Catholic Healthcare International, Inc.; Jere Palazzolo v. Genoa Charter Township, Michigan

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 23a0210p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
CATHOLIC HEALTHCARE INTERNATIONAL, INC.; JERE
PALAZZOLO,
Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-Appellees,
v.
GENOA CHARTER TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN; SHARON
STONE, in her official capacity as Ordinance Officer,
Genoa Charter Township,
Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
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Nos. 22-2139/23-1060
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Flint.
No. 4:21-cv-11303—Shalina D. Kumar, District Judge.
Argued: July 19, 2023
Decided and Filed: September 11, 2023
Before: CLAY, KETHLEDGE, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Robert Joseph Muise, AMERICAN FREEDOM LAW CENTER, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, for Appellants/Cross-Appellees. David D. Burress, SEWARD HENDERSON PLLC,
Royal Oak, Michigan, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants. ON BRIEF: Robert Joseph Muise, Kate
Oliveri, AMERICAN FREEDOM LAW CENTER, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellants/Cross-
Appellees. David D. Burress, T. Joseph Seward, SEWARD HENDERSON PLLC, Royal Oak,
Michigan, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
KETHLEDGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which CLAY and LARSEN, JJ.,
joined. CLAY, J. (pp. 13–19), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
>

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OPINION
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KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Fillmore County Park in Genoa Charter Township,
Michigan, includes a fifteen-station “Leopold the Lion Reading Trail”—with a series of large
signs that, as one walks along the path, tell “the entire story” of Leopold. Meanwhile, on a
wooded 40-acre property a few miles away, Catholic Healthcare, Inc. created a prayer trail with
fourteen “Stations of the Cross”—depicting the story of Christ’s last day. That trail the
Township chose to treat as the zoning equivalent of a church building—for which, the Township
insisted, Catholic Healthcare must apply for a “special land use” permit. At considerable
expense, Catholic Healthcare has submitted two such applications—both of which the Township
denied. The Township also forced Catholic Healthcare to remove all the Stations of the Cross,
along with a stone altar and mural, from its prayer trail.
In this appeal, Catholic Healthcare seeks a preliminary injunction allowing it to restore
the Stations of the Cross, altar, and mural to its prayer trail—relief for which it moved in the
district court some two years ago. The district court has twice denied that request, most recently
holding that—notwithstanding all the events described above—Catholic Healthcare’s free-
exercise and statutory claims are unripe. We reverse that holding and grant Catholic
Healthcare’s request for an injunction. We also reject the Township’s cross-appeal.
I.
A.
Catholic Healthcare, Inc. (sometimes referred to here as “plaintiffs”) is a religious
organization whose mission is to further the work of Saint Padre Pio—the patron saint of
healing. In 2020, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing agreed to convey to Catholic
Healthcare 40 acres of undeveloped, wooded property in a rural area of Genoa Township. In an
email exchange that July, plaintiffs informed the Township of their plans to create a prayer trail
with the Stations of the Cross and stone mural. The Township’s Community Development

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Director, Kelly VanMarter, responded that the Township would treat the prayer trail as a
church—which “would require special land use and site plan approval pursuant to the Genoa
Township Zoning Ordinance.” To seek that approval, VanMarter wrote, Catholic Healthcare
would need to submit the following items, among others:
1.) Completed Special Land Use Application.
2.) Completed Site Plan Review Application.
3.) $2,875.00 Special Land Use/Site Application Fee made payable to Genoa
Charter Township. This *must* be paid at time of submission.
4.) Four (4) Sets of Site Plans (folded) that comply with the applicable
requirements found in the Site Plan Review Application. The site plan
*must* be sealed by an architect or engineer registered in the State of
Michigan.
5.) Four (4) copies of an Environmental Impact Assessment (see site plan
application for requirements).
The President of Catholic Healthcare, Jere Palazzolo, thereafter traveled from St. Louis to
meet with VanMarter, and afterward emailed her that he was “very surprised of the complexity
of the application/review/approval process you said we must undertake at this time.” He added
that “[c]hurches, temples and places of worship are obviously buildings” and that “we are by no
means talking about a ‘place of worship’ at this time.” Palazzolo also asked, “please allow us to
do the very minor things we are planning now which will not involve development of the
property or building or paving.” In a couple of terse emails over the next two weeks, however,
VanMarter made clear that the Township would not change its position regarding the need for a
special land-use permit.
Plaintiffs thereafter proceeded to create the prayer trail anyway, with the Stations of the
Cross, the mural, and a stone altar (the “religious displays”). None of the religious displays were
visible from outside plaintiffs’ 40-acre parcel. In October, the Township demanded that
plaintiffs remove the religious displays from their prayer trail. Plaintiffs did not comply with
that demand. Instead—given the Township’s insistence on treating the prayer trail as a church—
plaintiffs decided to expedite their longer-term plan to seek approval for an actual church
building.

