4191); Anthony Domenic Reo (21-3661); Stefani Rossi Reo (22-3025) v. Martin Lindstedt

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 22a0509n.06
Nos. 21-3633/3661/4191/22-3025
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
BRYAN ANTHONY REO (21-3633/4191);
ANTHONY DOMENIC REO (21-3661); STEFANI
ROSSI REO (22-3025),
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v.
MARTIN LINDSTEDT,
Defendant-Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
OHIO
OPINION
Before: BOGGS, KETHLEDGE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. In 2019, Martin Lindstedt published provocative and highly offensive
material online, impugning three members of the Reo family: namely, Bryan Anthony Reo;
Bryan’s father, Anthony Domenic Reo; and Bryan’s wife, Stefani Rossi Reo. Each family member
separately sued Lindstedt in the Court of Common Pleas for Lake County, Ohio, bringing state-
law claims for defamation and invasion of privacy through false light. Lindstedt, proceeding pro
se, removed each case to federal court. There, each plaintiff moved for summary judgment solely
on the ground that Lindstedt failed to timely respond to plaintiffs’ requests for admissions, which
requested admissions of liability and damages. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a). The district courts—
four in total—each granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs. The courts also collectively

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Nos. 21-3633/3661/4191/22-3025, Reo et al. v. Lindstedt
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awarded the Reo family $2,750,000 in damages, based largely on finding that Lindstedt failed to
seek withdrawal of his admissions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(b). These appeals followed.
Lindstedt argues that the district courts misapplied Rule 36(b) when they declined to permit
him to withdraw his admissions; we review those decisions for an abuse of discretion. Kerry Steel,
Inc. v. Paragon Indus., Inc., 106 F.3d 147, 154 (6th Cir. 1997).
Rule 36(b) requires that a withdrawal be “on motion.” Yet a formal motion is not always
required. United States v. Petroff-Kline, 557 F.3d 285, 293 (6th Cir. 2009). That is because we
are reluctant to assign “talismanic significance” to an attorney’s—or, as here, a pro se party’s—
failure to use the phrase “I move.” Kerry Steel, Inc., 106 F.3d at 154. Instead, a withdrawal “may
be imputed from a party’s actions[.]” Petroff-Kline, 557 F.3d at 293. We conclude here that
Lindstedt’s actions in each of these cases—which include his insistence in various filings that he
caused the plaintiffs no harm—should have been construed as motions to withdraw his admissions.
The district courts in these cases entered judgments against a pro se litigant in excess of $2.7
million based solely on Lindstedt’s failure to file a formal motion seeking withdrawal of his
admissions. Meanwhile, withdrawal of the admissions would promote the presentation of the
merits of the plaintiffs’ claims for damages and would impose no significant prejudice on the
plaintiffs. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(b). To the contrary, one could infer that the plaintiffs used their
requests for admissions less as a discovery device than as a shortcut to obtaining the judgments
they obtained here. These judgments also raise a significant question as to whether a federal court
sitting in diversity can award punitive damages under Ohio law based on Rule 36 admissions alone.
See Whetstone v. Binner, 57 N.E.3d 1111, 1115 (Ohio 2016); Wayt v. DHSC, LLC, 122 N.E.3d 92
(Ohio 2018).

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Nos. 21-3633/3661/4191/22-3025, Reo et al. v. Lindstedt
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We vacate the district courts’ judgments in each of these cases and remand them for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also deny as moot all other pending appellate
motions and requests for relief. For the district courts’ sake and for ours, we strongly suggest that
the lower courts consolidate these cases before a single judge on remand.

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