG Pub. Co. v. Aichele, 705 F.3d 91, 115 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting Snowdon v.
Hughes, 321 U.S 1, 8 (1944)). Affinity’s selective enforcement claim fails because
(1) Affinity has not adduced evidence upon which a reasonable jury could conclude that
the Township’s decision to deny its application was motivated by an intent to
discriminate against OUD patients; and (2) the Township’s approval of RCA’s
application demonstrates its openness to opioid treatment facilities in the Township.
20 No party here disputes that Affinity’s RA claim may proceed under a disparate
impact theory.

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impact, “then the burden shifts to the defendant to show that it had a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for the action and that no less discriminatory alternatives were
available.” Lapid-Laurel, 284 F.3d at 467 (citing Resident Advisory Bd. v. Rizzo, 564
F.2d 126, 149 (3d Cir. 1977)). If the defendant makes such a showing, “the plaintiff may
still carry his burden of persuasion by demonstrating that a feasible, yet less onerous
alternative exists.” NAACP v. Med. Ctr., Inc., 657 F.2d 1322, 1334-35 (3d Cir. 1981).
Even assuming the Township’s denial of Affinity’s applications had a
disproportionate effect on OUD patients who would benefit from having access to a
methadone clinic in the zone, the Township has set forth legitimate reasons for its
conduct and has not otherwise erected hurdles that bar Affinity from seeking a permit to
operate in another zone in Voorhees. Moreover, when asked whether “there [were] other
conditions” besides limiting its patient count to 275 per day21 to which Affinity would
agree, and that might allow the Township to accommodate Affinity’s request, Affinity’s
counsel stated: “[n]one that I can — none that I’m [allowed] to discuss at this point[.]”
App. 1457. No other alternatives were ever offered. Because Affinity did not carry its
burden to show that “a feasible, yet less onerous alternative exists,” NAACP, 657 F.2d at
1335, its disparate impact claim fails.22
21 This sole condition does not constitute a reasonable requested accommodation
because that figure did not address the Board’s land use concerns.
22 For similar reasons, Affinity’s reasonable accommodation claim fails. To state
a prima facie case for such a claim, Affinity must show that the Township refused to
make a reasonable accommodation in the Township Code when such accommodation
may be necessary to afford the requestor equal opportunity to use the facility.
Vorchheimer v. Philadelphian Owners Ass’n, 903 F.3d 100, 105-06 (3d Cir. 2018)

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B
Affinity also has not demonstrated that the Township violated its substantive due
process rights. To state a substantive due process claim, Affinity must show that the
Township “shock[ed] the conscience” by depriving Affinity of a protected property
interest. Chainey v. Street, 523 F.3d 200, 219 (3d Cir. 2008).23 None of the Township’s
conduct, including its application processes and the Board members’ written and oral
communications before, during, or after the hearings, shocks the conscience.
Accordingly, this claim fails.
IV
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.
(applying this standard in FHAA case); see also Yates Real Estate, Inc. v. Plainfield
Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 404 F. Supp. 3d 889, 915, 918-19 (D.N.J. 2019) (applying
this standard in ADA case). Even assuming Affinity made a prima facie showing, for the
reasons already stated, Affinity did not offer any reasonable accommodations that would
allow it to operate, mindful of the land use concerns the Township identified.
23 See also United Artists Theatre Cir., Inc. v. Twp. of Warrington, 316 F.3d 392,
399-400 (3d Cir. 2003) (observing that “only the most egregious official conduct” shocks
the conscience (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); DeBlasio v. Zoning Bd.
of Adjustment, 53 F.3d 592, 600 & n.9 (3d Cir. 1995), overruled on other grounds by
United Artists, 316 F.3d at 401 (noting that “ownership is a property interest worthy of
substantive due process protection”).

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