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In December 2020, plaintiffs submitted a special land-use application for permission to
build a 6,000-square-foot chapel, a driveway, and a parking lot, along with the prayer trail. After
a public hearing, on a divided vote, the Genoa Township Planning Commission recommended
approval of the application, stating that Catholic Healthcare had gone “above and beyond and
addressed all of the concerns of the Planning Commission and the consultants.” But in May
2021—again on a divided vote—the Township Board denied the application, stating that the
“proposed use involving a 95 seat, 6,090 square foot church with associated parking lot, site
lighting, building lighting, and outdoor accessory structures” was “not consistent” with the
Township’s “Master Plan[.]” Two days later, the Township again demanded that plaintiffs
remove the religious displays from their property. Plaintiffs again refused.
B.
The remainder of this case’s factual and procedural history is convoluted. We discuss
only the parts that matter for this appeal.
1.
Plaintiffs brought this lawsuit in June 2021, claiming that, as applied to them, the
Township’s zoning ordinance violated the federal Constitution, the Religious Land Use and
Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), and the Michigan Constitution. Plaintiffs requested
declaratory and injunctive relief, among other things.
Local officials then took two actions affecting plaintiffs’ use of their property. First, in
July, the Livingston County Road Commission issued Catholic Healthcare a permit allowing
plaintiffs to construct a “field driveway” but barring them from using it for “organized
gatherings.” That posed a problem for plaintiffs, given their plans to celebrate the Feast of St.
Pio on September 23. Second, on September 17, 2021, the Township sued Catholic Healthcare
in state court, alleging violations of its zoning ordinance. Apparently, the Township and state
court alike regarded the presence of the religious displays on the prayer trail as an emergency:
for that same day the Township sought, and three days later the state court entered—ex parte—a
temporary restraining order requiring Catholic Healthcare to remove the displays and barring any

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“organized gatherings” on its property. In the days that followed, plaintiffs and a group of
volunteers physically removed all the religious displays from the prayer trail.
Around the same time, in federal court, plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction
allowing them to retain (or later, restore) the religious displays on their trail. The district court
eventually denied that motion, in part on abstention grounds; on appeal, we directed the district
court to reconsider that holding. Catholic Healthcare Int’l v. Genoa Charter Township, No. 21-
2987 (6th Cir. Nov. 12, 2021).
Meanwhile, in October 2021, plaintiffs submitted a second special land-use application—
which this time did not seek permission to build a chapel. Rather, plaintiffs sought only to
restore the religious displays to their prayer trail, and to improve the driveway and a parking
area. Yet the Planning Commission concluded that the revised application presented no “new
grounds” or “changed conditions” that would affect “the reasons” for the Township Board’s
denial of plaintiffs’ application in May. The “reasons” for the earlier denial—as the Board
described them in its minutes of that meeting—almost exclusively concerned the first
application’s “proposed use involving a 95 seat, 6,090 square foot church with associated
parking lot.” Yet the Township Board denied (or technically, refused to consider) plaintiffs’ new
application. Plaintiffs appealed that decision to the Township’s Zoning Board of Appeals, which
denied relief.
2.
In December 2022, the district court issued the opinions at issue here. The first opinion
adjudicated a motion to dismiss, and dismissed as unripe plaintiffs’ “claims arising from the
prohibition and removal of Catholic Healthcare’s religiously symbolic structures from the
property.” The second opinion denied in part and granted in part plaintiffs’ motion for a
preliminary injunction. Specifically, the court declined to enter an injunction allowing plaintiffs
to restore their religious displays; but the court entered an injunction allowing plaintiffs to hold
organized gatherings on their property. The parties then brought this interlocutory appeal and
cross-appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a).

