Summer Sowash v. MARSHALLS OF MA, INC., d/b/a Marshalls; DAVID HUGHES

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 21-1656
SUMMER SOWASH,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
MARSHALLS OF MA, INC., d/b/a Marshalls; DAVID HUGHES,
Defendants – Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at
Roanoke. Michael F. Urbanski, Chief District Judge. (7:19-cv-00361-MFU-RSB)
Argued: May 4, 2022 Decided: June 23, 2022
Before THACKER, HARRIS, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Harris wrote the opinion, in which Judge Thacker
and Judge Quattlebaum joined.
ARGUED: Terry Neill Grimes, TERRY N. GRIMES, ESQ., PC, Roanoke, Virginia, for
Appellant. Raymond Charles Baldwin, SEYFARTH SHAW LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Christine Costantino, SEYFARTH SHAW LLP, Washington,
D.C., for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:
Summer Sowash, who worked at a Virginia department store, brought a lawsuit
alleging that she was sexually harassed by a coworker in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and Virginia’s law of assault and battery. Sowash’s claim centered
around allegations that over a period of several months, her coworker repeatedly hugged
her and stroked her arm, once kissed her on the cheek, and complimented her appearance.
The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants, concluding that the
conduct at issue, while inappropriate, did not rise to the level of “severe or pervasive,” as
required for Title VII liability, and likewise was not actionable assault or battery under
Virginia state law. We agree, and for the reasons given by the district court in its opinion,
we affirm its judgment.
I.
A.
Summer Sowash began working at Marshalls department store in Roanoke,
Virginia, in 2010. After starting as a cashier, Sowash was promoted to “key carrier and
coordinator,” supervising an area of the sales floor. She remained in that position during
the period relevant to this appeal, though she several times expressed interest in a further
promotion to assistant store manager.
In October 2017, David Hughes started work at the Roanoke Marshalls as an
assistant store manager. Hughes is openly gay and married to a man. Though Hughes was
not her direct supervisor, Sowash took issue with his leadership style, and she registered

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her first complaint in a February 2018 email to a Marshalls human resources representative.
In that email, she expressed her frustration at being passed over for the assistant manager
position filled instead by Hughes and complained about his leadership style. She also
described a recent encounter in which Hughes accused her of lying and yelled at her,
making her “dread going to work.” J.A. 134.
The conduct directly at issue in this case began in March 2018 when, according to
Sowash, Hughes started “hovering around” her on the sales floor, hugging her and touching
her arm. J.A. 64. Specifically, as Sowash described the encounters, Hughes would put one
arm around her shoulders and “stroke his fingers up and down [her] arm,” J.A. 68, for about
a minute. The touching was not accompanied by any sexual comments. As for frequency,
Sowash at one point characterized Hughes’s hugs as “continuous,” occurring “almost every
day” between March and June of 2018. J.A. 58. But when asked for specifics, she could
say only that there were more than ten such hugs; she was unable to recall whether there
were more than 20, or the date on which any occurred. Sowash reported Hughes’s behavior
to her direct supervisor and the store manager, though she did not raise it with Hughes
himself.
The next event relevant to Sowash’s complaint occurred at the end of April 2018,
when Sowash returned to work from an unrelated medical leave of absence. Upon her
return, Hughes hugged Sowash and kissed her on the cheek, saying that he was glad to
have her back at work. The interaction lasted for “a couple of seconds.” J.A. 85.
At around the same time, Marshalls sent a corporate team to its Roanoke store to
assess the workplace environment and employee morale, in light of unrelated complaints

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about the store manager. Sowash was interviewed twice as part of that process. In her first
interview, records indicate that she did not complain about Hughes’s unwelcome touching.
Other employees interviewed at the same time, however, did bring Hughes to the attention
of the corporate representative, describing him as inappropriately “touching female
associates,” using “rude language,” and “refer[ring] to his personal lifestyle by calling
himself Queen bitch” and other homophobic names. J.A. 103. In her second interview, in
June 2018, Sowash reported Hughes’s kiss upon her return from leave.
In June 2018, a summary report validated the complaints against Hughes, finding
that he had inappropriately touched coworkers on their arms, given Sowash an unwanted
kiss on the cheek, and used unprofessional and inappropriate language. In response,
Marshalls issued Hughes a written warning, and the Roanoke store manager met with
Hughes to discuss corrective procedures, review antidiscrimination and harassment
policies, and set up weekly meetings to monitor his behavior.
According to Sowash, Hughes did not touch her again after the June 2018
investigation. But Sowash alleges that in July 2018, Hughes complimented her appearance,
telling her that she looked “pretty” in a yellow shirt and that she should not “take that
offensive.” J.A. 96. Hughes had given her similar compliments in the past, Sowash
alleged, but this was the only one she described with specificity. Sowash reported the July
2018 comment to her supervisors. That was the last incident complained of in this case,
and the following year, in September 2019, Hughes was transferred to another Marshalls
location.

