Kurt D. Marquardt v. ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of Social Security

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted March 13, 2020 *
Decided March 17, 2020
Before
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge
No. 19-1725
KURT D. MARQUARDT,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ANDREW M. SAUL,
Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 17-cv-1489
David E. Jones,
Magistrate Judge.
O R D E R
Kurt Marquardt challenges the denial of his application for disability benefits.
Marquardt contends that, in assessing his capacity for work, an administrative law
judge improperly discredited medical opinions issued after he was last insured in 2013.
These opinions diagnosed him with a longstanding cognitive impairment that limits
him to jobs involving one task at a time, breaks, and no distractions. Because the judge
did not adequately justify discounting these opinions, we vacate the judgment.
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. FED. R. A PP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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Marquardt was diagnosed in 2012 with systemic lupus erythematosus, a chronic
disease that causes the immune system to attack virtually any organ, producing diverse
symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, as there is no cure. Lupus, MAYO
C LINIC, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/symptoms-causes/syc-
20365789?p=1 (last visited Mar. 6, 2020). After his diagnosis, Marquardt’s doctors
treated him for various physical ailments and tested him regularly. He reported fatigue
and short-term memory loss, which required evaluation. His doctors attributed the
fatigue to attention-deficit disorder, for which he received helpful medicine. As for the
memory loss, his rheumatologist did not see evidence of “lupus-type cerebritis” (brain
inflammation), but wanted “further evaluation,” and referred him to a neurologist.
Two reports followed, in 2015 and 2016. The first, in April 2015, came about two
years after the date Marquardt was last insured (July 2013). A neurologist wrote that
“Marquardt reportedly began to experience gradual-onset, worsening problems with
concentration about 7-8 years ago” and concluded that “[i]n the context of his clinical
history of cognitive concerns and intact activities of daily living, impressions are
consistent with a diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment ….” The impairment caused
“Moderate” weaknesses in Marquardt’s “mental flexibility.” The neurologist also
opined that lupus may contribute to his cognitive deficits. To “maximize daily cognitive
functioning,” the doctor recommended that Marquardt:
Reduce visual and verbal distractions by ensuring that the environment is
quiet, workspaces are clear, and clutter is minimized[.]
Focus on one thing at a time[.] Minimize interruptions by turning off the
ringer on the phone when trying to focus on a task, and communicate
with others that interruptions should be minimized.
Take breaks when completing a long task …
Minimize multitasking.
The neurologist reaffirmed this diagnosis in 2016. She reported that Marquardt
still had “Borderline” limitations in mental flexibility, and “severe” limitations in motor
speed. The doctor opined that Marquardt’s “[c]linical history of cognitive concerns is
significant for gradual-onset, worsening problems with concentration beginning about
8-9 years ago in the context of worsening fatigue.” She repeated her earlier list of
recommendations “to maximize daily cognitive functioning.”
In Marquardt’s application for benefits, he contended that he became disabled
before 2013. He cited his lupus, and lupus-related symptoms—including “short-term
memory and cognitive problems” as well as chronic fatigue, rashes, and arthritis.

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Marquardt also submitted his treatment records and a brain scan from November 2013
that showed areas of brightness known as white-matter hyperintensities—a condition
consistent with cognitive deficits. José G. Merino, M.D., White Matter Hyperintensities on
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: What Is a Clinician to Do?, 94 MAYO C LINIC P ROC. 380 (2019).
Marquardt also wrote that although he could do all his own house and yard work, he
“often” delayed completing it because of his “fatigue and mental fog,” which makes
him “often turn circles before getting my task focus back.”
After the Commission initially denied benefits (its consulting doctors did not
think that the record showed cognitive deficits), Marquardt asked for a hearing and
submitted new evidence. In addition to the neuropsychological evaluations from 2015
and 2016, he submitted a report from Angela Dellise, a licensed professional counselor
who had treated him for nearly two years, beginning in late 2014. Dellise opined that
Marquardt had “marked” limitations in his abilities to “understand … and [c]arry out
simple instructions,” to “make judgments on simple work-related decisions,” and to
“[r]espond appropriately to usual work situations and to changes in a routine work
setting.” She also stated that “[r]umination keeps him from moving forward with tasks”
and that he “gets distracted by details.” Dellise saw these behaviors at her first session
with Marquardt in 2014; he told her that they arose “much earlier.” Marquardt
(proceeding pro se) also testified. He repeated that he was able to do housework, but
often lost his focus. “I’ll start three other projects … and I just never seem to get
anything accomplished” because of the fatigue, he explained. On a normal day, he
would take a brisk morning walk then return home “to get as much done as I can before
my entire cognitive shuts down, and I lose the rest of my day.”
The administrative law judge then heard testimony from a vocational expert. The
judge asked the expert whether jobs existed for someone who could “perform simple,
routine tasks with simple short instructions, make simple decisions and have few
workplace changes” in a setting that was not fast-paced. The judge also added
restrictions about physical exertion. She did not, however, ask the expert to restrict the
job to one that was “quiet,” did not require “multitasking,” and granted “breaks”
during tasks—as the neurologist had advised. The expert opined that the person the
judge described could work as a mail clerk in a non-postal setting, a cashier, or sales
attendant. But if the person were off task for 20% of the workday, the worker would
likely be fired.
Following the five-step evaluation process, see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4), the
judge ruled that Marquardt could perform light work. Marquardt passed step one, as he
had not worked regularly since his onset date; his medical condition was severe (step