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II.
We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s decision whether to issue a
preliminary injunction. S. Glazer’s Distribs. of Ohio, LLC v. Great Lakes Brewing Co., 860 F.3d
844, 849 (6th Cir. 2017). In doing so, we review legal questions de novo. Id.
Courts consider four factors in deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction:
whether the movant is likely to succeed on the merits of its claim; whether the movant is likely to
suffer irreparable harm absent an injunction; the balance of equities; and the public interest.
Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). In RLUIPA cases—as in other
cases involving free-exercise rights—the likelihood of success on the merits is often the
dispositive factor. See Doster v. Kendall, 54 F.4th 398, 428 (6th Cir. 2022).
A.
We begin with plaintiffs’ appeal, in which they seek a preliminary injunction allowing
them to restore the Stations of the Cross, the altar, and the mural to their prayer trail. As shown
below, we can adjudicate that appeal based solely on their claim under RLUIPA. “Under
traditional principles of constitutional avoidance, then, we need not address” plaintiffs’ First
Amendment claims. Doster, 54 F.4th at 410.
1.
a.
As an initial matter—as to the first of the four factors of the preliminary-injunction test—
the Township argues that we lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s determination that
plaintiffs are not likely to succeed on the merits of their RLUIPA claim. That argument is indeed
the Township’s principal argument in this appeal. The argument runs as follows: the relevant
jurisdictional provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), affords us interlocutory jurisdiction over
district-court orders granting or denying injunctions; here, the district court held that plaintiffs
were unlikely to succeed on their RLUIPA claim because, the court said, the claim was unripe;
that decision came in the district court’s order adjudicating the Township’s motion to dismiss,

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not its injunction order; and thus, the Township says, we cannot revisit the court’s ripeness
decision in this appeal.
The law says otherwise. Under § 1292(a)(1) we have jurisdiction to decide any
“predicate issue” that would prevent a district court from granting an injunction. Doster,
54 F.4th at 429–30; see also, e.g., Kroger Co. v. Malease Foods Corp., 437 F.3d 506, 510 & n.2
(6th Cir. 2006). Here—in the district court’s order denying an injunction as to this claim—the
court actually incorporated by reference its ripeness determination from its motion-to-dismiss
order (which was issued the same day as the injunction order). Hence that determination was
obviously a predicate of the court’s denial of the injunction. We therefore have jurisdiction to
review the district court’s determination that the plaintiffs’ claims are unripe.1
b.
The district court’s ripeness determination, in turn, was plainly mistaken. A claim is
unripe when “it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated or indeed
may not occur at all.” Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296, 300 (1998). In land-use cases, the
necessary event is simply that the government has adopted a “definitive position” as to “how the
regulations at issue apply to the particular land in question.” Pakdel v. City & County of San
Fran., 141 S. Ct. 2226, 2230 (2021) (cleaned up). That has manifestly happened here: the
Township has uniformly insisted that the plaintiffs obtain a special land-use permit for their
religious displays; the Township Board has twice refused to grant them one, even when
presented with an application limited almost entirely to those displays; and the Zoning Board of
Appeals denied relief. Moreover, those events have “inflicted an actual, concrete injury” on
plaintiffs, id., because the Township has actually forced them to remove the religious displays
from their property.
1The Township also asserts that the Anti-Injunction Act bars our jurisdiction in this appeal. That argument
consists solely of a quote of the Act’s text: “A court of the United States may not grant an injunction to stay
proceedings in a State court except as expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its
jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments.” 28 U.S.C. § 2283. But plaintiffs do not request any
“injunction to stay proceedings in a State court”; and meanwhile the state court here has already stayed its own
proceedings, in favor of allowing this case to proceed.

