United States of America v. Christopher Eccles

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued November 2, 2016
Decided December 14, 2017
Before
No. 16-2295
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER ECCLES,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Western Division.
No. 15 CR 50003
Philip G. Reinhard,
Judge.
O R D E R
Christopher Eccles appeals the sentence he received after he pled guilty to
conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and to distributing cocaine. He maintains
that the district court erred when it included drugs Eccles had bought and sold prior to
* Circuit Judge Posner retired on September 2, 2017, and did not participate in the
decision of this case, which is being resolved by a quorum of the panel under 28 U.S.C.
§ 46(d).
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge*
ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. APP. P. 32.1

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No. 16-2295 Page 2
the charged conduct as relevant conduct at sentencing. Including the prior conduct
significantly increased the drug quantity for which Eccles was held responsible at
sentencing, which led to a higher offense level and higher advisory guidelines range.
We find no clear error in the district court’s relevant conduct determination. Both the
charged and uncharged conduct involved a common purpose, common accomplices,
the same location, and were close in time. Therefore, we affirm Eccles’s sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Christopher Eccles received and distributed a total of approximately 2.5
kilograms of cocaine from his supplier between January 1, 2012 and July 14, 2014. Eccles
received about 28 grams of cocaine from his supplier approximately three times a
month during this time period.
At some point, Eccles’s supplier became a confidential informant for the
government. Not knowing this, Eccles contacted the confidential informant in August
of 2014 and advised him that William Graf had cocaine available to sell for $1,300 an
ounce. Eccles told the informant that Graf could sell them as much cocaine as they
wanted at that price.
Eccles was arrested and pled guilty to conspiring with Graf to possess with the
intent to distribute and to distributing a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. Eccles admitted in his plea agreement that he and Graf conspired
to sell the confidential informant approximately 249 grams of cocaine between August
4, 2014 and August 8, 2014.
The Presentence Investigation Report prepared by the probation office included
as relevant conduct the approximately 2.5 kilograms of cocaine that Eccles possessed
with the intent to distribute between January 1, 2012 and July 14, 2014. Eccles objected,
arguing that the 2.5 kilograms was not relevant conduct to the charged conduct. At the
sentencing hearing, the district court ruled that the 2.5 kilograms was relevant conduct
and included it in the drug quantity for which Eccles was responsible. The resulting
base offense level was 26 in light of a total drug quantity of between 2 and 3.5 kilograms
of cocaine. After an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility, Eccles’s advisory
guidelines range was 57-71 months. The district court imposed a sentence of 60 months’
imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. Eccles appeals his
sentence.
II. ANALYSIS
Eccles argues on appeal that the district court erred in determining the drug
quantity for which he was responsible at sentencing because, he contends, his prior

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drug trafficking did not constitute relevant conduct to the crime to which he pled
guilty. We review the district court’s factual findings in the drug quantity
determination for clear error. United States v. Block, 705 F.3d 755, 759 (7th Cir. 2013). We
review the district court’s legal conclusions regarding sentencing determinations under
the Guidelines de novo. United States v. Smith, 308 F.3d 726, 743–44 (7th Cir. 2002).
Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant is held responsible
at sentencing for relevant conduct, defined as all acts and omissions committed by the
defendant that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as
the offense of conviction. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). The commentary to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3
states that “[f]or two or more offenses to constitute part of a common scheme or plan,
they must be substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such
as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus
operandi.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. n.5(B)(i).
Eccles first maintains that the district court erred in finding that the confidential
informant was a common accomplice in both the charged conspiracy and uncharged
conduct. Eccles argues that he and the informant had only a buyer/seller relationship
for the charged conduct, which is a relationship insufficient to prove a conspiracy, and
so the informant could not have been a co-conspirator in the charged conduct. See
United States v. Cruse, 805 F.3d 795, 811 (7th Cir. 2015). Therefore, he maintains, the
informant cannot be considered a “common accomplice” under the Guidelines.
As a government informant, the confidential informant could not have been a co-
conspirator with respect to the charged conduct. See United States v. Corson, 579 F.3d
804, 811 (7th Cir. 2009). But Eccles does not point to any authority or any sound reason
to support his proposition that to be considered an “accomplice” for purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, that person must be capable of being charged of conspiracy with
respect to the offense of conviction. As part of the offense of conviction, Eccles contacted
the confidential informant and informed him that Graf had cocaine to sell. Eccles told
the informant that Graf could sell them as much cocaine as they wanted for $1,300 per
ounce. The same person who later acted as an informant had supplied Eccles with
approximately 2.5 kilograms of cocaine during the uncharged conduct. It was not
clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that the informant was one factor
connecting the charged and uncharged conduct.
For offenses involving drugs, we have said that a defendant is held responsible
at sentencing for the quantity of drugs attributable to the offense of conviction as well
as connected sales or distributions that are part of a “continuous pattern of drug
trafficking” activity. United States v. Tankson, 836 F.3d 873, 884 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting

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United States v. White, 519 F.3d 342, 348 (7th Cir. 2008)). The important question in the
relevant conduct determination is whether the offenses are “sufficiently connected or
related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they are part of a single episode,
spree, or ongoing series of offenses.” Id. at 883 (quoting White, 519 F.3d at 347); see also
United States v. Ortiz, 431 F.3d 1035, 1040 (7th Cir. 2005).
Eccles argues that the 2.5 kilograms he bought and sold from 2012 through the
first half of 2014 were not part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan
as the August 2014 conspiracy to sell cocaine. He maintains that the only similarity
between the two is that he engaged in drug transactions to make a profit. He states that
in the earlier activity he was only a purchaser from his supplier, while during the
charged conduct he conspired with Graf to sell cocaine.
We find no clear error in the district court’s relevant conduct determination. It
was not clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that Eccles’s participation in
a conspiracy to sell cocaine to his former supplier in August 2014 and his weekly
purchases from the same person from January 2012 through July 2014 were part of a
continuous pattern of drug trafficking. Both involved a common purpose (the purchase
and sale of cocaine for profit), common accomplices (Eccles and the confidential
informant), and they were close in time. Indeed, the charged conduct took place only
weeks after the relevant conduct ended. Both the charged and uncharged conduct also
involved the same locale, as Eccles possessed the 2.5 kilograms in Machesney Park,
Illinois and Rockford, Illinois, and the charged conduct took place in Machesney Park.
That the charged conduct was facilitated by the confidential informant’s prior
relationship to Eccles as a supplier further supports the district court’s finding of a
common scheme or plan.
The district court’s relevant conduct finding is consistent with our precedent. In
United States v. Lomax, 712 F.3d 1087 (7th Cir. 2013), for example, we affirmed a relevant
conduct finding where the defendant regularly sold both powder and crack cocaine in
two Illinois locations using two different suppliers over the same period of time
because, we concluded, the charged conduct was part of a “continuous pattern of drug
trafficking” and so the uncharged sales were properly included as relevant conduct. Id.
at 1090. We concluded in another case, “Despite the fact that the charged and
uncharged offenses involved different participants and different amounts, the
uncharged conduct involved the same principal, the same location, and the same drug-
facts that render it similar enough to the offense of conviction to show that [the
defendant] was engaging in an ongoing pattern of conduct.” United States v. Singleton,
548 F.3d 589, 592 (7th Cir. 2008). Here, the district court’s conclusion that Eccles’s

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uncharged conduct was part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan
as that of his offense of conviction was not clearly erroneous.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED .

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