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B.
Sowash filed a complaint in federal court against Marshalls and Hughes, alleging
Title VII sex discrimination and tortious assault and battery under Virginia law. After
discovery, the defendants moved for summary judgment. In May 2021, in a carefully
reasoned opinion, the district court granted the defendants’ summary judgment motion in
its entirety. Sowash v. Marshalls of MA, Inc., No. 7:19-CV-361, 2021 WL 2115359, at *9
(W.D. Va. May 25, 2021).
The court began with Sowash’s Title VII claim, recognizing that “[s]exual
harassment that creates a hostile environment in the workplace may constitute sex
discrimination” actionable under Title VII. Id. at *4 (citing Meritor Savings Bank v.
Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 66 (1986)); see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). A hostile work environment
claim based on sex discrimination has four elements, the court explained, only two of
which were in dispute here: Sowash was required to show that the harassment was based
on her gender, and that it was “sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to alter the conditions
of employment and create an abusive or hostile environment.” Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359,
at *4 (citing EEOC v. Sunbelt Rentals, Inc., 521 F.3d 306, 313 (4th Cir. 2008)).1
The district court rested its decision on the “severe or pervasive” element,
concluding that Sowash could not establish that Hughes’s behavior – inappropriate as it
1 The first element – requiring the plaintiff to show that the conduct in question was
unwelcome – was evidenced, the court noted, by Sowash’s complaints to management
about Hughes’s behavior. Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *4 n.3. And the defendants did
not dispute, for purposes of summary judgment, that there was a basis for imputing liability
for Hughes’s conduct to Marshalls, as required by the fourth element.

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was – “cross[ed] the threshold of severe or pervasive conduct under Title VII.” Id. at *5.
As the district court explained, whether alleged harassment is objectively “severe or
pervasive” turns on the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency and severity
of the conduct; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or merely an “offensive
utterance”; and whether it unreasonably interfered with the employee’s work performance.
Id. at *4 (paraphrasing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)).2 The court
recognized that whether alleged harassment is sufficiently severe or pervasive is generally
a question for a jury. Id. But here, the court determined, the record evidence, viewed in
the light most favorable to Sowash, could not support a finding of “severe or pervasive”
harassment creating a hostile or abusive work environment. Id. at *5.
“Considered in the light most favorable to Sowash,” the court determined, “the facts
of this case” were as follows: Hughes hugged Sowash and touched her arm “more than ten
times from March to June 2018.” Id. There was one kiss on the cheek, on the day Sowash
returned from medical leave. Id. And while Sowash had made “vague assertions” of
compliments to her appearance, she could recall only one specific incident: the July 2018
encounter in which Hughes said she looked pretty in yellow. Id.; see also id. at *4
(explaining that “conclusory allegations with no specific evidentiary support” are
insufficient to satisfy elements of Title VII claim (citing EEOC v. Xerxes Corp., 639 F.3d
658, 676 (4th Cir. 2011))). And those facts “considered in [their] totality,” the court
2 The “severe or pervasive” requirement also has a subjective component, as the
district court explained. Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *4. Again, that requirement was
satisfied, the court determined, by Sowash’s reports of Hughes’s conduct. Id. at *4 n. 4.

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concluded, did not “rise to the level of severe or pervasive harassment” as a matter of law.
Id. at *5.
The court canvassed other sexual harassment cases, distinguishing those relied on
by Sowash because they involved “vulgar sexual innuendos” and propositions, derogatory
name-calling, sexual touching, and office “pranks” such as locking an employee into her
work area or hitting her with a box. Id. at *6 (discussing Williams v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
187 F.3d 553 (6th Cir. 1999), and McKinley v. Salvation Army, 192 F. Supp. 3d 678 (W.D.
Va. 2016)). Here, by contrast, there was no allegation of any sexual comment or
proposition; there were no so-called office “pranks”; and Hughes’s demeaning statements
were aimed only at himself, not at Sowash. Id. at *6. Instead, the court concluded, this
case was similar to others in which courts had found that non-sexual touching – even on
multiple occasions, as here – did not constitute “severe or pervasive” harassment creating
an abusive work environment. See id. at *6–7 (discussing, inter alia, Byers v. HSBC Fin.
Corp., 416 F. Supp. 2d 424 (E.D. Va. 2006)).
In sum, the court determined, Hughes’s “non-sexual hugs and touching,
compliments on Sowash’s appearance, and one kiss on the cheek are insufficient to prove
severity or pervasiveness.” Id. at *6. Construing the evidence in Sowash’s favor, Hughes
hugged Sowash and stroked her arm “a number of times,” but not in a “sexual manner,”
and without any sexual commentary. Id. *6–7. Hughes’s “most egregious behavior” – the
kiss on the cheek – was “an isolated incident.” Id. at *6. And while several employees
had complained about Hughes’s management style, “general workplace grievances cannot