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The district court’s mistake was to conflate ripeness (sometimes called “finality” in this
context) and exhaustion. Specifically, the court reasoned that “only if the local regulatory
process was exhausted will a court know precisely how a regulation will be applied to a
particular parcel or use.” Op. at 16. That was the same mistake the Ninth Circuit made in
Pakdel. Ripeness, in the land-use context, requires only a “relatively modest” showing that the
“government is committed to a position” as to the strictures its zoning ordinance imposes on a
plaintiff’s proposed land use. 141 S. Ct. at 2230. Ripeness does not require a showing that “the
plaintiff also complied with administrative process in obtaining that decision.” Id. Yet that was
the showing the district court demanded here.
The Township cites our decision in Miles Christy Religious Order v. Township of
Northville, 629 F.3d 533 (6th Cir. 2010), but that case bears no similarity to this one. There, the
plaintiffs brought suit before they even asked Northville Township to take anything like a formal
position as to their proposed land use. Id. at 538. By contrast, this case comes to us after Genoa
Township has taken a definitive position, again and again, to the plaintiffs’ concrete injury.
Their claim is ripe.
c.
That leaves the question whether plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the substantive merits
of their RLUIPA claim. The statute provides in relevant part:
No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that
imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a
religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that
imposition of the burden on that person, assembly, or institution—
(A) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and
(B) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling
governmental interest.
42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1).
The question here is whether the Township’s decision to treat the prayer trail as the
equivalent of a church building—thereby requiring plaintiffs to apply for a special land-use
permit—imposed a substantial burden on their “religious exercise[.]” Id. For a burden to be

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considered “substantial,” it must have “some degree of severity” and be “more than an
inconvenience.” Livingston Christian Schs. v. Genoa Charter Township, 858 F.3d 996, 1003
(6th Cir. 2017). One factor in determining substantiality, for purposes of 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000cc(a)(1), is whether “the religious institution will suffer substantial delay, uncertainty, and
expense due to the imposition of the regulation[.]” Id. at 1004 (cleaned up). Plaintiffs
undisputedly have suffered all those things: after two years of administrative proceedings and
considerable expense, they remain unable to place the religious displays on their prayer trail.
The only factor that the Township mentions, in arguing that plaintiffs have not borne a
substantial burden, is whether “a plaintiff has imposed a burden upon itself[.]” Id. This factor
reflects that, when a plaintiff has good reason to know in advance that its proposed usage will be
subject to an onerous review process, the burdens of that process are not likely to count as
substantial for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1). But here the Township’s zoning ordinance
gave plaintiffs little reason to expect the treatment they have received. The ordinance defines a
“church or temple” as any “structure wherein persons regularly assemble for religious activity.”
Genoa Township Zoning Ordinance, § 25.02, p.25-9. The ordinance defines “structure,” in turn,
to mean “[a]nything constructed or erected, the use of which requires location on the ground or
attachment to something on the ground”—such as “buildings, radio, television and cellular phone
towers, decks, fences, privacy screens, walls, antennae, swimming pools, signs, gas or liquid
storage facility, mobile homes, street directional or street name sign [sic] and billboards.” Id. at
p.25-29. By this definition, the religious displays are “structures”: the Stations of the Cross are
structurally akin to large birdhouses, and the altar and mural were indeed set on the ground. But
a church is a structure “wherein” people gather to worship. And no person—much less
“persons”—could gather to worship inside any of these structures. The ordinance’s definition of
“church” comports with the term’s ordinary meaning. The ordinance therefore gave plaintiffs no
reason to think the Township would treat their trail cum religious displays as a church.
To the contrary, plaintiffs had reason to think that their prayer trail would be treated in
the same manner as “[p]rivate non-commercial parks, nature preserves and recreational areas”—
none of which require a special land-use permit in the type of zoning district (called “Country
Estate”) in which plaintiffs’ parcel is located. Ordinance § 3, p.3-4. Parks have visitors, even

