MARK-BRIAN KLINE, Beneficial Owner v. ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN REPRESENTATIVE, Trustee

CLD-097 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 25-2132
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MARK-BRIAN KLINE, Beneficial Owner,
Appellant
v.
ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN REPRESENTATIVE, Trustee
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. Action No. 2:23-cv-00398)
District Judge: Honorable Michael E. Farbiarz
____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Due to Jurisdictional Defect, Possible Dismissal
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B), or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit
LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
March 19, 2026
Before: BIBAS, PHIPPS, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed March 31, 2026)
_________
OPINION*
_________
PER CURIAM
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

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Mark-Brian Kline, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals from the
District Court judgment dismissing his complaint against the Alien Property Custodian
Representative. We will summarily affirm.
I.
Kline filed a complaint in the District Court under the Trading with the Enemy Act
(TWEA)—a 1917 statute designed, among other things, to allow the government to seize
enemy property—seeking equitable relief from the Alien Property Custodian
Representative. Though hard to follow, his complaint seems to allege that the United
States government has long held property belonging to him, possibly since the Civil War
because of his familial ties to the Confederate South, or possibly since his birth because
of an alleged government scheme—known as “redemption theory”1—to use a strawman
of Kline’s persona to fulfill national debt obligations. He also objects to impending state
court foreclosure proceedings against him.
The government filed a motion to dismiss, and the District Court granted the
motion, reasoning that sovereign immunity deprived the Court of subject matter
jurisdiction over Kline’s claims. Kline filed an application for extension of time to amend
1 Our Court has described “redemption theory” as a theory that “propounds that a person
has a split personality: a real person and a fictional person called the ‘strawman.’ The
‘strawman’ purportedly came into being when the United States went off the gold
standard in 1993, and, instead, pledged the strawman of its citizens as collateral for the
country's national debt. Redemptionists claim that government has power only over the
strawman and not over the live person, who remains free. Individuals can free themselves
by filing UCC financing statements, thereby acquiring an interest in their strawman.
Thereafter, the real person can demand that government officials pay enormous sums of
money to use the strawman's name.” Monroe v. Beard, 536 F.3d 198, 203 n.4 (3d Cir.
2008) (per curiam).

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his complaint, followed by a motion to reopen his case with an amended claim.2
Approving a Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation, the District Court denied
Kline’s motion to reconsider. Kline appealed both orders.
II.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District
Court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is plenary, see Tobak v. Apfel,
195 F.3d 183, 185 (3d Cir. 1999), and we review the District Court’s denial of a Rule
59(e) motion for abuse of discretion. See Fed. Kemper Ins. Co. v. Rauscher, 807 F.2d
345, 348 (3d Cir. 1986). We may summarily affirm if the appeal fails to present a
substantial question. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4; I.O.P. 10.6.
III.
The District Court properly concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over Kline’s
claims, because Kline’s claims are barred by sovereign immunity. Kline sought to sue the
Alien Property Custodian Representative pursuant to the TWEA, 50 U.S.C. § 4301, et
seq., relating to the impending foreclosure of his home. The Office of the Alien Property
Custodian Representative that Kline seeks to sue no longer exists—it was abolished in
1966, and its functions were transferred to the United States Department of the Treasury.
See Transferring Jurisdiction Over Certain Blocked Assets from the Attorney General to
the Secretary of the Treasury, Exec. Order No. 11281, 31 Fed. Reg. 7215 (May 13,
2 Though Kline referred to his motion as a motion to reopen, the District Court properly
construed his motion as Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration. See Banister v. Davis, 590
U.S. 504, 520 n.9 (2020) (discussing practice).

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1966). In light of this, the District Court, reading Kline’s complaint liberally as required,
see Higgs v. Att’y Gen., 655 F.3d 333, 339 (3d Cir. 2011), interpreted Kline’s complaint
as a suit against the Department of the Treasury.
For a plaintiff to bring a suit against the United States government, the
government must explicitly waive its sovereign immunity, and the plaintiff’s claim must
fall within the terms of the waiver. See United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe,
537 U.S. 465, 472 (2003). Although the TWEA contains a waiver of the government’s
sovereign immunity, Kline’s claim is barred because his claim doesn’t fall within the
terms of the waiver. See 50 U.S.C. § 4309(a). The TWEA authorizes a lawsuit when an
individual seeks to reclaim “any interest, right, or title in any money or other property
which may have been conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered, or paid to the Alien
Property Custodian or seized by him.” Id. Here, Kline has failed to plausibly allege that
the Alien Property Custodian (or the Department of the Treasury) has seized or otherwise
received his property.
To the extent that Kline relies on “redemption theory” to allege that he is entitled
to government-maintained property interest in a strawman persona of himself, such an
argument is frivolous. See United States v. Anzaldi, 800 F.3d 872, 877–78 (7th Cir. 2015)
(describing a litigant’s motions that were predicated on redemption theory as frivolous).
Nor does Kline’s complaint allege that the federal government is somehow involved in
his New Jersey foreclosure proceedings, which means his claim does not fall within the
terms of the TWEA waiver. See Tran Qui Than v. Regan, 658 F.2d 1296, 1300–01 (9th
Cir. 1981) (holding that a Court lacked jurisdiction under the TWEA where a plaintiff

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failed to establish that his property was “conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered or
paid or otherwise seized by the United States government” (internal quotation marks
omitted)). Accordingly, the District Court properly concluded that it lacked subject-
matter jurisdiction over Kline’s claims.
We discern no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s denial of Kline’s Rule
59(e) motion to reconsider and amend his complaint. See Shifflett v. Korszniak, 934 F.3d
356, 364 (3d Cir. 2019) (holding that denying leave to amend is reviewed for abuse of
discretion). Where, as here, a plaintiff moves to amend his complaint under Rule 59(e),
we apply the same factors as when a plaintiff seeks to amend a pleading under Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure 15(a). See Klotz v. Celentano Stadtmauer and Walentowicz
LLP, 991 F.3d 458, 462 (3d Cir. 2021). Futility is an appropriate basis upon which to
deny a Rule 15(a) motion. See Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 231 (3d
Cir. 2011). Because Kline’s amended claim did not address or resolve the jurisdictional
issues identified in the District Court’s dismissal order, the District Court properly
concluded that amendment was futile and denied his motion. See id. (“Futility means that
the complaint, as amended, would fail to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Accordingly, we will summarily affirm the judgment of the District Court.

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