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underpin a sex discrimination claim” under Title VII. 3 Id. at *7. Because no reasonable
jury could find Hughes’s conduct sufficiently severe or pervasive, the district court
concluded, the defendants were entitled to summary judgment on Sowash’s Title VII
claim.4
Similarly, the district court held, the record evidence could not support a finding
that Hughes’s conduct amounted to assault or battery under Virginia law. See id. at *7–9.
For assault, the court explained, Sowash would have to prove an act “intended” to cause
harm or offense, see id. at *7 (citing Koffman v. Garnett, 574 S.E.2d 258, 261 (Va. 2003));
and for battery, that Hughes’s behavior was not only objectively “offensive” but also “done
in a rude, insolent, or angry manner,” see id. at *8 (citing Balas v. Huntington Ingalls
Indus., Inc., 711 F.3d 401, 411 (4th Cir. 2013) (applying Virginia law)). Because there
3 For that reason, the district court did not include the February 2018 office
encounter between Hughes and Sowash – in which Hughes allegedly yelled at Sowash –
in its review of the evidence supporting Sowash’s Title VII claim. See Sowash, 2021 WL
2115359, at *5 n.6 (treating incident as “ordinary workplace dispute” that does not support
a claim of sexual harassment (quoting Dortch v. Cellco P’ship, 770 F. App’x 643, 646 (4th
Cir. 2019))). Nor does Sowash rely on that incident on appeal.
4 Given this determination, the court noted, it was not required to decide whether
Sowash could satisfy the second element of her Title VII claim by showing that Hughes’s
alleged harassment was based on or “because of” her sex. See Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359,
at *7 n.7. The court did explain, however, in reviewing the elements of a sexual harassment
claim, that “[h]arassment because of sex need not be motivated by sexual desire,” and may
be shown if a harasser displays hostility to women in the workplace or by comparative
evidence of differential treatment of men and women. Id. at *4. Neither Hughes’s sexual
orientation nor the absence of any “sexual solicitation,” in other words, would preclude a
plaintiff like Sowash from prevailing on this prong or on her Title VII claim, see Oncale v.
Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80–81 (1998) (recognizing same-sex
harassment claim under Title VII), and we do not understand the defendants to have argued
otherwise.

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was no evidence that Sowash told or otherwise indicated to Hughes that she found his non-
sexual hugs or single kiss unwelcome, the court reasoned, she could not establish the intent
element of her assault claim. Id. And because Hughes’s conduct – “non-sexual touching
on the arm, one arm hugs, and a welcome-back kiss” – could not be found “rude, insolent,
or angry” and did not defy prevalent “social usages,” it could not support a battery claim.
Id.; see Balas, 711 F.3d at 411 (applying same standard to episode in which supervisor
hugged employee after she gave him Christmas gift and finding no liability for battery).
Sowash timely appealed.
II.
We review de novo the grant of summary judgment to the defendants, applying the
same standard as the district court. Henry v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 531 (4th Cir. 2011)
(en banc). Like the district court, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be
drawn from it in the light most favorable to Sowash, as the non-moving party. Id. And as
the district court recognized, summary judgment is appropriate only if no reasonable jury
could find for Sowash on the evidence so viewed, so that the defendants are entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *4; see Henry, 652 F.3d at
531. Under that standard, and for substantially the same reasons given by the district court,
we affirm the district court’s judgment.
Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to “discriminate against any individual
with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because
of such individual’s . . . sex.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Because an employee’s work