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organized gatherings—like festivals and baseball games, which scores of people might attend.
And parks routinely have stations with structures attached to the ground—like workout stations
or Leopold the Lion’s trail. The Township’s demand that the plaintiffs obtain a special land-use
permit for the religious displays on their trail—with all the burdens described in VanMarter’s
email, and all the uncertainty inherent in discretionary land-use decisions—came as a shock to
these plaintiffs precisely because nothing in the Township’s ordinance would have prepared
them for it.
The Township responds—in the last of its arguments that even attempts to address the
merits of this RLUIPA claim—that VanMarter’s emails should have put plaintiffs on notice that
the Township would treat their religious displays as the zoning equivalent of a church building.
But that reasoning makes little sense as applied to an ordinance interpretation as tendentious as
the one at issue here. Zoning ordinances amount to a body of legal rules that prevent municipal
officials from exercising their discretion in a manner that is wholly arbitrary. We would
undermine that purpose and § 2000cc(a)(1) alike if we treated the burdens resulting from an
official’s diktat as self-imposed by the property owner.
Plaintiffs can therefore likely prove that the Township substantially burdened their
religious exercise when it required them to obtain a special land-use permit to retain the religious
displays on their prayer trail. The burden thus shifts to the Township to show that its insistence
on such a permit is narrowly tailored to advance a compelling interest. 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000cc(a)(1)(A), (B); Ramirez v. Collier, 142 S. Ct. 1264, 1277 (2022) (noting that, for
RLUIPA claims, “[t]his allocation of burdens applies in the preliminary injunction context”).
The Township makes no attempt to meet that burden. The plaintiffs are therefore likely to
succeed on the merits of their RLUIPA claim as to the specific injunction they seek here.
The remaining preliminary-injunction factors also favor plaintiffs: the forced removal of
their religious displays inflicts an ongoing harm to their religious exercise; the restoration of
those displays would impose negligible harm on others; and the public interest favors
vindications of rights protected under RLUIPA. See Doster, 54 F.4th at 428. The Township

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does not argue otherwise. Plaintiffs are entitled to a preliminary injunction allowing them to
restore the Stations of the Cross, altar, and mural to their prayer trail.
B.
That leaves the Township’s appeal of the district court’s preliminary-injunction order—
specifically, the part enjoining the Township from enforcing a “prohibition of organized
gatherings[.]” Op. at 10. Again, to adjudicate this appeal, we need consider only plaintiffs’
RLUIPA claim.
For two years, the Township enforced a condition on a now-expired driveway permit to
bar Catholic Healthcare from hosting organized gatherings on its property. The Township did
not identify in the district court, Op. at 9, and has not clearly identified here, any authority other
than the expired driveway permit for a ban on organized gatherings on plaintiffs’ property. More
to the point, the ban on its face substantially impairs Catholic Healthcare’s ability to use the
property to further its religious mission. The Township’s only argument to the contrary is that
Catholic Healthcare could host organized gatherings at a church in Brighton, Michigan instead.
But that church lacks a secluded prayer trail on a wooded, 40-acre parcel of land. On this record,
therefore, plaintiffs can likely show that a ban on organized gatherings on their property would
(and has) substantially burdened their religious exercise.
That means the ban is subject to strict scrutiny. The Township makes no meaningful
argument on that point either. The Township says not a word, for example, about how a ban on
organized gatherings would be “narrowly tailored” for purposes of strict scrutiny. Hence
plaintiffs are likely to succeed on their RLUIPA claim with regard to this injunctive relief as
well; and the remaining preliminary-injunction factors favor plaintiffs for essentially the reasons
stated above. The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion by enjoining the Township
from enforcing its ban on organized gatherings on plaintiffs’ property.

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* * *
We reverse the district court’s preliminary-injunction order in part, and remand for the
prompt entry of a preliminary injunction allowing plaintiffs to restore the Stations of the Cross,
the stone altar, and the stone mural to their prayer trail. The court must ensure that plaintiffs are
able to restore those structures before September 23, 2023. We affirm the district court’s
preliminary-injunction order to the extent it enjoined the Township from enforcing any
prohibition of “organized gatherings” on the property.