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two); but it was not presumptively disabling (step three). At step four, the judge
ruled—given the caveats posed to the vocational expert that Marquardt could perform
only simple tasks with simple instructions, make simple decisions, and tolerate few
workplace changes—that Marquardt could perform light work. The judge did not
discuss the 2015 and 2016 neuropsychological assessments (limiting Marquardt to
single-tasks jobs with breaks and no distractions) or the 2013 brain scan that suggested
cognitive impairment. Nor did she address the vocational expert’s opinion that
someone who was off task for more than 20% of the day would likely be fired. She gave
“little weight” to Dellise’s opinion about Marquardt’s cognitive abilities because “it was
rendered three years after the date last insured, and Ms. Dellise did not see the claimant
until more than two years after the date last insured.” “Further,” the judge continued,
“evidence of the claimant’s activities of daily living show that his mental limitations are
not as severe as assessed by Ms. Dellise.” The judge then concluded that Marquardt
could do the jobs identified at the hearing (step five). The district court affirmed this
ruling.
On appeal, Marquardt argues that the administrative law judge erroneously
ignored the two reports from the neurologist. He explains that, even though they were
created after the date that he was last insured, they show that he had a cognitive
impairment before that date. We agree. An administrative law judge should consider
retrospective medical opinions (created after the date last insured) that are consistent
with past symptoms. See Bjornson v. Astrue, 671 F.3d 640, 642 (7th Cir. 2012); Estok
v. Apfel, 152 F.3d 636, 640 (7th Cir. 1998). A judge need not mention every piece of
evidence in the record, Denton v. Astrue, 596 F.3d 419, 425 (7th Cir. 2010), but she “must
confront the evidence that does not support her conclusion and explain why that
evidence was rejected.” Moore v. Colvin, 743 F.3d 1118, 1123 (7th Cir. 2014). The two
neuropsychological assessments from 2015 and 2016 meet this standard. They opine
that, for several years before he was last insured, Marquardt had feeble concentration,
weak “mental flexibility,” and frequent fatigue. In order to function, they concluded, he
needed to avoid “multitasking,” receive “breaks,” and have a “quiet” place. These
reports are also consistent with the brain scan. The scan was taken just a few months
after the last insured date; we have no reason to think that it depicts something new.
In addition, the two reasons that the judge gave for discounting Dellise’s opinion
are unsound. The judge first explained that the opinion “was rendered three years after
the date last insured.” But as mentioned above, that is not a valid basis for discounting a
medical opinion that is consistent with evidence of disability during the insured period.
See Estok, 152 F.3d at 640. And Dellise’s opinion that Marquardt’s “[r]umination keeps
him from moving forward with tasks” and that he “gets distracted” is consistent with

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Marquardt’s reports about his “fatigue and mental fog” during the insured period. The
second reason for discounting the opinion—that the “evidence of the claimant’s
activities of daily living show that his mental limitations are not as severe as [Dellise]
assessed”—is also flawed. We have cautioned against reading too much into a
claimant’s activities of daily living because people have more flexibility in scheduling
and executing them than they do for the activities of a full-time job. See, e.g., Bjornson,
671 F.3d at 647. And the neuropsychological reports specifically accounted for these
activities in concluding that Marquardt suffered from a mild cognitive limitation.
We have considered the additional argument that the ALJ should have
incorporated the limitations that the neurologist identified (jobs should avoid
“multitasking” but include “breaks” and take place in a “quiet” setting) into the
hypothetical posed to the vocational expert. On remand, the ALJ may consider these
limitations, which are set forth in the 2015 and 2016 reports, when posing a new
hypothetical to a vocational expert.
Therefore, we VACATE the judgment and REMAND for further proceedings.

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