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environment is a term or condition of employment, a hostile work environment based on
sex may violate Title VII. See Sunbelt Rentals, 521 F.3d at 313–15. But that will be so
only where harassing conduct is “sufficiently severe or pervasive” that it amounts to an
actual change in the conditions of the plaintiff’s employment, creating an objectively
abusive work environment. Id. at 314–15; see Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (Title VII prohibits
a “workplace [] permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult”). As we
have explained, this is a “high bar,” separating out non-actionable “rude treatment by
coworkers” from actionable conduct “aimed to humiliate, ridicule, or intimidate, thereby
creating an abusive atmosphere.” Sunbelt Rentals, 521 F.3d at 315–16 (cleaned up).
We agree with the district court that Sowash cannot meet that “high standard” here.
See Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *5 (internal quotation marks omitted). We see no error
in the district court’s assessment of the evidentiary record before it: As the district court
summarized, that record, viewed in the light most favorable to Sowash, would support
findings that Hughes hugged her and touched her arm, without any sexual commentary or
innuendo, on more than ten occasions over the course of several months; kissed her on the
cheek once, when she returned from medical leave; and complimented her appearance at
least once, saying she looked pretty in yellow. Id. And for the reasons given by the district
court, considering the totality of the circumstances, neither the number nor the nature of
those contacts is sufficient to meet the “severe or pervasive” threshold. See id. at *5–7.
Like the district court, we do not doubt that Hughes’s conduct was unprofessional and
inappropriate, or that it caused Sowash genuine distress. But as a matter of law, this was
not the kind of “extreme” conduct that creates a workplace so objectively hostile or abusive

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that it constitutes a change in the terms and conditions of employment. See Faragher v.
City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998); see also Hartsell v. Duplex Prods., Inc., 123
F.3d 766, 773 (4th Cir. 1997) (noting that Title VII was “not designed to create a federal
remedy for all offensive language and conduct in the workplace” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
On appeal, Sowash emphasizes that whether alleged harassment is sufficiently
“severe or pervasive” to meet the Title VII standard is “quintessentially a question of fact”
for the jury. Hartsell, 123 F.3d at 773 (internal quotation marks omitted). That is true, as
the district court recognized. See Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *4. But it is not an
invariable rule, as we have explained: When no reasonable jury – even if it credited all the
plaintiff’s evidence and drew all reasonable inferences in her favor – could find harassment
rising to the level of “severe or pervasive,” summary judgment is appropriately awarded to
the defendant. See Hartsell, 123 F.3d at 773; see also, e.g., Perkins v. Int’l Paper Co., 936
F.3d 196, 209–11 (4th Cir. 2019).
Sowash also suggests on appeal that the district court erred by failing to consider,
in its assessment of her workplace environment, incidents involving Hughes reported by
other employees – Hughes’s alleged use of homophobic slurs and profanity to refer to
himself in conversation with those employees, and one incident in which he reportedly
chased an employee around the store. We have made clear, however, that “experiences of
third parties about which a plaintiff was unaware should not be considered in evaluating a
hostile work environment’s severe or pervasive requirement.” Perkins, 936 F.3d at 210.

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And nothing in the record indicates that Sowash was aware of these alleged events when
they transpired, or at any time when she and Hughes worked together at Marshalls.
Similarly, on this evidentiary record, Sowash cannot make out a claim for assault or
battery under Virginia law, again for the reasons explained by the district court: There is
no evidence from which a jury could find the intent to cause harm or offense required for
assault, or the “rude, insolent, or angry” conduct, outside the norm of “social usages,”
required for battery. See Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *8. On appeal, Sowash addresses
only her battery claim, arguing primarily that the district court relied unduly on this court’s
decision in Balas in rejecting it. We disagree.
In Balas, as the district court explained, we considered a battery claim against an
employer who had hugged his supervisee without her consent after she gave him a
Christmas gift. See 711 F.3d at 411. Applying Virginia’s law of battery, we affirmed a
grant of summary judgment to the employer, explaining that under the circumstances, no
battery had occurred as a matter of law. Id. Not surprisingly, the district court emphasized
Balas in its decision, analogizing its facts to the incident in which Hughes greeted Sowash
with a “welcome-back hug and kiss on the cheek after returning to work from surgery.”
See Sowash, 2021 WL 2115359, at *8. But contrary to Sowash’s suggestion, the district
court did not overlook the fact that her case, unlike Balas, involved more than a one-time
celebratory hug or kiss. Instead, the court made clear that it was considering all “the
conduct in this case – non-sexual touching on the arm, one arm hugs, and a welcome-back
kiss” – in concluding that Hughes’s behavior was “insufficiently rude, insolent, or angry
to constitute common law battery” under Virginia case law. See id. (emphasis added).

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The district court properly applied Virginia law to the totality of the circumstances before
it, and we have no basis for disturbing its judgment.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
AFFIRMED

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