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___________________
CONCURRENCE
___________________
CLAY, Circuit Judge, concurring. Plaintiffs Catholic Healthcare International, Inc. and
its president Jere Palazzolo filed this suit against Defendants Genoa Charter Township and
Township ordinance officer Sharon Stone to challenge the application of Township zoning
ordinances to its 40-acre property, on which they seek to display religiously symbolic structures
and host organized gatherings. Plaintiffs asserted causes of action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
under the Free Exercise and Free Speech Clauses of the First Amendment, U.S. Const. amend. I;
the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, U.S. Const. amend. XIV; and the
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc, et seq.
Plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction, which the district court denied with respect
to the religious displays and granted with respect to the prohibition on organized gatherings.
Plaintiffs and Defendants cross-appealed. As to the prohibition on organized gatherings, I agree
with the majority’s decision to affirm the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction.
I likewise agree with the majority’s decision to reverse the district court’s denial of a preliminary
injunction with respect to the religious displays, and write separately to expand on the legal
standard governing RLUIPA claims.
DISCUSSION
“Four factors determine when a court should grant a preliminary injunction: (1) whether
the party moving for the injunction is facing immediate, irreparable harm, (2) the likelihood that
the movant will succeed on the merits, (3) the balance of the equities, and (4) the public interest.”
D.T. v. Sumner Cnty. Sch., 942 F.3d 324, 326 (6th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). In cases
involving the alleged violation of free-exercise rights—including RLUIPA cases—courts
typically treat a plaintiff’s showing of likelihood of success on the merits as dispositive. See
Roberts v. Neace, 958 F.3d 409, 416 (6th Cir. 2020) (“Preliminary injunctions in constitutional
cases often turn on likelihood of success on the merits, usually making it unnecessary to dwell on
the remaining three factors.”); see also Doster v. Kendall, 54 F.4th 398, 428 (6th Cir. 2022)

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(“Because RFRA protects the same bedrock free-exercise rights, the same rule necessarily
applies to it.”). As the majority recognizes, we turn first to Plaintiffs’ statutory claim under
RLUIPA. Where, as in this case, Plaintiffs’ statutory claim under RLUIPA justifies the
injunction, we need not address Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims. See Doster, 54 F.4th at 410
(holding that since the plaintiffs’ statutory claims alone justified the injunction, then “[u]nder
traditional principles of constitutional avoidance, [the Court] need not address” the plaintiffs’
constitutional claims).
Accordingly, the key question of this appeal is whether Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on
their RLUIPA claim. Congress enacted RLUIPA, which protects individuals and religious
institutions from discrimination in zoning and landmarking laws, to provide “broad protection
for religious liberty.” Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352, 356 (2015) (quoting Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682, 693 (2014)). The statute mandates that “[n]o government shall
impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the
religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution,” unless the
government can satisfy strict scrutiny. 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1). This requires showing that the
burden imposed on the person or institution “is in furtherance of a compelling governmental
interest” and “is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.”
Id. § 2000cc(a)(1)(A)–(B).
I. Substantial Burden
To succeed on a RLUIPA claim, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of proving that the
challenged land use regulation implicates the plaintiff’s religious exercise, and that the regulation
substantially burdened their exercise of religion. Holt, 574 U.S. at 360–61. Under RLUIPA, a
burden must have some degree of severity to be considered “substantial.” Livingston Christian
Sch. v. Genoa Charter Twp., 858 F.3d 996, 1003 (6th Cir. 2017). The substantiality requirement
is necessary “in order to avoid an interpretation of RLUIPA that would exempt religious
institutions from all land-use regulations.” Id.; see also Living Water Church of God v. Charter
Twp. of Meridian, 258 F. App’x 729, 736 (6th Cir. 2007) (“If the term ‘substantial burden’ is not
to be read out of the statute, RLUIPA cannot stand for the proposition that a construction plan is

