United States of America v. Anthony X. Baker

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted February 18, 2022
Decided February 22, 2022
Before
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge
AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge
No. 21-2182
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
ANTHONY X. BAKER,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Central District of Illinois.
No. 03-cr-10091
Michael M. Mihm,
Judge.
O R D E R
The district court revoked Anthony Baker’s supervised release after he fled from
police officers attempting to arrest him, caused a car accident during a high-speed
chase, and was eventually caught with controlled substances. Baker appeals the
revocation and sentence of 34 months’ imprisonment and 3 years’ supervised release.
His appointed counsel believes the appeal is frivolous and moves to withdraw.
See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Baker responded to counsel’s motion with
arguments that he wishes to raise on appeal. See C IR . R. 51(b). Because counsel’s brief
appears adequate and addresses the issues we would expect in an appeal of this kind,
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. A PP. P. 32.1

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we limit our review to the issues in the brief and Baker’s response. See United States v.
Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014).
Unless there are extraordinary circumstances, the appellant has a right to counsel
in a supervised-release revocation proceeding only if he is plausibly denying the
violations or presenting complex mitigation arguments. See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S.
778, 790–91 (1973); United States v. Eskridge, 445 F.3d 930, 932–33 (7th Cir. 2006). Baker
does neither. (As we discuss below, his potential challenge to the revocation is
frivolous.) Nonetheless, we apply the safeguards of Anders to ensure that all issues
receive proper consideration. United States v. Brown, 823 F.3d 392, 394 (7th Cir. 2016).
Baker was sentenced in 2004 to 262 months’ imprisonment and 8 years of
supervised release for possessing at least 5 grams of crack cocaine with the intent to
distribute. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B) (2004). In 2019, his sentence was reduced under
§ 404(b) of the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5222, to time
served, and he began a six-year term of supervised release.
Two years later, the probation office petitioned to revoke Baker’s supervised
release. According to the petition, a police dog alerted for drugs in Baker’s car during a
traffic stop. When police officers ordered Baker to step out, he instead put the vehicle in
drive, sped away, and led officers on a dangerous chase. After Baker crashed his car
and continued his flight on foot, a witness saw him toss away a plastic bag, which was
later recovered; it contained controlled substances including over 20 grams of crack
cocaine. The probation office alleged that Baker had violated his conditions of release by
committing three crimes: (1) possession of crack cocaine with the intent to deliver,
(2) possession of other controlled substances (cocaine and a fentanyl–heroin mixture),
and (3) aggravated fleeing and eluding. He was also charged in Illinois state court with
delivering cocaine and aggravated fleeing and eluding (but not with simple possession).
At the revocation hearing, defense counsel explained that Baker wished to
stipulate that the government could call witnesses to “testify consistently with the
events in the petition” and avoid creating a record that might prejudice him in the state
prosecution. The court confirmed that Baker wished to stipulate to the three violations
(namely, “two involving drugs and … one involving the offense of aggravated fleeing
and eluding”) and had discussed the matter with counsel. It then asked Baker directly if
he would stipulate that the government could call witnesses whose testimony would
establish the violations by a preponderance of the evidence. Baker responded in the
affirmative, and the court found him guilty of the three violations.

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The hearing proceeded to sentencing. Defense counsel asked for a time-served
sentence, a downward variance from the range of 33 to 36 months of reincarceration
prescribed by the policy statements in Chapter 7 of the Sentencing Guidelines.
§§ 7B1.1(a)(1), 7B1.4 & cmt. n.1. In mitigation, counsel emphasized that Baker had
maintained employment continuously since soon after his release despite a challenging
beginning: he had been released suddenly upon the reduction of his sentence, with no
preparation for reentering society, and was initially homeless and placed in a shelter.
He passed 44 out of 45 drug tests while on supervision. And he had already served
almost 18 years in prison—more than his conviction would carry under current law.
The government emphasized the seriousness of the violations: Baker was caught with
crack cocaine packaged for sale, powder cocaine, and a combination of heroin and
fentanyl. His dangerous flight from police placed others in jeopardy when he briefly
drove the wrong way on a highway and when he hit another car.
The court acknowledged Baker’s positive work record and “some strong
indications that you were not using drugs yourself.” It also remarked that he “served a
long time” before being released when the law changed. Still, the court found that his
serious and dangerous conduct required a prison sentence because releasing him with
time served would “send[] the wrong message” to him and others. It thus denied
Baker’s request for a variance. The court sentenced Baker to 34 months’
reimprisonment, concurrent to any sentence in the state case, to be followed by three
years of supervised release.
In his response to counsel’s submission, Baker contends that he did not fully
understand the allegations against him when he stipulated to the three violations. He
says that he never reviewed the revocation petition before the hearing; his information
came from what he calls the presentence investigation report (apparently, the probation
office’s sentencing recommendation, which includes fewer details than the petition). He
says that he believed at the time of the hearing that he was charged only with the same
two violations for which he was facing state charges—possession of crack cocaine with
the intent to deliver and aggravated fleeing and eluding—and that he would not have
stipulated knowingly to possessing fentanyl. In fact, he insists that immediately before
the hearing he told his attorney to dispute any accusations involving fentanyl.
Because Baker wants to challenge the validity of the revocation, counsel first
considers arguments that Baker did not knowingly and voluntarily waive his right to
contest the charged violations. Baker did not seek to withdraw the waiver in the district
court, and so we would review for plain error. United States v. Nelson, 931 F.3d 588,