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immune from a town’s zoning ordinance simply because the institution undertaking the
construction pursues a religious mission.”).
This Court has identified several factors that are helpful in determining whether a land-
use regulation has imposed a substantial burden on a religious institution: (1) “whether the
religious institution has a feasible alternative location from which it can carry on its mission;”
(2) “whether the religious institution will suffer ‘substantial delay, uncertainty, and expense’ due
to the imposition of the regulation;” and (3) whether “a plaintiff has imposed a burden upon
itself.” Livingston, 858 F.3d at 1004 (citations omitted).
In Livingston, applying these factors, the Court affirmed the district court’s conclusion
that a substantial burden did not exist based on the denial of the plaintiff’s application to lease a
church building to locate a religious school. Id. at 1005. The Court reasoned that the plaintiff
had an alternative property at which to locate its school, and that the plaintiff had not put forth
evidence showing that the alternative location was inadequate or that any of the plaintiff’s core
religious functions could not be carried out at the alternative location. Id. at 1008.
Similarly, in Living Water, the Court reversed the district court’s conclusion that a
substantial burden existed. The plaintiff in Living Water was a church that wanted to construct
an additional building on its property for use as a religious school and additional space for the
church. 258 F. App’x at 731. A special-use permit was needed for the building in order for it to
operate as a school on residentially zoned property. Id. at 730. The special-use permit limited
the size of the building, thwarting the church’s efforts to construct a building of a larger size. Id.
at 731–32. The Court held that the church had not been substantially burdened because the
church could still construct a school building, and the church had not set forth evidence showing
that a building of the permitted size would be so inadequate for its religious purposes as to
constitute a substantial burden. Id. at 739.
By contrast, in DiLaura v. Township of Ann Arbor, 112 F. App’x 445 (6th Cir. 2004), the
Court affirmed the district court’s conclusion that a substantial burden existed based on a zoning
ordinance that required the plaintiffs, who wanted to establish an overnight religious retreat, to
operate as a bed-and-breakfast establishment. Id. at 446. As a bed-and-breakfast establishment,

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the plaintiffs could not serve Communion wine and meals other than breakfast, and were
required to charge their guests a fee for lodging. Id. Because the plaintiffs’ plan was to operate
a prayer retreat that would provide free lodging, and to serve lunch, dinner, and Communion
wine, the court found that the plaintiffs would be “effectively barred . . . from using the property
in the exercise of their religion” if their property were designated as a bed and breakfast. Id.
Turning to the facts of the instant case, Plaintiffs are likely to be able to show that the
Township’s application of its zoning ordinances as to Catholic Healthcare imposes a substantial
burden. As to the first factor, whether Catholic Healthcare has a feasible alternative location
from which it can carry on its mission, it does not. Catholic Healthcare acquired the wooded
property with the intention to develop it into a prayer campus, including an adoration chapel,
prayer trails, and the display of religious symbols. No other feasible alternative location has
been identified from which Catholic Healthcare can carry out this religious mission. The
Township notes that Catholic Healthcare has been able to host events at Holy Spirit Church in
Brighton, Michigan. However, Catholic Healthcare does not own that church, and moreover the
church lacks the qualities which make the property at issue suitable for a prayer campus. As the
local coordinator for Catholic Healthcare attested: “The existing trails and the wooded and rural
nature of the property provide a great place to pray and worship. The [Catholic Healthcare]
Property is unique. There is no comparable place like it in the Township or in the surrounding
area.” O’Reilly Decl., R. 76-2, PageID #3940. The Township fails to explain how the existence
of another church, which has permitted Catholic Healthcare to host some events, constitutes an
adequate alternative location for Catholic Healthcare’s religious aim of creating a prayer campus.
Relevant to its suitability for a prayer campus, there is a significance difference between
Holy Spirit Church (were we to assume that Catholic Healthcare were able to obtain a right to
use it) and a large, wooded property. This difference stands in stark contrast to Livingston,
wherein the Court determined that placing the religious school at the alternative location rather
than the desired location did not significantly diminish the plaintiff’s ability to carry out its core
religious functions. Livingston, 858 F.3d at 1008. Similarly, this case is also distinguishable
from Living Water, in which the land use regulation at issue related only to the size of the
building which the plaintiff could build as its religious school, because the land use regulation at

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issue in this case prevents Catholic Healthcare from installing the religious display on the
property at all, rather than, for instance, dictating the number or size of the religious displays.
As to the second factor, Catholic Healthcare has shown that it has suffered “substantial
delay, uncertainty, and expense,” Livingston, 858 F.3d at 1004, due to the Township’s
application of its zoning ordinances. Catholic Healthcare acquired the property and first applied
for a special use permit in 2020, but after years of administrative proceedings still has been
unable to obtain permission to erect the desired religious displays on the property. Catholic
Healthcare’s first application cost more than $30,000 to prepare, and its second application,
which the Township denied on purely procedural grounds, cost more than $8,000.
Finally, regarding the third factor, Catholic Healthcare has not imposed a burden upon
itself. “[W]hen an institutional plaintiff has obtained an interest in land without a reasonable
expectation of being able to use that land for religious purposes, the hardship that it suffered
when the land-use regulations were enforced against it has been deemed an insubstantial
burden.” Livingston, 858 F.3d at 1004 (citing cases). However, Catholic Healthcare’s
expectation that it could use the property for a prayer campus at the time it acquired the property
was not unreasonable. As the majority opinion sets out, the ordinary meaning of the word
“church,” as well as the zoning ordinance’s definition, did not give notice to Catholic Healthcare
that its plan to install religious displays on the property would be subject to the same onerous
review process as required for obtaining a special use permit for building a church. See Maj. Op.
at 9–10.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs are likely to be able to prove that the Township’s enforcement of
its zoning ordinances imposes a substantial burden. Once Plaintiffs have met that burden, the
burden shifts to Defendants to show that the land use restriction is the least restrictive means of
furthering a compelling governmental interest. 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1)(A)–(B); Ramirez v.
Collier, 142 S. Ct. 1264, 1277 (2022) (noting that this allocation of respective burdens applies in
the preliminary injunction context).

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II. The Township’s Interests
To justify a land use regulation that imposes a substantial burden on religious exercise,
the government must demonstrate that the imposition of that burden “is in furtherance of a
compelling governmental interest.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1)(A). In analyzing a RLUIPA
claim, courts cannot “rely on ‘broadly formulated interests,’” but rather must “‘scrutinize[] the
asserted harm’” as it applies to particular religious claimants. Fulton v. City of Philadelphia,
141 S. Ct. 1868, 1881 (2021) (quoting Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União de
Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418, 431 (2006)); see also Holt, 574 U.S. at 362–363 (RLUIPA requires courts
to “scrutiniz[e] the asserted harm of granting specific exemptions to particular religious
claimants” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Under strict scrutiny, “so long as the
government can achieve its interests in a manner that does not burden religion, it must do so.”
Fulton, 141 S. Ct. at 1881; Mast v. Fillmore Cnty., 141 S. Ct. 2430, 2432 (2021) (Gorsuch, J.,
concurring) (noting that RLUIPA “requires the application of ‘strict scrutiny’”).
The Township does not identify the governmental interests that are served by its special
land use permitting process, let alone explain why its presumed interests are compelling. But in
any event, the question is not whether the Township has a compelling interest in enforcing its
special land use permit process for church building in general, but rather whether it has such an
interest in requiring Catholic Healthcare to undertake that process solely with respect to the
religious displays. As Plaintiffs point out, other structures are allowed in the Township that do
not go through this special land use permitting process. For instance, the Township charges $50
for a permit for a private residence to install an accessory structure. It is hard to imagine a
compelling interest that would require a religious institution to undergo a lengthy and expensive
permitting process in order to install religious displays, but which would not require the same for
structures at private residences.
If a compelling governmental interest supports a land use regulation, then the government
must next show that the regulation constitutes “the least restrictive means of furthering that
compelling governmental interest.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc(a)(1)(B). Without an understanding of
the governmental interests implicated in requiring Catholic Healthcare to obtain a special land

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use permit for the religious displays, it is difficult to analyze whether the special land use permit
constitutes the least restrictive means of furthering those interests. But “[t]he least-restrictive-
means standard is exceptionally demanding.” Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. at 728. The Township has
presented no reason to conclude that it meets this standard in this case.
CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs have shown they are likely to succeed on their RLUIPA claim because they
have shown they can likely prove that the Township has imposed a substantial burden on
Catholic Healthcare’s religious exercise, and the Township has not rebutted that showing
because it failed to make any showing that its land use regulation is the least restrictive means of
furthering a compelling governmental interest. Given Plaintiffs’ showing of a likelihood of
success on the merits on the RLUIPA claim, and the dispositive nature of that showing in the
context of claims involving free-exercise rights, Doster, 54 F.4th at 428, Plaintiffs are entitled to
a preliminary injunction with respect to the religious displays. I therefore respectfully concur
with the majority on this point.

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