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590–91 (7th Cir. 2019). We agree with counsel’s conclusion that it would be frivolous to
argue that accepting Baker’s stipulation was plainly erroneous. Defense counsel stated,
and Baker confirmed, Baker’s intent to stipulate that government witnesses would
testify consistently with the revocation petition. Although the court did not set forth the
allegations in detail—presumably to avoid prejudicing Baker in the state case—it
referred to three charges, “two involving drugs and one involving the offense of
aggravated fleeing and eluding.” It thus confirmed that Baker was familiar with the
charges and wished to stipulate that the government could prove all three. Therefore,
Baker cannot reasonably argue that the “totality of the circumstances” shows the waiver
to be unknowing or involuntary. Id. at 591. Further, Baker received due process: he
“was given adequate notice, represented at all times, appeared at the hearing, and was
afforded an opportunity to make a statement and present information in mitigation.”
United States v. Jones, 774 F.3d 399, 403 (7th Cir. 2014) (citing FED. R. C RIM. P. 32.1).
Baker also argues that the police report of his arrest was insufficient evidence to
support a finding that he committed the alleged violations. But any challenge to the
revocation on this ground would be frivolous. Once Baker stipulated that the
government could prove the violations, the court was required to revoke his release,
18 U.S.C. § 3583(g)(1), no matter the nature of the government’s proof. We further note
that the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in revocation proceedings. FED. R. EVID.
1101(d)(3); United States v. Falls, 960 F.3d 442, 445 (7th Cir. 2020).
As to the sentence, counsel concludes correctly that Baker could not plausibly
challenge his 34-month sentence as unlawful or based on an incorrect policy-statement
range. Baker faced a statutory maximum sentence of 36 months. The court correctly
calculated this maximum because (under the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No.
111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, 2373 (2010), made retroactive by the First Step Act) the
maximum sentence for his underlying offense was 30 years. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C);
United States v. Corner, 967 F.3d 662, 665–66 (7th Cir. 2020) (instructing district court to
apply First Step Act when calculating policy-statement range for revocation sentence).
This reclassified the offense as a class B felony, see 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(2), leading to a
maximum revocation sentence of 36 months, id. § 3583(e)(3). Similarly, Baker’s new
three-year term of supervised release was below the maximum allowed term of life.
See id. § 3583(h) (capping post-revocation supervised release at “the term of supervised
release authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in the original term of
supervised release, less any term of imprisonment that was imposed upon revocation of
supervised release”); 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) (authorizing lifetime supervised release).

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Counsel does not explain his conclusion that the district court properly
calculated the policy-statement range, but we have confirmed it. The range of 33–41
months (capped at 36 months because of the statutory maximum) was proper under
U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4 based on Baker’s grade A violations (controlled-substance offenses
punishable by at least one year in prison, § 7B1.1(a)(1)) and criminal history category of
VI (as properly calculated at the original sentencing, § 7B1.4 cmt. n.1).
Next, counsel considers and rejects arguments that the court inadequately
explained its choice of sentence. The court stated, “I certainly take note of everything
you said” and acknowledged Baker’s positive history of employment and clean drug
tests since release. But the court went on to explain that a sentence within the policy-
statement range was necessary because of the dangerous nature of his conduct and the
need for deterrence. This “adequate statement of reasons” suffices under our deferential
review, and any argument to the contrary would be frivolous. Jones, 774 F.3d at 404–05.
Baker adds that the court failed to consider all of his mitigation arguments, but
any appeal on this ground would be frivolous as well. The court stated that it had
considered all such arguments and expressly discussed all but one—that Baker faced an
unusually difficult reentry to society because he was released suddenly with little
preparation and no home. But when imposing a revocation sentence, unlike at the
initial sentencing, the court does not have a “strict duty” to address all substantial
mitigation arguments. United States v. Dawson, 980 F.3d 1156, 1165 (7th Cir. 2020). The
court did all that was required by allowing Baker to present mitigation arguments and
considering them “with an open mind.” Id.
Next, counsel contemplates and rejects substantive challenges to Baker’s
sentence. We presume the terms of reimprisonment and supervised release to be
reasonable because both are within the policy-statement ranges, and we will uphold
them unless “plainly unreasonable.” Jones, 774 F.3d at 403–04. Given the district court’s
remarks about the seriousness of Baker’s conduct and the need for deterrence, we agree
with counsel that Baker has no nonfrivolous arguments to raise.
Finally, to the extent that Baker questions his attorney’s performance in the
revocation proceedings, any potential ineffective-assistance claim would be appropriate
in a collateral attack, but not in this direct appeal. See United States v. Flores, 739 F.3d
337, 340 (7th Cir. 2014).
We therefore GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.

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